颗粒传热增强对微型脉冲推力器点火过程的影响

为了分析点火药产物中炽热颗粒对固体脉冲推力器点火过程的影响,采用了颗粒对壁面的冲击热增强模型来模拟炽热颗粒对推进剂表面的传热增强效应,进行了微型脉冲推力器点火过程的数值分析。结果表明,颗粒热增强效应显著影响脉冲推力器的点火启动过程,颗粒的热增强效应显著缩短了点火延迟时间,并使点火启动过程的压强增大,点火过程对颗粒含量较少的点火药更敏感;设计微型脉冲推力器点火器时要严格匹配产物颗粒含量,并严格控制点火药量范围。     

氙离子推力器束流分布特性研究

建立了离子推力器束流分布的高斯模型,以200mm氙离子推力器为例,在不同工作环境下对推力器束流分布进行了数值模拟,并通过试验测量了推力器引出切面不同位置(轴向z=50mm,z=100mm)下的径向束电流密度和束离子密度分布。通过对数值模拟结果与试验测量结果的比较,误差为17%,认为数值模拟结果与试验测量结果吻合较好。表明离子推力器引出束流呈轴对称分布,在推力器出口附近,束离子密度很大,越往下游,密度越小且束流出现发散。     

霍尔推力器点火过程研究现状及展望

为了总结霍尔推力器点火启动过程方面的研究成果，梳理未来的研究方向，对国内外相关研究进展进行了综述，详细分析了霍尔推力器点火启动过程及其关键研究点，总结了霍尔推力器点火启动过程中阴极电子源效应、点火启动条件、点火启动过程及等离子体演化过程、点火冲击电流、抑制方法以及点火过程向稳态转换过程的基本概况和发展趋势。面向未来深空探测、商业航天等空间推进任务，提出了霍尔推力器点火启动过程值得研究的问题和方向。     

80 mN霍尔推力器空心阴极寿命试验

我国的多个GEO卫星平台即将采用电推进系统完成轨道保持任务,其中比冲为1 600s的80 mN霍尔推力器是国际公认的最适合完成该项任务的推力器,也是目前国外卫星和深空探测器应用最广的电推力器.为满足15年GEO卫星寿命要求,80 mN霍尔推力器必须达到7500h和8 000次点火的寿命指标.空心阴极作为霍尔推力器的重要组件,其寿命和点火次数必须达到相应的指标.为此,上海空间推进研究所开展了80 mN霍尔推力器空心阴极的寿命试验,试验采用模拟推力器阳极的三极管工作方式进行.截止2013年8月上旬,试验件1完成10 322 h寿命试验（含4 549次点火）,试验件2完成24 248次加热器热循环试验.空心阴极的寿命已经达到任务要求,两个试验件的放电电压、触持极电压和点火时间等性能指标变化很小,目前试验还在持续进行中.     

空气压强对激光推进器冲量耦合系数影响

设计并加工了激光推进器实验模型,以空气为推进工质,利用脉冲式CO2激光器,研究了空气压强对激光推进器冲量耦合系数影响。实验结果表明,空气压强对激光推进器性能有显著影响。在文中实验条件下,当空气压强大于6 kPa时,激光推进器冲量耦合系数随压强减小而减少较慢;当空气压强小于6 kPa时,激光推进器冲量耦合系数随压强减小而减少很快。     

Ignition system for oxygen/hydrogen auxiliary propulsion systems

When the oxygen/hydrogen bipropellant combination was selected for use in the Space Shuttle Main Engine, it became apparent that many advantages may result if the Auxiliary Propulsion System Engines were to use the same propellants. A new ignition system, possessing a dramatically new level of reliability, durability and response, is required because the oxygen/hydrogen combination is not hypergolic and the projected missions will require a very large number of fast-response engine starts.The objective of this program was to obtain basic data for spark torch ignition methods at operating conditions typical of a Space Shuttle Orbiter Auxiliary Propulsion System. The research included ignition analysis and igniter design, fabrication and hot-fire test.Extensive testing of spark torch igniters was performed (chamber pressure, 206.8 N/cm², 300 psia, nominal) in the Igniter-Only and Igniter-Complete Thruster (thrust, 6672 N, 1500 lbF, nominal) operational modes. Reliable, repeatable ignitions were obtained with spark energies of 1–10 mJ. Hot-fire test results showed there is no effect of back pressure (1.013 × 10⁵ to 1.333 × 10^?2 N/m², 7.60 × 10² to 1 × 10^?4 mm Hg) or low temperature (O₂, 170 K, 306 R; H₂, 107 K, 193 R) on the response of the igniter or the ignition delay of the thruster over the ranges tested. Igniter durability and pulse capability were demonstrated with 150 sec of continuous operation and 1000 consecutive pulses, respectively. Durability was further demonstrated with a series of 2500 Igniter-Complete Thruster ignitions at nominal chamber pressure. No limiting variables were encountered. The hot-fire test results showed the spark torch igniter is capable of meeting fully the typical Space Shuttle Orbiter Auxiliary Propulsion System mission requirements.     

爆震波点火器在氢氧塞式喷管的工程应用

建立了氢氧爆震波点火器试验系统,并根据试验塞式喷管发动机工作状态要求设计了爆震波点火器。在高空条件下(0.005￣0.002MPa),爆震波点火器供气压力0.3MPa、混合比3左右,对爆震波点火器的点火性能进行了试验,成功实现了高空条件下爆震波点火火炬。在同样高空条件下对爆震波点火器点燃单元塞式喷管试验发动机成功进行了点火试验。试验结果表明,氢氧爆震波点火器能以较低的供气压力实现可靠点火。爆震波点火器在气氢气氧单元塞式喷管试验发动机点火的成功应用,为下一阶段应用于多管塞式喷管发动机的实际点火试验提供了技术基础。     

大气层外自旋稳定微型拦截器点火算法研究

对大气层外自旋稳定微型拦截器的脉冲点火算法进行了研究。在考虑变质量后质心位置变化所产生的扰动力矩对拦截器姿态的干扰以及弹体自旋运动对直接力分量影响的基础上,建立了自旋稳定微型拦截器六自由度数学模型,结合比例导引律设计出拦截器脉冲发动机的点火算法。该点火算法可以在满足脱靶量要求的前提下减少脉冲发动机的消耗并降低对拦截器姿态运动的影响。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效实现微型拦截器在末制导段的精确制导控制。     

高室压脉冲推力器设计与实验研究

为了检验高室压脉冲推力器的设计并掌握液体N2O／酒精推进剂的点火燃烧规律,进行了实验研究。可移动喷注器的动密封采用O型圈结构,推进剂的流动通道既能保证充填时推进剂的流通,又能保证挤压时不会有回流。冷试结果表明密封效果良好。测定了系统的热试时序,实现了稳态条件下的点火燃烧,燃烧室压力为2．58MPa。由于液体N2O的饱和蒸汽压较高,容易蒸发,积存在燃烧室内的蒸气造成点火压力峰比较高。     

20cm口径离子推力器性能建模与仿真

为了分析国内首台通过在轨飞行测试的20cm离子推力器栅极系统束流离子运行特性和推力器性能,针对该推力器栅极系统建立了束流引出二维数值仿真计算模型,利用PIC/MCC数值仿真计算方法,模拟束流引出过程中带电粒子在电场作用下的加速、聚焦与引出、带电粒子与中性原子之间的相互作用、电场和等离子体流场之间的相互耦合等过程。数值计算结果显示,屏栅截获的离子电流约为1.71×10 -4 A,加速栅截获的电流和CEX离子电流分别为0 A和9.11×10 -7 A,因此,加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,证明了加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,计算的加速栅截获电流与束流电流之比约为0.114%。试验测得推力器运行4000h期间,电子反流极限电压始终为75~90〖KG*9〗V,其变化幅度很小,这意味着中和器发射的电子在栅极系统中的反流不会导致其发生失效。理论计算结果与试验测试值相比,误差约为1.08%。〖JP〗     

Experimental and theoretical modeling of laser propulsion

Some schemes of laser propulsive systems are discussed. The question concerned with a body acceleration due to series of air blast waves generated by laser sparks is studied. For this purpose the numerical solutions of gasdynamic equations are found under appropriate initial conditions corresponding to the real ones. Radiative losses and spatial effects at the nozzle exit are taken into account. Theoretical results presented as coupling coefficients (equivalent to reciprocal thrust cost realizing under periodical pulse laser operation) are compared with the experiment. Using conical and parabolic nozzles irradiated by pulsed CO₂ laser the thrust cost about 2000 W/N is achieved which is close to the minimum possible one for the air blast wave-nozzle wall interaction. The main characteristics of laser propulsive jet are presented. Experimental results on recoil momentum transfered to solids under their evaporation by the pulsed CO₂-laser are presented as well. The question of plasma shielding effects on the momentum transfer under the vapour optical breakdown conditions is touched on.     

Super-ion-beams and advanced target concepts for thermonuclear microbomb rocket propulsion

Expected advances in the generation of ultraintense ion beams with currents above the Alfvén limit will make possible the ignition of neutron-poor advanced thermonuclear reactions suitable for thermonuclear microbomb propulsion. The superbeams can be produced by magnetically insulated multistage pulse accelerators. The high thermonuclear yields as they are desirable for an efficient propulsion system can be obtained by target staging and autocatalytic detonation. This will make possible the fast economical transportation of large payloads within the solar system.     

有限推力椭圆轨道近距离拦截方法

针对椭圆轨道近距离飞行器确定时间最小能量拦截问题,研究了有限推力一次机动作     

空间站空空支架天线热设计与仿真分析

为研究核心舱飞行姿态、空间外热流、核心舱发动机羽流参数以及天线外表面热控涂层对空间站空空支架天线温度的综合影响,验证天线被动热控设计的有效性,进行了2种低温工况和6种高温工况的热分析。结果显示:低温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的最低温度低于正向飞行时的;展开臂多层表面最低温度为-85 ℃,满足温控指标。高温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的温度高于正向飞行时的;轨控发动机的羽流热效应大于偏航发动机的。通信天线内外表面均喷涂ACR-1温控白漆,1倍轨控发动机羽流热流密度时,最高温度为123 ℃,可满足实际使用要求。     

双脉冲发动机点火过程三维数值模拟

以喷射棒式双脉冲发动机燃烧室、级间隔离装置和喷管一体化为研究对象,采用数值仿真技术对Ⅱ脉冲点火过程三维流场特性进行分析研究。计算结果表明,点火初期燃气压力波峰超前于火焰峰到达级间隔离装置,并以压强冲击波形式传播,Ⅱ脉冲燃烧室相对高压区位置不断发生改变;级间孔打开过程对药柱末端压强影响较大,但对Ⅱ脉冲燃烧室压强整体上升过程影响较小;级间孔打开后,燃气经级间孔加速后形成高度欠膨胀射流,并在Ⅰ脉冲燃烧室内形成非对称带状低压区;级间孔分布的非对称性,导致压强及温度在发动机燃烧室中呈现显著的三维分布特性;高温区出现在隔板附近,而在装药前端、装药末端及外围级间孔轴线附近出现低温区。     

混合比影响爆震波点火器工作过程之实验研究

爆震波点火器用于工程，其设计存在一个最佳结合点，使得在合适的管路中，爆震波传播速度、转捩距离、爆震波能量等能够符合点火器目标需求。为了研制适用于工程的爆震波点火器，在氢氧爆震波点火器基本特性试验的基础上，对初始混合气体的混合比等与爆震波特性的关系进行了研究。对实验结果进行分析认为。混合比对爆燃爆震转捩（DDT）距离影响较大，混合比大于3时，其转捩距离小于500mm。混合比增加时，爆震波传播速度会减小，但稳定的爆震波相对于波的混气的马赫数并小减小，维持在4．8左右。在初始混气压力不变情况下，质量流量可以提高爆震波能量，增强爆震波的点火能力。研究结论时爆震波点火器在工程中实际应用及以后的研究方向具有指导性作出。     

利用轨道瞬时根数预报的离轨制动控制方法

针对再入飞行器离轨制动问题，在考虑地球引力J2项摄动及有限推力影响下，设计了一种航天器自主离轨制动控制算法。该算法根据再入点状态约束，确定了离轨过渡轨道的平均轨道根数及其与离轨待命轨道平均轨道根数的关系，从而得到制动参数初值。通过在线数值递推轨迹，实时预报再入点瞬时轨道根数并计算再入点航迹倾角，当预报的航迹倾角满足约束条件时结束制动，并根据再入点纬度幅角误差修正制动起始点，从而修正制动参数。制动过程中，在考虑了J2项摄动影响下实时预报再入点瞬时轨道根数，依据实际任务需求确定关机时机。最后通过考虑初始状态误差、质量误差、推力误差以及姿态误差情况下的蒙特卡洛打靶仿真，分析了不同关机策略的落点散布特性，检验了该算法的自主决策和高精度再入点控制能力。     

Constant-thrust glideslope guidance algorithm for time-fixed rendezvous in real halo orbit

This paper presents a fixed-time glideslope guidance algorithm that is capable of guiding the spacecraft approaching a target vehicle on a quasi-periodic halo orbit in real Earth–Moon system. To guarantee the flight time is fixed, a novel strategy for designing the parameters of the algorithm is given. Based on the numerical solution of the linearized relative dynamics of the Restricted Three-Body Problem (expressed in inertial coordinates with a time-variant nature), the proposed algorithm breaks down the whole rendezvous trajectory into several arcs. For each arc, a two-impulse transfer is employed to obtain the velocity increment (delta-v) at the joint between arcs. Here we respect the fact that instantaneous delta-v cannot be implemented by any real engine, since the thrust magnitude is always finite. To diminish its effect on the control, a thrust duration as well as a thrust direction are translated from the delta-v in the context of a constant thrust engine (the most robust type in real applications). Furthermore, the ignition and cutoff delays of the thruster are considered as well. With this high-fidelity thrust model, the relative state is then propagated to the next arc by numerical integration using a complete Solar System model. In the end, final corrective control is applied to insure the rendezvous velocity accuracy. To fully validate the proposed guidance algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation is done by incorporating the navigational error and the thrust direction error. Results show that our algorithm can effectively maintain control over the time-fixed rendezvous transfer, with satisfactory final position and velocity accuracies for the near-range guided phase.     

Some aspects of the application of the bunch of MPD engines

In the present work, the asymptotic dependence of the reservation multiplicity on the failure danger diminution coefficient in both cases of reservation replacement and continually acting reserver is investigated. The comparison of the method of reservation for different multiplicities with the method of diminution of the failure intensity, related to the mean performance time shows that the decrease of the failure intensity of the plazma engine is the most rational. Nevertheless, there is a value of the time flight for which even a simple duplication is better than arbitrarily large, though finite, failure intensity decrease of the engine. The reliability of coupled MOD-thrusters is verified experimentally. The specific character of the thruster V-I curves and, in particular, their increase in the pubricrcrisis region, yield normally working couples, conformly to many types of feed sources with weakly decreasing of constant V-I characteristics. The parallel connection of a second thruster is shown to double the customed current and, as a consequence the thruster intermediary regimes of the thruster and the dynamics of switching on and by breaking the electric line and stopping the propellant rate flow are investigated.     

静电悬浮加速度计的地面重力倾角标定方法

静电悬浮加速度计是重力场测量卫星上的主要载荷之一,其传感头（飞行件）需要在环境试验前后进行地面重力倾角标定。由于敏感轴之间的耦合机理不同于传统加速度计,所用的模型方程亦有所差别;由于失准角远大于量程范围内的重力倾角,无法采用传统的静态标定法确定模型方程各参数。必须采取技术措施使得三阶非线性系数可以忽略,才能在专用摆台上用动态标定法大致判断标度因数和检验成对加速度计模型方程各参数的一致性,用电模拟法得到二阶非线性系数。对动态标定法,提出了防止频谱泄漏和幅度谱中压低噪声干扰幅度的措施。对电模拟法,用实例给出了具体实施方案和效果。