一种地外天体路标图像的稀疏化表征方法

摘要： 针对用于地外天体着陆视觉导航的路标图像信息存在的计算量大和占用存储空间大等问题,提出一种路标图像的稀疏化表征方法.引入着陆路标图像的尺度估计和尺度变换,采用Harris 算法提取路标特征点,改进了FREAK特征描述子用以稀疏化表征天体路标信息;并针对图像旋转、尺度变化、图像噪声和尺度估计误差4种外界干扰,仿真对比改进算法与原FREAK算法、SURF算法的性能.仿真结果表明：提出的算法大幅减少计算量和特征描述子所占用的存储空间,同时能够正确匹配到更多的路标特征,鲁棒性更好,更适合地外天体着陆任务应用.     

Space-radiation-induced photon luminescence of the Moon

We report on the results of a continuing study of the photon luminescence of the Moon induced by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and space radiation from the Sun, using the Monte Carlo program FLUKA. Understanding the space radiation environment is critical to future exploration of the Moon, and this includes photons. The model of the lunar surface is taken to be the chemical composition of soils found at various landing sites during the Apollo and Luna programs, averaged over all such sites to define a generic regolith for the present analysis. This surface model then becomes the target that is bombarded by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) or Solar Particle Events (SPEs) above 1 keV in FLUKA to determine the photon fluence albedo produced by the Moon’s surface when there is no sunlight and Earthshine. The result is to be distinguished from the gamma-ray spectrum produced by the radioactive decay of radiogenic constituents lying in the surface and interior of the Moon. From the photon fluence we derive the spectrum which can be utilized to examine existing lunar spectral data and to aid future orbiting instrumentation in the measurement of various components of the space-radiation-induced photon luminescence present on the Moon.     

太阳电池电路深空探测服役环境与关键技术分析

针对月球、火星、木星等不同的深空探测任务，本文通过在轨服役环境分析，说明了火星探测火星表面光谱计算方法、火星光谱太阳电池设计思路、火星表面除尘技术路线及木星探测低温低光强技术风险。结合工程技术经验，给出了特殊任务应用条件下单片太阳电池推算整板输出功率的计算方法，解决了我国尚无特殊条件的瞬态大太阳模拟器作为整板输出功率测试地面模拟光源的工程难题，为相关科研人员提供参考。     

无人直升机自主着舰系统设计及仿真试验

设计了一套包含视觉目标识别单元、目标跟踪器、甲板状态跟踪器和模糊逻辑控制的无人直升机自主着舰系统.视觉系统通过对采集的图像预处理提取出可能的甲板标识区域,然后对此区域计算其仿射不变矩特征集合,对得到的特征集经过模糊识别技术实现对甲板降落区域的识别,并根据矩特征集计算出甲板运动状态信息.目标跟踪器采用了卡尔曼滤波技术,在目标二阶运动方程的基础上设计了跟踪算法.甲板运动状态跟踪器用于在无人直升机的降落期间实现对甲板尤其是触舰瞬间甲板的纵摇、横摇及浮沉状态的预测,该跟踪器采用了改进的卡尔曼多步预测算法.设计了基于模糊逻辑的比例积分控制器,由多个并行的对特定任务实施控制的子控制行为构成.仿真试验结果验证了所提出的算法.在仿真试验中,无人直升机能够正确的识别甲板目标区域,实现了对运动舰船在二维水平面内的跟踪,甲板状态跟踪器能够预测未来1~5个周期内甲板状态,控制器基于目标信息和甲板状态能够正确地引导无人直升机实现安全着舰.     

Autonomous navigation for lunar final approach based on gravity gradient measurements

Lunar final approach navigation is critical for pin-point lunar landing in future missions. This study investigates the use of lunar gravity gradient measurements for autonomous navigation of a lunar probe during the final approach phase. As the spacecraft approaches the Moon, the strength of gravity gradient signals improves. A spaceborne gravity gradiometer can precisely measure local gravity gradients, and the latest lunar gravity model GL1500E is used to provide reference values. The employed truncation degree and order of the gravity model are increased stepwise considering the decreasing altitude of the spacecraft in order to reach a compromise between computational costs and model accuracy. An iterative Kalman filter is developed for coupled orbit and attitude estimation using gravity gradient measurements and attitude quaternions obtained from star sensors. A simulated spacecraft with a gradiometer noise level of 0.01 E is considered. Simulation results show that the spacecraft’s position converges rapidly and achieves an accuracy of less than 100 m at the last epoch.     

无人直升机自主着舰的计算机视觉技术

采用自主设计特征图案的方法,研究了一种基于视觉导引实现无人直升机自主着舰的快速算法.分析了制约位姿参数估计实时性的瓶颈,提出了一种基于信息分块的图像处理方法.引入选择性坐标变换的方法,获取图像处理的理想区域;采用直线方向粗识别的途径,确定参数区间,缩小了直线hough变换遍历空间,减小了底层图像处理的运算量.对真实图像的测试结果表明:对于768像素×576像素大小的图像帧,完成目标检测和位姿参数识别任务耗时小于30 ms,实现了视频流的实时处理;等效直升机与舰船相距10 m时,位置参数的均方根(RMS, Root Mean Square)误差在 2 cm内,姿态参数的RMS误差小于1.5°.算法能够满足自主着舰控制的实时性和实用性要求.      

Single photon laser altimeter simulator and statistical signal processing

Spaceborne altimeters are common instruments onboard the deep space rendezvous spacecrafts. They provide range and topographic measurements critical in spacecraft navigation. Simultaneously, the receiver part may be utilized for Earth-to-satellite link, one way time transfer, and precise optical radiometry. The main advantage of single photon counting approach is the ability of processing signals with very low signal-to-noise ratio eliminating the need of large telescopes and high power laser source. Extremely small, rugged and compact microchip lasers can be employed. The major limiting factor, on the other hand, is the acquisition time needed to gather sufficient volume of data in repetitive measurements in order to process and evaluate the data appropriately. Statistical signal processing is adopted to detect signals with average strength much lower than one photon per measurement. A comprehensive simulator design and range signal processing algorithm are presented to identify a mission specific altimeter configuration. Typical mission scenarios (celestial body surface landing and topographical mapping) are simulated and evaluated. The high interest and promising single photon altimeter applications are low-orbit (∼10 km) and low-radial velocity (several m/s) topographical mapping (asteroids, Phobos and Deimos) and landing altimetry (∼10 km) where range evaluation repetition rates of ∼100 Hz and 0.1 m precision may be achieved. Moon landing and asteroid Itokawa topographical mapping scenario simulations are discussed in more detail.     

月球软着陆过程高精度自主导航避障方法

针对未知地形和障碍会危及着陆安全的问题,给出了一种月球软着陆过程高精度自主导航避障方法,主要包括基于IMU配以测距测速修正的自主绝对导航、障碍识别与目标着陆点选取、针对目标着陆点的相对导航与相对避障控制等算法。该方法在保证着陆精度的同时也大大降低了着陆过程遇到障碍的风险,提高了系统的安全性,已成功应用于实际工程任务。     

Planetary landings with terrain sensing and hazard avoidance: A review

The site selection and certification processes for planetary landers equipped with hazard avoidance capability are reviewed. The prior (large-scale) ‘landability’ of the target areas determined from orbital remote sensing can be only a few tens of per cent (～40 % for Perseverance, ～80–90 % for Apollo 11 and 60–70 % for subsequent Apollo landers) because on-board sensing is able to find safe areas at smaller scales (meters to tens of meters) than the delivery ellipse which may be several to several tens of kilometers across. This contrasts with the ‘blind’ landings of unguided missions, where safe terrain occupying 95–99 % of the landing ellipse are typically sought. The particulars of Apollo 11 and Perseverance/Ingenuity are discussed, together with the similar Chang-E-3 and Tianwen-1 Moon and Mars landers, and the Hayabusa-2 and OSIRIS-REx asteroid contacts, since these missions all used on-board terrain-relative navigation to steer relative to hazards either mapped previously or detected in real-time. These missions set the context for the application of these techniques to the Dragonfly mission to Titan, which has a more austere remote sensing basis on which to select a landing site, but whose rotor propulsion allows substantial divert capability.     

China's Lunar and Deep Space Exploration Program for the Next Decade (2020-2030)

China has carried out four unmanned missions to the Moon since it launched Chang'E-1, the first lunar orbiter in 2007. With the implementation of the Chang'E-5 mission this year, the three phases of the lunar exploration program, namely orbiting, landing and returning, have been completed. In the plan of follow-up unmanned lunar exploration missions, it is planned to establish an experimental lunar research station at the lunar south pole by 2030 through the implementation of several missions, laying a foundation for the establishment of practical lunar research station in the future. China successfully launched its first Mars probe on 23 July 2020, followed in future by an asteroid mission, second Mars mission, and a mission to explore Jupiter and its moons.      

Materials trade study for lunar/gateway missions.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) administrator has identified protection from radiation hazards as one of the two biggest problems of the agency with respect to human deep space missions. The intensity and strength of cosmic radiation in deep space makes this a 'must solve' problem for space missions. The Moon and two Earth-Moon Lagrange points near Moon are being proposed as hubs for deep space missions. The focus of this study is to identify approaches to protecting astronauts and habitats from adverse effects from space radiation both for single missions and multiple missions for career astronauts to these destinations. As the great cost of added radiation shielding is a potential limiting factor in deep space missions, reduction of mass, without compromising safety, is of paramount importance. The choice of material and selection of the crew profile play major roles in design and mission operations. Material trade studies in shield design over multi-segmented missions involving multiple work and living areas in the transport and duty phase of space mission's to two Earth-Moon co-linear Lagrange points (L1) between Earth and the Moon and (L2) on back side of the moon as seen from Earth, and to the Moon have been studied. It is found that, for single missions, current state-of-the-art knowledge of material provides adequate shielding. On the other hand, the choice of shield material is absolutely critical for career astronauts and revolutionary materials need to be developed for these missions. This study also provides a guide to the effectiveness of multifunctional materials in preparation for more detailed geometry studies in progress.     

Global approach to simulation: a gateway to long-term human presence in space.

The establishment of an autonomous European manned space capability is an objective set up by the ESA Council Meeting at the ministerial level, in 1985/1987. ESA's Long-Term Programme Office (LTPO), charged of the preparation of the programme for a European Manned Space Infrastructure (EMSI), started during 1988 to build up an intellectual framework in the domain of long-duration manned space missions. EMSI scope was eventually extended to embrace Moon/Mars missions and bases. Several exploratory studies on problems related to human factors in long-duration space missions were initiated by LTPO. The work of an ad-hoc group of experts (SIMIS Group) has been focused during 1989/1990 on the planning for simulation of such missions with a broad mandate, covering the physiological, psychological and operational aspects of long-duration exposure to microgravity and isolation/confinement. Preliminary results of SIMIS activities are reported. The HYDREMSI experiment, carried out in a terrestrial, analogous environment for 72 days during 1989, is described as an example of the envisaged simulations.     

月球软着陆动力下降制导控制技术综述与展望

未来的月球着陆任务将着力于开发月球资源、建立月球基地,这些都离不开月球软着陆技术的支持;而要实现探测器在预选点安全精确地着陆,就离不开动力下降制导控制技术的支持。本文系统地总结了两种成功的月球软着陆及其制导方式,对已有的制导控制方案及其研究进展进行了详细的阐述和对比分析。以未来的月球采样返回和月球基地任务为潜在工程目标,对下一代的月球软着陆动力下降的制导控制及其所涉及的关键科学技术问题进行了比较全面的分析和展望。     

二维三维信息融合的空间非合作

为实现位置和姿态的测量,常用敏感器包括激光类敏感器和双目立体视觉类敏感器.激光类敏感器的测量结果受目标反射特性的影响较大,而双目立体视觉敏感器的测量精度又受杂光和自身基线长度的限制.针对这两类敏感器在各自应用中存在的问题,提出一种融合二维三维信息进行位置和姿态求解的方法,综合利用二维和三维测量敏感器各自的优势来获取目标信息和进行相对位置姿态测量.通过算法仿真和试验验证了方法的可行性.     

“嫦娥三号”探测器软着陆自主导航与制导技术

"嫦娥三号"探测器首次实现了我国航天器在地外天体软着陆,制导导航与控制技术是软着陆任务成功的关键。针对高安全和高可靠软着陆任务的要求,设计了包含接力避障的软着陆飞行程序,提出了单波束分时修正与多波束融合修正的自主导航方法和自适应动力显式制导、无迭代多项式粗避障制导以及内外环结合的精避障制导等方法。实际在轨飞行结果表明,导航算法提供了高精度的状态估计,制导算法实现了高精度状态控制和有效避障机动,确保了软着陆落月的安全性和可靠性。     

基于三维点云模型的空间目标光学图像生成技术

空间探测任务中大量先验图像数据的缺乏，使得基于光学图像的态势感知和导航算法无法被有效定量测试和评估。针对此问题，提出了一种基于三维点云模型和射影变换基本理论的空间目标光学图像生成方法。在完成对空间目标三维点云模型和仿真摄像机模型构建基础之上，利用射影变换基本理论依次计算像平面所有像素点与空间目标三维点云模型空间点的对应关系，并基于Lambertian漫反射模型和相对应空间目标三维点云模型空间点的光照方向，得到所有像素点的灰度值，从而生成给定空间目标的光学图像。大量仿真实验表明:与传统的基于解析模型的仿真图像生成方法相比，所提的空间目标光学图像生成技术能够以更快的速度生成更加真实的仿真图像，且生成的仿真图像可以广泛应用于椭圆拟合、陨石坑检测、着陆器视觉导航、航天器交会对接、空间目标跟踪等典型空间应用算法的定性与定量评估。      

Single crater-aided inertial navigation for autonomous asteroid landing

In this paper, a novel crater-aided inertial navigation approach for autonomous asteroid landing mission is developed. It overcomes the major deficiencies of existing approaches in the literature, which mainly focuses on the case where craters are abundant in the camera field of view. As a result, traditional crater based methods require at least three craters to achieve crater matching, which limits their application in final landing phase where craters are scarce in the camera’s field of view. In contrast, the proposed algorithm enables single crater based crater matching based on a novel 2D-3D crater re-projection model. The re-projection model adopts inertial measurements as a reference, and re-projects the 3D crater model onto descent images to achieve the matching to its counterpart. An asteroid landing simulation toolbox is developed to validate the performance of the proposed approach. Through comparison with the state-of-the-art local image feature and crater based navigation algorithms, the proposed approach is validated to achieve a competitive performance in terms of feature matching and pose estimation accuracy with a much lighter computational cost.     

HUMEX, a study on the survivability and adaptation of humans to long-duration exploratory missions, part I: lunar missions.

The European Space Agency has recently initiated a study of the human responses, limits and needs with regard to the stress environments of interplanetary and planetary missions. Emphasis has been laid on human health and performance care as well as advanced life support developments including bioregenerative life support systems and environmental monitoring. The overall study goals were as follows: (i) to define reference scenarios for a European participation in human exploration and to estimate their influence on the life sciences and life support requirements; (ii) for selected mission scenarios, to critically assess the limiting factors for human health, wellbeing, and performance and to recommend relevant countermeasures; (iii) for selected mission scenarios, to critically assess the potential of advanced life support developments and to propose a European strategy including terrestrial applications; (iv) to critically assess the feasibility of existing facilities and technologies on ground and in space as testbeds in preparation for human exploratory missions and to develop a test plan for ground and space campaigns; (v) to develop a roadmap for a future European strategy towards human exploratory missions, including preparatory activities and terrestrial applications and benefits. This paper covers the part of the HUMEX study dealing with lunar missions. A lunar base at the south pole where long-time sunlight and potential water ice deposits could be assumed was selected as the Moon reference scenario. The impact on human health, performance and well being has been investigated from the view point of the effects of microgravity (during space travel), reduced gravity (on the Moon) and abrupt gravity changes (during launch and landing), of the effects of cosmic radiation including solar particle events, of psychological issues as well as general health care. Countermeasures as well as necessary research using ground-based test beds and/or the International Space Station have been defined. Likewise advanced life support systems with a high degree of autonomy and regenerative capacity and synergy effects were considered where bioregenerative life support systems and biodiagnostic systems become essential. Finally, a European strategy leading to a potential European participation in future human exploratory missions has been recommended.     

基于多源影像的探测器月面着陆点定位与精度验证

探测器月面着陆点高精度定位是探测器着陆的重要技术环节,也是地外天体探测器开展各项工作的重要前提.本文基于多源图像数据,利用图像特征匹配和多重覆盖影像定位技术,设计了探测器月面着陆点高精度定位方法,并使用嫦娥三号任务相关影像进行了定位实验与精度验证.在高精度图像匹配和几何变换的基础上,降落相机序列影像间的匹配精度达到子像素,LRO NAC影像与中分辨率降落图像的匹配精度优于1pixel,最终解算的嫦娥三号探测器着陆点坐标为（44.1196°N,19.5148°W）.本文方法综合利用了多源图像数据,不完全依靠着陆区DOM底图的制图精度,是对影像与DOM底图配准定位结果的进一步精化,在未来的月球着陆探测任务中具有应用价值.      

Radio beacons/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

High precision entry navigation capability is essential for future Mars pinpoint landing missions, together with the entry guidance and aerodynamic lift control. This paper addresses the issue of Mars entry navigation using inertial measurement unit (IMU) and orbiting or surface radiometric beacons. The range and Doppler information sensed from orbiting or surface radio beacons and the entry vehicle state information derived from IMU are integrated in Unscented Kalman filter to correct the inertial constant bias and suppress the navigation measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the integrated navigation algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve 50 m position error and 2 m/s velocity error, which satisfies the need of future pinpoint Mars landing missions.