耦合传热下激波对超声速气膜冷却影响

针对离散孔式超声速平板气膜冷却，在主流区引入楔角形成激波环境，以研究激波与超声速气膜之间的相互作用。通过计算楔角在0°、15°、20°和25°产生的四种激波强度下，超声速气膜与高温壁面的耦合传热。所得结果表明：适当强度的激波能够抑制气膜入射后产生的反向涡旋对，降低主流对气膜的卷吸，增大壁面平均H2摩尔分数并降低壁面温度。对金属层温度场的分析表明，壁面冷却效果随着激波角的增加而先增加后降低，其中楔角为20°时的流场结构最有利于壁面温度保护。小楔角生成的激波在低冷流马赫数下对冷却效果的改善更明显，大楔角则在高冷流马赫数下更明显，热障涂层（TBC）不影响这种变化趋势；激波的存在削弱了TBC的影响范围。可以揭示超声速气膜在耦合传热条件下的传热机理，为超声速气膜冷却的设计提供参考，或为现有超声速气膜冷却结构的优化提供依据。     

Steady, pseudo-steady and unsteady shock wave reflections

The reflection of oblique shock waves has been the subject of numerous experimental, analytical and numerical studies in the past five decades. In the past six years three reviews have been published on various aspects of shock wave phenomena by Griffith (1981), Bazhenova et al. (1984) and Hornung (1985). However, these reviews were not devoted completely to shock wave reflection phenomena and as such they are more limited in scope than the present review. Furthermore, the developments since these reviews were written suggested a need for an up-to-date comprehensive review. The present review is aimed at describing in detail the entire shock wave reflection phenomenon from a phenomenological point of view. It is divided into three parts. The first is dedicated to the reflection in pseudo-steady flows, e.g., shock tube experiments over straight wedges, the second concentrates on steady flows, e.g., wind tunnel experiments, and the third describes the phenomenon in truly unsteady flows, e.g., shock tube experiment over non-straight wedges, spherical blast wave reflections, etc. In each of these flow patterns, unsolved problems are discussed and future research needs are identified. In order to keep this review within an acceptable size it was decided not to include details of numerical studies. Whenever possible the nomenclature is the one suggested by Ben-Dor and Dewey (1985).     

动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

气相爆轰波马赫反射非自相似性特征的实验

为了研究在CJ(Chapman-Jouguet)状态下气相爆轰波马赫反射的非自相似性特征,搭建了由驱动段、传播段以及观测段组成的矩形管道;利用纹影和烟膜实验方法分别对3种预混气发生马赫反射现象进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:对稳态或非稳态气体,测量了马赫反射三波点位置高度,验证了马赫反射三波点轨迹线为波动的曲线,即自相似性对爆轰波马赫反射失效;非自相似性的重要特征是三波点轨迹线在楔角初始位置时基本遵循无反应冲击波理论计算结果,随后逐渐偏离并向有反应冲击波转变,之后接近平行于反应冲击波理论计算并稳定地处于两个理论值之间.最后给出在初始压力为10kPa和楔角为30°的条件下,对于所研究的3种气体,其马赫反射三波点发生转变的位置高度分别约为0.8,1.05cm以及0.5cm,可见相同初始条件下非稳态气体的马赫反射发生转变比稳态气体提前.      

爆轰波-激波迎面作用后的稳定波系

本文为对当量比乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波正面对撞产生稳定波系的实验和理论研究.实验主要以高速扫描摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,一维理论分析则基于三种热完全的组分求解两波对撞的稳定解并探寻它们的规律.实验发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这种波系情况与一维理论分析中CJ解一致.透射CJ爆轰与人射爆轰相比马赫数降低,而相对波前来流的传播速度有轻微提高,但在实验室坐标下其速度显著降低.透射波系受初始压强影响不大;初始温度提高使得爆轰波速度降低,而透射激波速度增加;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波时稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大.     

运动激波绕射的数值模拟

用高分辨率的ＴＶＤ格式对复杂的激波反射过程做数值模拟。激波斜壁反射计算结果与实验干涉照片、压力分布、密度分布均符合得很好。通过对运动激波绕射凸起物的数值模拟,得到非定常反射流场发展过程及复杂流场间断的清晰图谱。     

斜激波极值规律的边界层影响

采用边界层理论与斜激波/膨胀波精确算法，建立一种结合Eckert参考温度法和Illingworth-Stewartson变换法优势的边界层权重算法，用于研究超声速黏性楔面边界层位移厚度对斜激波极值规律的影响。分别应用层流Navier-Stokes方程和湍流Navier-Stokes方程的CFD解算器对边界层新模型进行了算例精度评估。在来流马赫数为1.2~2.4和楔面角为3°~20°的范围内，压强比的相对误差小于0.1%。计入层流与湍流边界层影响的理论模型研究表明，边界层影响使得最优马赫数增加；对于层流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.001 5~0.003 3；对于湍流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.002 8~0.006 1。     

激波对凹腔火焰稳定器流场影响

为揭示激波对超声速流中凹腔流场的影响规律,在超声速流中利用长9 mm,坡度为23°的斜坡产生激波。组合利用高速摄影仪和纹影仪,采用碘钨灯、连续激光和脉冲激光作为光源,摄像曝光时间分别为1 m s,8 us,8 ns,获得了斜坡激波入射在单个凹腔中部、中后部和后部,以及激波入射在不同构型凹腔相同位置的流场纹影图像。结果表明,凹腔自由剪切层在受到激波撞击后,在入射点前会发生弯曲而偏向主流,在入射点后加速发展和破碎;激波入射点靠近前沿则引起凹腔前沿激波的增强,靠近凹腔后沿导致再附激波减弱。     

一种高阶精度大涡模拟技术用于激波/火焰相互作用

基于Smagorinsky亚格子模型和增厚火焰技术,开发了一种高阶精度的反应流大涡模拟求解器,运用于数值研究边界层对激波与火焰相互作用的影响。该求解器的核心在于加入了基于超黏性的激波捕捉技术和时空三阶精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin紧致（TTGC）有限元格式,并通过对一维Shu-Osher问题和二维激波/气泡相互作用问题的计算,验证了求解器对激波、接触间断和湍流脉动等流动细节的捕捉精度,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。通过对激波管内激波、火焰与边界层相互作用问题的数值模拟,发现由于激波与边界层的相互作用会产生不稳定的激波分叉现象,激波三分叉点传播速度的发展经历了水平匀速运动、小斜率线性增长和大斜率迅速增长3个阶段,由此揭示了激波分叉促进火焰加速的机理。当火焰面传入激波分叉区后,流场不均匀的回流区起到了稳定火焰的作用,一方面分叉结构内火焰面能够为激波的运动持续地供应热量,另一方面局部超声速区域为火焰的快速传播提供动力,使其能紧跟激波。通过对比相同条件下甲烷和乙烯燃烧的数值结果,发现两者爆震点触发的位置都出现在马赫杆后面,热量释放率的变化趋势也大致相同,但乙烯出现爆震的时间比甲烷早。     

等离子体合成射流对钝头激波的控制与减阻

为了验证等离子体合成射流对超声速流动的流动控制和减阻效果,在考虑热完全气体效应的情况下,工程拟合等离子体热力学属性和输运系数,利用能量源项模型对超声速平板和球头等典型流场结构进行了数值模拟,并取得了与实验较为一致的结果。研究结果表明：对于马赫数为2的超声速平板流动,等离子体合成射流能有效干扰边界层的发展,并诱导产生一系列大尺度结构;对于马赫数为3的球头流场,等离子体合成射流能显著改变激波脱体距离与球头的阻力特性;在放电后第1个周期内,合成射流能使球头平均阻力降低6.3%,而在射流峰值情况下使阻力降低32.0%,激波脱体距离增加2倍,实现了激波控制和流动减阻的预期效果。     

激波与固体颗粒群相互作用实验研究

为了研究FAE武器、温压武器中燃料抛撒问题,在垂直激波管里进行了气-固两相流的实验研究。主要研究激波（Ma=1．96）与3种不同堆密度的石英砂颗粒群相互作用,用高速摄影仪对颗粒在抛撒过程进行图像捕捉,得到颗粒在抛撒阶段的速度。研究颗粒群在超声速气流下的运动规律以及激波对颗粒群加速的影响规律,分析激波通过颗粒群时气-固两相流中的动力学过程。定量分析颗粒堆密度对激波的影响,得出了固体颗粒群受到激波作用后抛撒过程中纵向和横向颗粒云团体积增加,颗粒云团平均浓度减少;颗粒群的堆密度与颗粒粒径、抛撒初速度、反射激波的强度都成反相关关系。     

用于爆震引燃的激波聚焦无反应流场数值模拟

通过对用于脉冲爆震引燃的内楔表面激波聚焦冷态流场的数值模拟，分析了不同角度内楔表面在激波聚焦时流场结构的不同特点。数值计算的结果表明：对于大内楔角的情况，激波进入内楔角之后产生规则反射，温度的大幅度升高发生在激波于内楔顶点反射之后；对于小内楔角的情况，激波进入内楔角之后产生马赫反射，温度的升高在入射激波到达内楔顶点之前就已经发生，而在入射激波于内楔顶点反射之后得到进一步的提升。同时，还对不同角度内楔的反射激波后气流温度进行了比较。     

Shock/shock interactions between bodies and wings

This paper examines the Shock/Shock Interactions (SSI) between the body and wing of aircraft in supersonic flows. The body is simplified to a flat wedge and the wing is assumed to be a sharp wing. The theoretical spatial dimension reduction method, which transforms the 3D problem into a 2D one, is used to analyze the SSI between the body and wing. The temperature and pressure behind the Mach stem induced by the wing and body are obtained, and the wave configurations in the corner are determined. Numerical validations are conducted by solving the inviscid Euler equations in 3D with a Non-oscillatory and Non-free-parameters Dissipative (NND) finite difference scheme. Good agreements between the theoretical and numerical results are obtained. Additionally, the effects of the wedge angle and sweep angle on wave configurations and flow field are considered numerically and theoretically. The influences of wedge angle are significant, whereas the effects of sweep angle on wave configurations are negligible. This paper provides useful information for the design and thermal protection of aircraft in supersonic and hypersonic flows.     

Viscosity effects on weak irregular reflection of shock waves in steady flow

The viscosity effects on weak shock wave reflection are investigated with the Navier–Stokes and DSMC flow solvers. It is shown that the viscosity plays a crucial role in the vicinity of three-shock intersection. Instead of a singular triple point, in viscous flow there is a smooth three shock transition zone, where one-dimensional shock jump relations cannot be applied. At the flow parameters corresponding to the von Neumann reflection, when no inviscid three-shock solution exists, the computations predict an irregular shock-wave configuration similar to that observed previously in experiments. The existence of a viscous zone in the region of shock-wave interaction allows a continuous transition from the parameters behind the Mach stem to the parameters behind the reflected shock, which is impossible in the inviscid three-shock theory. Results of numerical simulations agree qualitatively with the conclusions of the approximate viscous theory, which describes the flow in the vicinity of the three-shock intersection.     

轴向入射激波反射聚焦的实验和数值模拟

为研究两级脉冲爆震发动机凹腔入口宽度对第2级凹腔中激波聚焦过程的影响，设计轴向入射激波聚焦的实验系统，对不同入口宽度下激波反射聚焦的过程进行了实验和数值模拟。采用纹影系统拍摄凹腔中的流场结构，并测量了凹腔顶点处的动态压力。采用保持强稳定性（SSP）的Runge Kutta格式、weighed essential non oscillation（WENO)格式和块结构网格自适应加密（SAMR）算法对激波反射、衍射和聚焦的过程进行了数值模拟，数值模拟结果和实验吻合较好。通过分析比较相同马赫数激波通过不同宽度凹腔的反射聚焦过程，发现较小宽度凹腔入口下激波反射和聚焦较强，顶点的压力峰值较高，激波聚焦诱导的射流较强。      

Influence of shock wave impinging region on supersonic film cooling

Shock waves can significantly affect the film cooling for supersonic flow and shock waves may have different influence when impinging in different regions. The present study numerically compared the results of shock wave impinging in three different regions and analyzed the effect of impinging region. The shock wave generators were located at x/s = 5, 25, 45 with 4°, 7° and 10° shock wave incidence. The mainstream Mach number was 3.2 and the coolant Mach number was 1.2 or 1.5. The numerical results illustrated that the shock wave impinged in the further upstream region led to a larger high-pressure region and a larger vortex in the boundary layer. Moreover, placing the shock wave generator upstream resulted in the lower mass fraction of coolant in the downstream region. The velocity in the upstream part of the cooling layer was lower than the midstream and downstream part, which resulted in the less ability to resist the shock wave impingement. Therefore, the upstream impingement deteriorated the cooling performance to a greater extent. The study also manifested that the stronger shock wave had a larger effect on supersonic film cooling. Increasing the coolant inlet Mach number can increase the blowing ratio and reduce the mixing, which was of benefit to improve cooling effect.     

Trailing-edge shock loss control with self-sustaining synthetic jet in a supersonic compressor cascade

To effectively reduce the loss of strong shock wave at the trailing edge of the supersonic cascade under high backpressure, a shock wave control method based on self-sustaining synthetic jet was proposed. The self-sustaining synthetic jet was applied on the pressure side of the blade with the blow slot and the bleed slot arranged upstream and downstream of the trailing-edge shock,respectively. The flow control mechanism and effects of parameters were investigated by numerical simulation. The res...     

冷气喷射法控制激波强度的数值研究

对冷气喷射时激波受到的影响进行了多方案数值研究.在高压级静叶吸力面反射激波生成点前后5个不同位置上采用相同总压及相同温度的冷气喷射,分析了不同位置的冷气喷射对激波强度和方向影响.结果表明:在吸力面激波折射点附近喷射冷气是一种行之有效的控制激波强度的方法.冷气喷射位置位于激波折射点附近时能够对激波的强度产生影响,在接近激波折射点前部位置注入冷气对流动有积极作用,减弱了激波.      

激波/边界层干扰及微型涡流发生器控制研究进展

激波/边界层干扰是一种发生在超声速/高超声速流动中的普遍现象。该现象将引起分离、流场结构振荡、局部高热通量和压力载荷。主要总结了近十年来激波/边界层干扰特性与微型涡流发生器及其组合体在流动控制中的最新进展。微型涡流发生器是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的控制方法,其流动机理和控制特性被大量挖掘。为了适应来流条件的变化、满足实际工况的需要,应开发定量评估和参数化设计方法。同时,应探索微型涡流发生器与其他控制方法的组合,实现更大程度、更广范围流场的控制。     

煤油在超声速气流中非定常横向喷射的实验观察

本文目的是研究煤油在超声速气流中非定常横向喷射问题,并与静止和亚声速气流中的结果进行对比。改造普通油嘴并采用单次高压燃油喷射系统,得到不同延时的流场阴影照片。结果表明：在超声速气流中,射流柱破碎是由迎风面的表面波引起的,破碎点位于表面波的波谷。雾化过程过分四个区域。射流激波由近射流柱的迎风面,并在人壁反射,非定常喷射的波系演化复杂。煤油在亚声速气流中喷射,不存在射流激波,破碎点沿射流柱上移,穿透深