微重力科学与应用研究（下）

微重力科学与应用研究（下）＊刘春辉（北京９２００信箱７２分箱·１０００７６）３航天器发动机再启动相关的微重力研究３．１问题的提出航天器在轨道惯性飞行过程是处于微重力环境条件下的飞行，依据工作需要航天器发动机（远地点发动机、姿控发动机、再入发动机等）要...     

充液柔性航天器刚-液-柔耦合动力学研究的凯恩方法

借助凯恩方法对携带太阳能帆板的充液航天器耦合系统进行动力学建模,采用六自由度描述航天器的轨道及姿态运动,由运动脉动球模型模拟贮箱内液体燃料的晃动,根据几何非线性变形的假设引入太阳能柔性帆板的动力刚化效应并建立了航天器刚-液-柔耦合系统动力学模型。最后,为了验证理论的正确性和模型的合理性进行了数值仿真,结果表明微重力环境下液体晃动对航天器姿态机动将产生明显的干扰;随着重力效应的增加液体晃动对航天器姿态机动的干扰愈发明显,而刚液柔耦合效应对航天器的姿态机动具有不可忽视的影响。研究成果对复杂航天器动力学分析与总体设计有重要参考意义。     

航天器全物理仿真技术

叙述了航天器全物理仿真的特点、关键技术和模拟微重力环境的各种方法,介绍了航天器机械系统和姿态控制系统全物理仿真应用例子。最后分析了航天器微重力环境的特点,指出了更精确的动力学数学模型。     

微重力条件下摩擦副摩擦学特性数值模拟研究

与一般机械设备中的摩擦副不同，航天器摩擦副往往处于微重力下的独特工作环境。现对航天器摩擦副进行微重力条件下的摩擦学理论分析，建立了一个二维模型并求解了雷诺方程，以研究微重力状态对摩擦副摩擦学特性的影响。研究结果显示，由于微重力的影响，摩擦副的油膜压力分布有较大幅度的变化，并严重影响了油膜承载能力。     

微重力充液系统大幅晃动动力学及其在航天高技术中的应用

本文首先论述了在微重力环境下充液系统大幅晃动动力学的理论基础，其次阐明了它在充液航天器动力学与控制中的应用，最后分析了液体大幅晃动自由边界的确定以及数值稳定性等问题。     

微重力条件下摩擦副摩擦学特性数值模拟研究

与一般机械设备中的摩擦副不同,航天器摩擦副往往处于微重力下的独特工作环境.现对航天器摩擦副进行微重力条件下的摩擦学理论分析,建立了一个二维模型并求解了雷诺方程,以研究微重力状态对摩擦副摩擦学特性的影响.研究结果显示,由于微重力的影响,摩擦副的油膜压力分布有较大幅度的变化,并严重影响了油膜承载能力.     

含板类柔性附件的充液航天器动力学研究

对含有板类柔性附件和曲壁轴对称充液储腔的复杂航天器系统进行动力学建模和耦合机理研究。首先，采用Kirchhoff-Love薄板理论对航天器的板类柔性附件进行研究，通过D’Alembert原理得到柔性附件的振动方程，运用模态假设法将混合方程转换为常微分方程。其次，通过推导充液航天器储腔内任意点的运动，得到储腔液体的牵连速度势函数，采用Gauss超几何级数得到液体相对速度势函数的解析形式，通过Hamilton变分原理推导液体晃动的运动方程，以及液体速度势函数模态系数的控制方程。最后采用准坐标Lagrange方程得到耦合航天器系统的状态方程，通过数值仿真校验系统动力学模型的有效性。研究结果表明，刚性平台、液体、柔性附件的相互耦合效应使得航天器系统存在复杂动力学行为，在复杂航天器系统动力学建模过程中需要充分考虑液体晃动和柔性附件振动的影响，柔性附件的安装位置对于耦合航天器系统的动力学行为也有着重要影响。     

空间飞行器动力学与控制研究综述

概括介绍了近年来空间飞行器的动力学与控制研究的发展状况,综述了单星动力学建模和控制技术、多星动力学建模和控制技术,以及太阳帆航天器、绳系卫星等新型航天器动力学与控制技术等相关航天领域中的若干基础问题,总结了在这些领域中的研究方法及取得的成果。提出了相关领域中值得深入研究的问题及后续发展方向,如深空探测的轨道动力学、超大尺度柔性航天器的动力学建模与协同控制技术、敏捷卫星的机动控制技术、多星姿轨耦合动力学和控制技术、太阳帆航天器动力学与控制技术,以及空间绳系卫星系统的动力学与控制技术等重点和主要发展方向。     

微重力条件下两相流动沸腾换热地面等效模拟试验研究的必要性

介绍了航天器的热控制模式、对在微重力下的单相流与两相流的换热系统、微重力下与重力场下的两相流沸腾换热进行了比较。最后论述了在微重力条件下进行两相流沸腾换热地面等效试验研究的必要性。     

航天器动力学发展概况

分析了现代航天器动力学的复杂性，将现代航天器动力学的发展概括为以下几个方面：１）局部动力学的研究受到重视；２）部件级子系统动力学研究的深入；３）耦合动力学研究进入非线性阶段；４）整体航天器动力学模型精化与一体化仿真；５）航天器与航天器之间相对运动动力学研究方兴未艾等。文章对这几个方面分别作了简单评述或讨论。     

基于HLA的载人航天器飞行任务仿真平台研究与实现

面向载人航天器飞行任务仿真需求,根据载人航天器的特点以及高层体系结构(HLA)技术,提出了基于高层体系结构的载人航天器飞行任务仿真平台方案,设计实现了由运行管理、飞行指令、数据记录、数据可视化等功能,以及涵盖轨道、姿态、能源、动力学等多个专业仿真模型组成的仿真平台,给出了应用实例,并就仿真平台开发中的联邦开发过程、仿真模型接口软件、飞行场景三维可视化等关键部分进行了探讨。与单一的飞行任务仿真软件相比,该分布式仿真平台覆盖的专业面更全,验证内容更丰富,可扩展性更强。随着载人航天器系统飞行任务复杂程度的提高,通过对仿真平台的扩展和重用,可适应新的任务验证需求。该仿真平台可为复杂载人航天器的飞行任务设计验证提供依据,并对基于HLA的其他航天器仿真系统的联邦设计与开发具有一定的参考价值。     

Isolation,confinement, and sensory deprivation

Long-duration space flight involves sensory monotony, isolation, and confinement. Obviously, data from other such environments are relevant to our concerns; and the application of the concept of arousal both to interpersonal relations and to task performance in space can point to appropriate selection, training, and spacecraft design features. In the context of space flight, all of these leads remain conjectural--simulation as well as laboratory research and initiation of long-duration flights will be the crucial test of the hypotheses.     

Biomedical support of man in space

In its broadest sense, biomedical support of man in space must not be limited to assisting spacecraft crew during the mission; such support should also ensure that flight personnel be able to perform properly during landing and after leaving the craft. Man has developed mechanisms that allow him to cope with specific stresses in his normal habitat; there is indisputable evidence that, in some cases, the space environment, by relieving these stresses, has also allowed the adaptive mechanisms to lapse, causing serious problems after re-entry. Inflight biomedical support must therefore include means to simulate some of the normal stresses of the Earth environment. In the area of cardiovascular performance, we have come to rely heavily on complex feedback mechanisms to cope with two stresses, often combined: postural changes, which alter the body axis along which gravitational acceleration acts, and physical exercise, which increases the total load on the system. Unless the appropriate responses are reinforced continuously during flight, crew members may be incapacitated upon return. The first step in the support process must be a study of the way in which changes in g, even of short duration, affect these responses. In particular we should learn more about effects of g on the "on" and "off" dynamics, using a variety of approaches: increased acceleration on one hand at recumbency, immersion, lower body positive pressure, and other means of simulating some of the effects of low g, on the other. Once we understand this, we will have to determine the minimal exposure dose required to maintain the response mechanisms. Finally, we shall have to design stresses that simulate Earth environment and can be imposed in the space vehicle. Some of the information is already at hand; we know that several aspects of the response to exercise are affected by posture. Results from a current series of studies on the kinetics of tilt and on the dynamics of readjustment to exercise in different postures will be presented and discussed.     

Species and temperature exchange in the atmosphere of “BION-M” spacecraft

On going flights of Foton satellites allow to carry out research in the following domains: effect of space flight and outer space factors such as microgravity, artificial gravity and space radiation on physical processes and biological organisms. Experts from many Russian and foreign scientific institutions participated in the research. Over a period of time from 1973 to 1997 there were launched 11 BION satellites designed by the Central Specialized Design Bureau for carrying out fundamental and applied research in the field of space biology, medicine, radio physics and radiobiology with participation of specialists from the foreign countries.The goal of the present investigation was in developing a numerical simulator aimed at determining gas concentration and temperature fields established inside the scientific module of the spacecraft “Bion-M” and to perform optimization studies, which could meet strong requirements for air quality and temperature range allowable for operation of different biological experiments.     

NASA空间环境及效应(SEE)计划进展

文章介绍了NASA在1993年提出的空间环境及效应(下称SEE)计划,其目的是明确空间环境的定义,为设计、研制能适应严酷空间环境效应的航天器系统并使其正常运行提供技术支持.该计划包括认识空间环境、飞行试验和地面试验技术的优化、更新空间环境及其效应的预测模型、保存信息并将之纳入航天器的设计流程等方面.文章描述了SEE计划目前已取得的成就和未来的打算.     

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) locomotion during a sounding rocket flight

The locomotor activity of young Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) was studied during a Nike-Orion sounding rocket flight, which included a short-duration microgravity exposure. An infrared monitoring system was used to determine the activity level, instantaneous velocity, and continuous velocity of 240 (120 male, 120 female) fruit flies. Individual flies were placed in chambers that limit their motion to walking. Chambers were oriented both vertically and horizontally with respect to the rocket's longitudinal axis. Significant changes in Drosophila locomotion patterns were observed throughout the sounding rocket flight, including launch, microgravity exposure, payload re-entry, and after ocean impact. During the microgravity portion of the flight (3.8 min), large increases in all locomotion measurements for both sexes were observed, with some measurements doubling compared to pad (1 G) data. Initial effects of microgravity were probably delayed due to large accelerations from the payload despining immediately before entering microgravity. The results indicate that short-duration microgravity exposure has a large effect on locomotor activity for both males and females, at least for a short period of time. The locomotion increases may explain the increased male aging observed during long-duration exposure to microgravity. Studies focusing on long-duration microgravity exposure are needed to confirm these findings, and the relationship of increased aging and locomotion.     

The effects of prolonged weightlessness and reduced gravity environments on human survival

The manned exploration of the solar system and the surfaces of some of the smaller planets and larger satellites requires that we are able to keep the adverse human physiological response to long term exposure to near zero and greatly reduced gravity environments within acceptable limits consistent with metabolic function. This paper examines the physiological changes associated with microgravity conditions with particular reference to the weightless demineralizatoin of bone (WDB). It is suggested that many of these changes are the result of physical/mechanical processes and are not primarily a medical problem. There are thus two immediately obvious and workable, if relatively costly, solutions to the problem of weightlessness. The provision of a near 1 g field during prolonged space flights, and/or the development of rapid transit spacecraft capable of significant acceleration and short flight times. Although these developments could remove or greatly ameliorate the effects of weightlessness during long-distance space flights there remains a problem relating to the long term colonization of the surfaces of Mars, the Moon, and other small solar system bodies. It is not yet known whether or not there is a critical threshold value of 'g' below which viable human physiological function cannot be sustained. If such a threshold exists permanent colonization may only be possible if the threshold value of 'g' is less than that at the surface of the planet on which we wish to settle.     

Sleep in space

Manned space flights have shown it is possible to sleep in microgravity. However, some sleep disturbances have been reported which influence performance of the crew and safety of space flight. This paper reviews the main studies of in-flight sleep in animal and man. Most disturbances are related to phase lags due to operational requirements. Factors which can disturb in-flight sleep are analysed: environmental factors. Some of them are secondary to space flight ergonomics. Conversely, effects of microgravity on light-dark alternance are less known and lead to interesting problems of fundamental research, psychological factors, especially during long duration flights.     

空间辐射环境单粒子效应研究

文章介绍了空间辐射环境对航天器电子元器件产生的单粒子效应的国内外研究情况,从环境模拟方法、模拟试验设备、单粒子效应及防护以及飞行试验等方面进行了分析比较。文章对国内研究发展提出了一些建设性的建议。     

一种用于航天器飞控演练的数管模拟器设计

飞控模拟器用于航天器飞控任务的演练,对确保飞控任务安全可靠起着关键作用.数管模拟器是飞控模拟器最重要的组成部分之一,用于模拟航天器的遥测、遥控、信息处理和传输等功能.文章介绍了一种航天器数管模拟器设计方案,它由通用工控机、通用和专用板卡、数管仿真软件几部分组成,具有真实性高、通用性高、灵活性高的特点,已在嫦娥一号和嫦娥...