基于Adaboost的填充式防护结构超高速撞击损伤预测

填充式防护结构的显式弹道极限方程在对弹丸进行超高速撞击损伤预测时,由于填充材料、填充方式的不同,会导致预测结果与实测数据存在一定偏差。对此,采用机器学习方式将该问题转化为二分类问题,以碰撞过程中的弹丸撞击参数、防护结构参数作为分类特征,构建了基于Adaboost的填充式防护结构超高速撞击损伤预测模型。该模型以分类回归树（CART）作为弱分类器,通过对一系列弱分类器的加权组合生成强分类器,并通过对训练样本的循环使用,实现了小样本集下的撞击损伤预测。实验结果表明,建立的Adaboost预测模型对填充式防护结构的超高速撞击损伤具有良好的预测效果,总体预测率与安全预测率相比于NASA的弹道极限方程均提高了14.3%,具有更强的通用性。通过不同训练样本规模下的交叉检验,证明了该模型具有良好的鲁棒性与准确性。      

蜂窝夹层板超高速撞击极限方程分析

为分析撞击极限方程对蜂窝夹层结构的穿透特性的预测能力,调研得到了3类撞击极限方程的表达形式和等效方法,以及131个采用碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)面板的蜂窝夹层板结构的试验数据,并对撞击极限方程的预测能力进行了比较计算。结果发现,MET方程对他源数据的四种(未失效、失效、总体以及安全)预测率均大于80%,进行在轨航天器结构的失效分析时可优先选用;SRL方程对本源数据的安全预测率达到了100%,在他源数据上的安全预测率也很高,适用于航天器防护结构设计。探讨了撞击极限方程中的系数、速度分界值的优化思路,以提高撞击极限方程的预测率。     

基于距离信息修正的自由段弹道预测法

雷达具有测距精度比测角精度高的特点,充分利用这种测量的不对称性,提出一种基于距离信息修正的自由段弹道预测法.该方法是在雷达观测的弹道导弹自由段运动数据的基础上,采用滑动窗口中点平滑法处理观测数据,再次利用距离信息对轨道根数进行动态微分修正,提高观测数据的利用率和弹道预测的精度.仿真试验表明,该方法明显优于基本椭圆弹道法,大大提高了弹道预测的精度.      

柔性多层冲击空间碎片防护结构设计与试验

充气展开密封结构是未来空间站以及大型空间居住舱的理想构建形式,其外蒙皮由气密层、增强层、微流星体和空间碎片防护层、辐射保护层以及热控层组成。为了既满足对空间碎片的防护,又满足折叠、收纳以及展开的要求,空间碎片防护层需要采用多层冲击防护结构设计。基于多层冲击防护结构,采用国产的玄武岩纤维材料和芳纶织物的特性参数,根据弹道极限方程设定了柔性空间碎片防护层的设计参数,并通过高速撞击试验对根据设计参数生产的试验件进行了试验验证,试验结果与柔性多层冲击防护结构的弹道极限方程吻合较好。     

线性伪谱模型预测能量最优姿态机动控制方法

针对大气层外飞行器大角度姿态机动控制问题,提出了一种能量最优的线性伪谱模型预测大角度姿态机动控制方法。首先,通过离线弹道规划获得满足初始、终端约束且能量最优的姿态机动控制轨迹;然后,以离线弹道为基准对姿态动力学方程进行小扰动线性化处理,获得以状态偏差为自变量的线性误差传播方程;最后,以能量最优作为性能指标,通过高斯伪谱法对原问题进行离散,推导获得满足终端偏差修正的控制解析表达式。数值计算和蒙特卡罗仿真表明,该方法不仅计算精度高、求解速度快,满足实时计算要求,而且具有较强的鲁棒性,能够实时消除各种干扰。此外,在同等控制精度条件下,该方法相对传统线性二次型调节器（LQR）跟踪方法,能量消耗减小10%。      

基于缩放实验的Whipple结构撞击特性

针对航天器空间碎片防护问题,基于缩放实验方法,开展了7 km/s以上超高速碰撞仿真研究.建立了单板和Whipple防护结构的仿真模型,并对铝-铝撞击问题和镉-镉撞击问题进行了多工况仿真.通过实验结果与数值仿真的对比,表明了数值仿真技术的正确性,并从仿真角度验证了缩放实验方法的有效性.对缩放实验方法的适用性进行了仿真验证,结果表明该方法对弹丸形状适用性较好,对3～4 km/s以上撞击速度的适用性较好,但对Whipple防护结构后板存在一定误差.分析了Whipple结构后板的失效模式,提出了失效模式的不连续性导致了缩放实验方法的误差.最后通过数值仿真计算了Whipple结构7 km/s以上弹道极限特性,提出了失效模式的不连续性造成了在该速度段弹道极限曲线的分叉现象.     

Micro-meteoroids and space debris impact risk assessment for the ConeXpress satellite using ESABASE2/Debris

Micro-meteoroid and space debris impact risk assessments are performed to investigate the risk from hypervelocity impacts to sensitive spacecraft sub-systems. For these analyses, ESA’s impact risk assessment tool ESABASE2/Debris is used. This software tool combines micro-particle environment models, damage equations for different shielding designs and satellite geometry models to perform a detailed 3D micro-particle impact risk assessment. This paper concentrates on the impact risk for exposed pressurized tanks. Pressure vessels are especially susceptible to hypervelocity impacts when no protection is available from the satellite itself. Even small particles in the mm size range can lead to a fatal burst or rupture of a tank when impacting with a typical collision velocity of 10–20 km/s. For any space mission it has to be assured that the impact risk is properly considered and kept within acceptable limits. The ConeXpress satellite mission is analysed as example. ConeXpress is a planned service spacecraft, intended to extend the lifetime of telecommunication spacecraft in the geostationary orbit. The unprotected tanks of ConeXpress are identified as having a high failure risk from hypervelocity impacts, mainly caused by micro-meteoroids. Options are studied to enhance the impact protection. It is demonstrated that even a thin additional protective layer spaced several cm from the tank would act as part of a double wall (Whipple) shield and greatly reduce the impact risk. In case of ConeXpress with 12 years mission duration the risk of impact related failure of a tank can be reduced from almost 39% for an unprotected tank facing in flight direction to below 0.1% for a tank protected by a properly designed Whipple shield.     

航天器空间碎片防护方案的评价方法

在综述国际上已采用和研究的航天器防护空间碎片超高速撞击防护方案评价方法的基础上,对航天器防护方案的评价方法进行了分析与探讨,给出了各种防护方案的撞击极限曲线和撞击极限方程。     

A ballistic limit equation for hypervelocity impacts on composite honeycomb sandwich panel satellite structures

During a recent experimental test campaign performed in the framework of ESA Contract 16721, the ballistic performance of multiple satellite-representative Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)/Aluminium honeycomb sandwich panel structural configurations (GOCE, Radarsat-2, Herschel/Planck, BeppoSax) was investigated using the two-stage light-gas guns at EMI. The experimental results were used to develop and validate a new empirical Ballistic Limit Equation (BLE), which was derived from an existing Whipple-shield BLE. This new BLE provided a good level of accuracy in predicting the ballistic performance of stand-alone sandwich panel structures. Additionally, the equation is capable of predicting the ballistic limit of a thin Al plate located at a standoff behind the sandwich panel structure. This thin plate is the representative of internal satellite systems, e.g. an Al electronic box cover, a wall of a metallic vessel, etc. Good agreement was achieved with both the experimental test campaign results and additional test data from the literature for the vast majority of set-ups investigated. For some experiments, the ballistic limit was conservatively predicted, a result attributed to shortcomings in correctly accounting for the presence of high surface density multi-layer insulation on the outer facesheet. Four existing BLEs commonly applied for application with stand-alone sandwich panels were reviewed using the new impact test data. It was found that a number of these common approaches provided non-conservative predictions for sandwich panels with CFRP facesheets.     

Hypervelocity impact on the GIOTTO Halley Mission dust shield: Momentum exchange and measurement

The two layer dust shield on the GIOTTO Halley Mission is constructed in a meteoroid bumper configuration. The dust shield is instrumented so that parameters associated with the hypervelocity collision of cometary particles on the exposed surface can be determined. A multisensor detector array provides simultaneous sensing of the momentum exchange of particles impacting and subsequently penetrating the outer layer of the dust shield. Current knowledge of momentum exchange during hypervelocity impact relative to the GIOTTO Halley Mission and the dust shield experiment is reviewed. The sensors used for determination of momentum exchange exhibit a functional dependence on projectile velocity leading to an enhancement of the sensor signal as the relative impact velocity increases. The GIOTTO Mission provides a very unique opportunity to obtain hypervelocity momentum exchange information at a known impact velocity. Therefore, with the dust experiment, a determination of the velocity index for both momentum and multilayered penetration sensor is possible. Results of analysis of analytical and laboratory studies indicate that the velocity index for hypervelocity impact is approximately 2.0 at the 68 km/sec encounter impact velocity of the GIOTTO Mission. A clear determination of the size and mass distribution of the cometary dust near the comet will be possible from the in-situ measurement of the DIDSY GIOTTO experiment.     

Particle erosion mechanisms and mass redistribution in Saturn's rings

A variety of physical processes can erode the surfaces of planetary ring particles. According to current estimates, the most efficient of these over the bulk of Saturn's rings is hypervelocity impact by 100 micron to one centimeter radius meteoroids. The atoms, molecules, and fragments ejected from ring particles by erosion arc across the rings along elliptical orbits to produce a tenuous halo of solid ejecta and an extensive gaseous atmosphere. Continuous exchange of ejecta between different ring regions can lead to net radial transport of mass and angular momentum. The equations governing this ballistic transport process are presented and discussed. Both numerical and analytic studies of idealized ring systems illustrate that ballistic transport can cause significant mass redistribution in the rings, especially near regions of high density contrast, such as the inner edges of the A and B rings. Ejecta exchanges can also alter local particle sizes and compositions and may produce pulverized regoliths at least several centimeters deep. The meteoroid erosion rate is so high that significant global torques and mass loss are possible on times shorter than a solar system life time.     

Micro-particle impact flux on the timeband capture cell experiment of the Eureca spacecraft

Measurements of hypervelocity impact fluxes (in both thick and thin targets) detected by the University of Kent at Canterbury's Timeband Capture Cell Experiment (TiCCE) (flown on ESA's Eureca spacecraft) are presented. The foil perforations are used to derive the ballistic limit values, or the maximum thickness of A1 perforated, for the impacting particles. This data is then combined with the thick target data to derive a unified ballistic limit flux. A significant enhancement in the observed large particle flux compared with LDEF is found, possibly due to the pointing history of Eureca compared to the Earth's orbital direction. Comparisons are also made to predictions from ESABASE modelling. Preliminary results of a study of perforation morphology are also presented, providing insight into particle shape, density and directionality.