比相单脉冲雷达测角与角闪烁研究

比相单脉冲雷达采用和差通道接收信号比相的方法测角。一般认为,雷达事实上并不是在测量目标的方向,而是在测量目标的角闪烁方向。从特殊的两点目标出发,分析了单点目标和复杂目标下比相单脉冲雷达和差通道方式测角的原理与内在异同,探讨了比相单脉冲雷达测角与角闪烁的关系,提出有关雷达测角的新的观点。     

明渠恒定均匀流试验中尾门的影响范围

利用PIV测量了明渠恒定均匀流中离尾门（活页式及闸板式）不同距离的9条断面中垂线的流速分布,分析了尾门对中垂线时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力及能谱特征的影响范围。对比活页式和闸板式两种尾门的差异可以发现,闸板尾门对时均流速的影响要明显大于活页尾门,而对于脉动强度、雷诺应力和能谱特征的影响,二者差异可以忽略。对于时均流速,在距离50h后两种尾门的影响均小于1.0%;对于纵向紊动强度、垂向紊动强度及雷诺应力,以4.0%、4.0%、10.0%作为衡量标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h、25h、30h;对于纵、垂向能谱特征参数k50,以偏差值15.0%、6.0%作为标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h和40h。     

A long-range laser velocimeter

A long-range laser velocimeter (LV) developed for remote operation from within the flow fields of large wind tunnels is described. Emphasis is placed on improvements in optical hardware as well as additions to data acquisition and processing techniques. The method used for data reduction of photon resolved signals is outlined in detail, and measurement accuracy is discussed. To study the performance of the LV and verify the measurement accuracy, laboratory measurements were made in the flow field of a 10-cm-diameter, 30-m/s axisymmetric jet. The measured velocity and turbulence intensity surveys are compared with measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Additionally, the LV was used during the flow calibration of the 80-ft×120-ft wind tunnel to measure the test-section boundary layer thickness at the maximum wind tunnel speed of 51.5 m/s. The requirements and techniques used to seed the flow are discussed, and boundary-layer surveys of mean velocity and turbulence intensity of the streamwise component and the component normal to the surface are presented. The streamwise component of mean velocity is compared with data obtained with a total pressure rake     

基于修正Rife算法的脉冲回波相参积累算法

针对目标径向运动导致回波在波门内出现距离走动的情况,提出了一种针对径向匀速运动目标回波信号长时间相参积累的方法。该方法根据傅里叶变换的时移性质——不同时刻回波频谱相关序列的频率包含了各回波到达的时间延迟,通过修正Rife算法估计此时间延迟,最终确定并补偿各个回波的距离走动分量。仿真结果表明:提出的方法可以有效补偿各回波间的距离走动;信噪比低至-6dB时,算法的性能即可达到最优;补偿后积累信号的信噪比可以达到理想积累情况下的93%。     

Predicting near-wall turbulence with minimal flow units in compressible turbulent channel flows

Mach number effects on the near-wall turbulence in the absence of outer motions remain unclear so far. The present study extends the Minimal Flow Units (MFUs), a widely applied method to investigate near-wall turbulence free from the impact of large-scale motions in the outer region in incompressible channel flows, to compressible wall-bounded turbulence. The compressible near-wall turbulence in MFU proves accurate in replicating near-wall statistics, independent of Mach number and statistically equivalent to the universal signals extracted from the full-sized channel. It is further utilized as universal signals in the predictive models of compressible near-wall turbulence, which is capable of accurately predicting variances and joint probability density functions of velocity and temperature fluctuations.     

Monopulse-radar angle tracking in noise or noise jamming

In many monopulse radars, feedback in the angle-tracking servo system is taken to be directly proportional to the monopulse ratio. In those radars, monopulse measurements are conditioned on simultaneous occurrences of receiver sum-channel video exceeding a detection threshold: if a detection fails to occur, the measurement is ignored, and the angle-tracking servo is made to coast. Such conditioning is shown to be necessary in order that the noise power be finite in the servo feedback. The conditional mean value and conditional variance of the monopulse ratio are derived and quantified in terms of threshold level as well as signal-to-noise ratio. The formulation permits the noise covariance between receiver difference and sum channels to be complex rather than only real-valued, so that the sources of noise jamming are not required to be positioned in the receiving-antenna mainlobe and to be copolarized with the antenna response there. Nonfluctuating and Rayleigh-fluctuating target cases are considered and compared, and fluctuation loss is quantified     

润扬悬索桥桥址区实测强风特性的对比研究

2005年8月与9月期间,台风"麦莎"和"卡努"分别袭击江苏,润扬悬索桥健康检测系统(WASHMS)记录了经过桥址区的两个强风样本.通过对实测风速风向数据的分析,得到了平均风速和风向、湍流强度、湍流积分尺度、湍流功率谱密度函数等强风特性.分析结果表明,桥址区实测"卡努"台风的湍流强度比"麦莎"台风的要高,且二者均高于规范建议值;二者水平湍流功率谱密度函数与Kaimal谱均吻合得不太理想,低频段偏低,高频段偏高.最后对实测的脉动风谱离散数据进行了非线性最小二乘法拟合,得到拟合自谱曲线及相应的拟合参数,为该桥的抗风研究提供参考.     

Monopulse Radar Angle Tracking Accuracy with Sum Channel Limiting

The variance of angle tracking error is found for an amplitude-comparison form of monopulse radar when the sum channel contains a limiter prior to the angle error detector. The error expression is valid for any shape of transmitted pulse and any duration of range tracking gate but does assume matched filters in signal processing channels. The procedures used are rigorous and an example of results is worked out for the special case of a rectangular transmitted pulse envelope. It is shown, for rectangular pulses, that achievable angle tracking error variance with sum channel limiting is not more than 2.22 dB larger than the theoretical minimum for any processor and not more than 1.29 dB larger than a similar signal processor that uses a "linear" angle error detector. Results apply for large single-pulse signal-to-noise ratio.     

Experimental study on pulse radar target probing in RFS based on interrupted transmitting and receiving

Radar target probing and measurement are challenging tasks for Radio Frequency Simulation (RFS) with pulse radar signal. Due to the long-time duration of pulse radar signal and the limited space of anechoic chamber, the reflected signal returns before pulse radar signal is fully transmitted in RFS. As a consequence, the transmitted and reflected signals are coupled at the receiver. To handle this problem, the Interrupted Transmitting and Receiving (ITR) experiment system is constructed in this paper by dividing the pulse radar signal into sub-pulses. The target echo can be obtained by transmitting and receiving the sub-pulses intermittently. Furthermore, the principles of ITR are discussed and the target probing experiments are performed with the ITR system. It is demonstrated that the ITR system can overcome the coupling between the reflected and transmitted signals. Based on the target probing results, the performance of pulse radar target probing and measurement can be verified in RFS with the ITR system.     

Laser Velocimeter for Wind Tunnel Measurements

Laser velocimetry is an optical technique used to make local measurements of mean velocity and turbulence in fluid flows without disturbing them. Laser velocimetry principles are briefly recalled; the optical and mechanical elements making up a velocimeter are described. Their purpose is to create two laser beams of equal intensity which are focused and crossed in a probe volume ? where a fringe pattern is formed; the light scattered by submicron particles passing through ? is collected by an optics rigidly connected to the emitting optics and focused on a photomultiplier. Among the various signal processing techniques, counters are now widely used, in connection with minicomputers. The different means used to determine the velocity sign and to measure simultaneously two components of the velocity are described; the simultaneous measurement of the three velocity components is more a matter of technology and cost than a theoretical problem. The modular operational velocimeter developed at ONERA is described; as examples of application, some typical results obtained in different aerodynamic flows are reported.     

二维沟槽粗糙槽道内的湍流特性研究

采用激光多普勒测速技术对光滑和粗糙槽道湍流特性进行了实验研究。粗糙元为二维横向V型沟槽,沟槽深度为0.8mm,沟槽间距为6.4mm,对应的槽道半高度与沟槽深度比为12.5。基于中线时均速度和槽道半高度的流动雷诺数范围为2740～17400。实验测量了包括时均速度、湍流强度、雷诺切应力和速度脉动偏斜因子和平坦因子在内的湍流统计量,结果表明沟槽型粗糙度对湍流的影响不仅局限于边界层内区,而是延伸到整个边界层范围。粗糙壁面上的粗糙度函数随雷诺数的增大而增大,时均亏损速度也较光滑壁面高。沟槽抑制了内区的流向湍流强度,同时增大了外区的湍流强度。粗糙壁面上的雷诺切应力高于光滑壁面,且与湍流强度一样表现出对雷诺数的依赖性。尽管沟槽型粗糙度对流向平坦因子影响不大,但对流向偏斜因子有显著影响。     

一种中频雷达模拟器的设计

设计出了一种中频雷达模拟器的硬件,阐述了该模拟器总体组成和工作过程,以及各部分的组成和工作原理。该模拟器可以产生单脉冲体制下的一组固定目标的和、差模拟中频回波信号和动目标和、差模拟中频回波信号;可以在联机或独立2种工作状态下,产生常规脉冲、线性调频脉冲等多种雷达中频回波。该模拟器适用于相控阵雷达等多种新体制跟踪雷达的调试和训练。     

湍流度对边界层转捩测量的影响

通过实验研究了气流湍流度对边界层转捩各种测量方法的影响,指出:随机信号均方根值法是检测边界层转捩较有效的方法。在转捩过程中随机信号均方根值变化较大且稳定。此外还研究了气流湍流度和不同频率的声波扰动对转捩区速度脉动均方根值分布的影响,指出:存在最大脉动均方根值,其位置在0.2δ高度附近,且不受湍流度和声波扰动影响。     

撞击流混合器内速度脉动的间歇性分析

应用激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）,对撞击流混合器的流场速度进行了实验测量。利用小波变换模极大值方法与分形理论结合,对撞击流混合器撞击区的速度脉动信号进行多重分形分析,计算其轴向和径向速度信号的间歇性指数,并与相关流动特性进行关联分析,探讨撞击流混合器撞击区非线性、非均匀性和混沌特性机理。通过分析同一转速不同位置和同一位置不同转速下的信号得出：撞击流混合器内部流体流动具有多重分形的特性,通过间歇性参数随位置变化出现的最低拐点可以判断混合器内部流体运动特征,得出流型的转变区域;转速对撞击区的影响大于对回流区的影响。为揭示撞击流混合器的流动机制提供了一种新的方法。     

含潜入喷管发动机尾部流场冷流模拟

为了揭示含潜入喷管的固体火箭发动机尾部流动特征,按照几何相近和气动相似原则设计了通道为矩形的二维冷流实验模型,利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（ＰＤＰＡ）对燃烧室尾部气流的时均速度和湍流脉动速度进行了测量。实验结果表明气流在潜入喷管入口上发生分离,再附点位于喷管前端部外侧,背部空腔内形成一个较为稳定的回流区,流场的轴向和横向湍流强度都比较大。     

脉冲雷达探测中高轨道目标方法及试验

通过分析中高轨目标雷达回波信号特性,给出一种基于空间目标动力学约束的回波信号相参积累方法,介绍了信号积累模式下中高轨道目标的参数测量方法。通过对国内某型号雷达进行中高轨目标探测支路改造及相关试验,获取试验数据并对其进行分析,验证了原理的正确性和方法的可行性。     

离心压气机转子内近端壁区三维紊流流场

用三维激光多普勒测速系统测量研究了一个离心压气机转子近端壁区三维紊流流场。结果表明,整个叶片通道内叶背角区存在角涡及其伴随涡,叶盆角区存在前缘马蹄涡的叶盆分支,它们的发展、演化较大地影响着附近区域的流动,是造成了所在区域流动阻塞和气流脉动的主要因素。前缘马蹄涡叶背分支沿下游逐渐向叶盆方向发展,与端壁附面层和主流的进一步掺混,并在约 1 /2叶片通道处的叶盆角区与前缘马蹄涡的叶盆分支发生交混,在下游造成一定强度的流动阻塞和紊流脉动带。      

展向不同间距壁面粗糙元对近壁湍流拟序结构的影响

采用氢气泡流动显示技术,研究了壁面不同展向间距粗糙元对近壁湍流拟序结构的影响。实验中粗糙元布置在氢泡丝前,其间距按如下两种排列设置：粗糙元直径的0、1和3倍,等间距1、2和4cm;每种情况粗糙元直径均为2.3、4和6mm。基于平均流速和水力直径的流动雷诺数从14000到48000变化。实验观测了光滑壁面和粗糙元壁面的近壁湍流拟序结构条带特征。发现：对于两种不同排列,相同雷诺数和相同粗糙元间距条件下条带有量纲间距均随着粗糙元直径增大而减小,条带有量纲高度均随粗糙元直径的增大而增大;相同雷诺数和相同直径粗糙元条件下条带有量纲间距均随着展向间距增大而增大,条带有量纲高度均随展向间距的增大而减小。粗糙元壁面湍流条带有量纲间距均比光滑壁面小,条带有量纲高度均比光滑壁面大。研究结果对近壁湍流的流动控制具有重要指导意义。     

Multiradar Tracking System Using Radial Velocity Measurements

Multiradar tracking using both position and radial velocity measurements is discussed. The measurement of two or more different radial velocity components allows the calculation of rectangular velocity components. The measurement noise of the velocity components is filtered using a Kalman filter in the same way as the Cartesian position components. Before the conversion of velocity components from radial to Cartesian coordinates, the radial velocities are aligned on a time scale to account for the time shift of the radar measurements. In order to compare multiradar tracking system performance with and without radial velocity, some simulation tests have been performed for typical paths. The simulation results show a significant improvement when radial velocity is used for tracking.     

Conopulse Radar Angle Tracking Accuracy

An analysis is given of the tracking accuracy of a conopulse radar that angle-tracks on target echo pulses. The analysis includes effects of noises in both sum and difference channels, the effect of the tracking range gate's duration, and applies to any shape of radio frequency (RF) pulse envelope. For large single-pulse signalto-noise ratio and any shape of RF pulse envelope, accuracy approaches the theoretical accuracy of a conopulse system when a short-duration range gate is used. The inportant case of rectangular RF pulses is solved in detail.