气动热作用下的充气式减速器性能研究

为了解高超声速再入时气动热载荷对充气式减速器柔性结构的影响,文章基于松散耦合方法开展了极端热载荷工况下的耦合数值研究。文章首先建立了流固耦合和热固耦合两种模型,分别对比研究了气动力和气动热两种气动载荷对蒙皮结构的影响。结果表明,气动热对结构的影响远大于气动力,在高超声速再入时应重点考虑。之后研究了气动热载荷下充气式减速器防热层各功能层温度分布,结果表明,绝热层隔热效果最为显著,绝热层导热系数增大一倍,内部最高温度升高21.7%,热变形最大值升高10.7%。上述成果为充气式减速器的设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

再入返回器极端热载荷预测方法

为快速预测返回过程再入器的极端气动热载荷情况,文章以充气式再入器为研究对象,基于动力学运动方程及Kemp-riddell气动热工程公式,采用龙格-库塔方法开展了136组工况的返回过程数值计算,获得了充气式再入系统返回过程的轨迹弹道与驻点热流密度变化情况,研究了驻点热流密度峰值和峰值出现高度与弹道系数、球头半径及再入角度的关系,发现驻点热流密度随弹道系数、再入角度的增加而增加、与球头半径的二次方成反比;但极端热载荷出现高度随弹道系数增加而降低,与球头半径和再入角度无关。文章提出了航天器以第一宇宙速度返回再入时极端热载荷的工程经验公式,采用公式对飞船返回舱、返回式卫星的极端热载荷进行预测,所得结果和试验数据基本一致,表明该预测公式具有较高的准确性和较好的通用性。文章的预测方法适用于再入返回器的设计初期阶段,可快速预测返回器再入过程的极端气动热载荷,满足气动热估算需求,为再入器气动热防护方案的选择提供支持与参考。     

充气式再入航天器总体方案及关键技术初探

充气式再入航天器是一种新型的再入航天器,可实现载人航天和行星探测任务中的行星大气再入,具有系统简单、质量小、气动加热低和可适应不同外形的再入载荷等优点。文章介绍了充气式再入航天器的国际发展现状,并对充气式再入航天器的总体方案进行了初步分析。参考俄罗斯的充气再入与降落技术(inflatable re-entry and descent technology,IRDT)设计先例,提出了充气式再入航天器的构型方案,并针对该构型进行了基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的气动力和热仿真分析。计算采用了迎风格式的层流模型,基于密度进行求解。文章还基于国际空间站的运行轨道,开展了再入轨道的设计,最后对再入气动特性分析、柔性热防护材料、布局与折叠包装和充气机构设计等关键技术提出了初步建议。     

《航天返回与遥感》1994年总目次

返回技术物一伞系统运动稳定性判据质心偏轴旋成体高超声速气动特胜工程计算方法利用简易再入舱从轨道系统_L回收小有效载荷航天器最优再入轨迹的近似解先进运载系统当配先进回收技术光进运载火箭的先进回收系统工993年国外气动力减速器研制动向航天飞机最优再入轨迹的近似解析解及分析弹道一升力式返回器伞舱盖弹射地面试验准则空间邮件回收系统设计方案遥感技术用小卫星进行遥感印度第二代国家卫星系统用的甚高分·辨率辐射计欧洲极轨平台上的中分辨率成像光谱仪一种用于火星研究的成像光谱仪肮天飞机大辐面相机摄影术与资源管理用航空遥…     

可膨胀再入防热锥的技术进展

长期以来返回式飞行器为承受再入气动载荷和着陆冲击 ,采用具有防热层的刚性飞行器壳体 ,导致返回舱的质量和外形大于有效载荷的数倍。柔性可膨胀再入防热锥可解决上述不足之处 ,这种锥形返回舱在返回前进行充气改变其气动特性 ,使在返回过程中达到所需的气动参数和最终着陆速度。可膨胀再入防热锥技术能使有效载荷舱获得广泛用途 ,不但能使航天员、货物和昂贵的硬件安全返回地面 ,还能在载人飞行遇险时作为应急救生的有效措施 ,以及在未来火星探测中发挥积极作用。     

充气式再入减速器动态气动载荷与结构特性研究

针对充气式再入减速器在动态飞行环境下的结构特性变化问题，提出一种基于飞行轨迹参数的CFD动态边界条件加载方法，有效实现了飞行动力学与空气动力学之间的耦合。同时，建立考虑内充压气体热效应的流固耦合模型，较已有方法更全面地考虑了结构变形对流场的影响以及内充压气体状态参数的改变，突破了现有研究中未能完整考虑温度对结构特性影响的局限。利用此模型着重对比了再入过程中气动力与气动热对结构应力及一阶固频的影响，并研究了尺寸变化对结构特性的影响规律。研究发现单独考虑气动力与气动热作用时，结构最大应力分别升高至39.6 MPa与33.5 MPa，而适当减小半锥角和增多气囊数目有利于减小结构应力。本文研究为充气式再入减速器的强度校核及优化设计提供了有价值的参考。     

可膨胀再入防热锥的技术进展

长期以来返回式飞行器为承受再入气动载荷和着陆冲击，采用具有防热层的刚性飞行器壳体，导致返回舱的质量和外形大于有效载荷的数倍。柔性可膨胀再入防热锥可解决上述不足之处，这种锥形返回舱在返回前进行充气改变其气动特性，使在返回过程中达到所需的气动参数和最终着陆速度，可膨胀再入防热锥技术能使有效载荷舱获得广泛用途，不但能使航天员，货物和昂贵的硬件安全返回地面，还能在载人飞行遇险时作为应急救生的有效措施，以及在未来火星探测中发挥积极作用。     

典型再入返回器气动特性对比与改进研究

返回器气动特性研究对宇宙飞船的研制起着先导和制约作用。文章对Apollo、CEV和类Soyuz这3种典型的轴对称钝头体再入返回器气动布局进行了气动特性的对比分析,发现与Apollo、CEV相比,类Soyuz外形的升阻比偏小,无法满足以第二宇宙速度载人空间再入返回的要求。在此基础上研究了几何参数（包括倒锥角和球冠半径）变化对类Soyuz外形返回器气动性能的影响规律,从中得到类Soyuz外形的改进方向,提出了一种以类Soyuz外形为基础的改进设计外形,并对该外形的升阻特性、稳定性和配平特性等相关气动特性进行了分析。研究表明通过对几何外形参数的调整优化来提高类Soyuz外形的升阻比,从而达到以第二宇宙速度再入返回的升阻比要求,这样的技术途径是可行的。     

充气式进入减速技术的发展

充气式进入减速系统适用于高超声速下飞行器的进入减速、可折叠展开,集成了气动热防护、气动减速和着陆缓冲等多项功能于一体,将成为航天器进入或再入返回的主要技术途径。文章首先归纳了数十年来充气式进入减速系统发展出的主要构型,简述了其主要性能特点;之后以几个典型项目为例,介绍了国际上充气式进入减速系统的发展情况。文章针对充气式进入减速系统最为重要的组成部分——充气展开柔性结构归纳了多场耦合及气动优化设计、轻质柔性耐高温材料、折叠包装与充气展开等关键技术。最后,对充气式进入减速系统的发展情况进行了小结,提出了应用展望。     

美国充气减速飞行器近地轨道飞行试验分析

<正>2022年11月10日,美国国家航空航天局（NASA）按计划完成了“充气式减速器近地轨道飞行试验”（Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test Inflatable Decelerator,LOFTID）任务。LOFTID飞行器总质量约1088kg,充气展开直径约6.0m,再入速度8000m/s,再入段峰值温度约1650℃,峰值过载约9g。LOFTID飞行器从充气展开至顺利落入回收海域全程飞行约1h,圆满完成了近地轨道再入飞行试验。此次试验首次验证了第一宇宙速度再入返回气动减速技术,该任务的成功对开展以火星探测为代表的行星际任务具有重要的里程碑意义。     

Launch cost reduction by the reuse of the core stage of Ariane 5

The high cost of launching payloads into Earth orbit is a main limiting factor on the development of space. In order to reduce the high cost of launch, reuse of (parts of) the launch vehicle is needed. This study analyses the possibilities of recovering and reusing the core stage of Ariane 5. Recovery of the core stage sets demands on re-entry trajectory, attitude, stability, thermal protection, structural strength, terminal deceleration, salt water protection, recovery and refurbishment. All these subject areas require solutions to their individual problems. Added subsystems to the stage are defined and their mass is determined. These masses are used to determine the financial feasibility of the recovery concept, by weighing the payload demise and operational cost against the gains of reduced production cost. It is concluded that the recovery is technologically feasible, using a detachable ablative heat shield on the nose of the stage and a stabilisation device (an inflatable drag cone), a parachute system and an engine enclosure device. Total mass of these systems is 1320 kg, with financial savings amounting to $8.5 million per flight.     

航天器最优再入轨迹的选择分析

本文研究的目的是想获得具有最大有效载荷的航天器最优再入轨迹。返回段航天器的最大有效载荷等价于航天器离轨点所耗燃料质量与热防护系统（ＴＰＳ）质量之和达极小。文中把最大有效载荷的再入轨迹分三种情况作了分析：航天器ＴＰＳ质量不确定时，通过返回轨迹优化来获得航天器的最大有效载荷，并选择确定相应ＴＰＳ的质量；ＴＰＳ质量已确定时，通过再入轨迹优化来获得航天器的最大有效载荷；ＴＰＳ质量足够大时，通过多次穿越大气层来获得航天器的最大有效载荷。本文的结论可为航天器再入轨迹与ＴＰＳ的一体化选择提供思路。     

载人深空探测进入/再入走廊设计方法研究

载人航天器的进入/再入走廊刻画了进入地外天体或再入返回地球时允许的进入/再入角范围。载人深空探测进入/再入过程中,载人航天器必须满足进入/再入走廊约束,以避免经历过大的过载、热流和总加热量等力/热环境,威胁进入/再入飞行安全。文章研究载人深空探测进入/再入走廊的设计方法,通过融合载人航天器进入/再入预测校正制导,验证进入/再入走廊的可行性,并采用基于安全系数的偏差因素影响分析方法,获取进入/再入走廊的设计裕度。最后,以载人月地再入返回为例,具体阐明了再入走廊的设计方法,并通过数学仿真验证了设计方法的有效性。研究结果将为载人深空探测进入/再入走廊设计以及进入/再入返回总体设计提供技术参考。     

数字孪生技术综述分析与发展展望

随着数字化与仿真技术的发展,数字孪生技术已成为各行业的新兴研究热点,面对航天高质量、高效率和高效益的发展要求,有必要深入研究数字孪生技术的内涵及其关键技术,以便更好地研究探讨航天领域相关数字化仿真技术未来的发展方向。对数字孪生概念、数字孪生关键技术及研究现状进行了系统总结和分析,提出了航天领域数字孪生技术研究及应用领域发展展望。     

VentureStar… reaping the benefits of the X-33 program

Major X-33 flight hardware has been delivered, and assembly of the vehicle is well underway in anticipation of its flight test program commencing in the summer of 1999. Attention has now turned to the operational VentureStar^TM, the first single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. Activities are grouped under two broad categories: (1) vehicle development and (2) market/business planning, each of which is discussed. The mission concept is presented for direct payload delivery to the International Space Station and to low Earth orbit, as well as payload delivery with an upper stage to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and other high energy orbits. System requirements include flight segment and ground segment. Vehicle system sizing and design status is provided including the application of X-33 traceability and lessons learned. Technology applications to the VentureStar^TM are described including the structure, propellant tanks, thermal protection system, aerodynamics, subsystems, payload bay and propulsion. Developing a market driven low cost launch services system for the 21st Century requires traditional and non-traditional ways of being able to forecast the evolution of the potential market. The challenge is balancing both the technical and financial assumptions of the market. This involves the need to provide a capability to meet market segments that in some cases are very speculative, while at the same time providing the financial community with a credible revenue stream. Furthermore, the market derived requirements need to be assessed so as not to impose unnecessary requirements on the vehicle design that add unreasonable cost to the development of the system, yet provides the right capabilities for new markets that could be triggered by dramatically lower space transportation prices.     

Promoting UK involvement in the ISS: a space station lifeboat?

The Space Development Council, an organisation of UK space interest groups, is calling for Britain to become re-involved in manned spaceflight. NASA previously offered UK astronaut training in return for participation in the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, now postponed. A one-person return vehicle might provide an effective and useful alternative. Two designs have been put forward based on Waverider, at one time proposed to be the man-carrying payload for Blue Streak. The more sophisticated of the two is a flex-wing Waverider carrying a one-person escape capsule, designed for long-term on-orbit storage.     

Benefits from incorporation of combined cycle propulsion

The X-33 program was initiated to develop a testbed for integrated RLV technologies that pave the way for a full scale development of a launch vehicle (Venture Star). Within the Nasa Future X Trailblazer program there is an Upgrade X-33 that focuses on materials and upgrades. The authors propose that the most significant gains can be realized by changing the propulsion cycle, not materials. The cycles examined are rocket cycles, with the combustion in the rocket motor. Specifically, these rocket cycles are: turbopump, topping, expander, air augmented, air augmented ram, LACE and deeply cooled. The vehicle size, volume, structural weight remain constant. The system and propellant tank weights vary with the propulsion system cycle. A reduction in dry weight, made possible by a reduced propellant tank volume, was converted into payload weight provided sufficient volume was made available by the propellant reduction. This analysis was extended to Venture Star for selected engine cycles. The results show that the X-33 test bed could carry a significant payload to LEO (10,000 Ib) and be a valuable test bed in developing a frequent flight to LEO capability. From X-33 published information the maximum speed is about 15,000 ft/sec. With a LACE rocket propulsion system Venture Star vehicle could be sized to a smaller vehicle with greater payload than the Venture Star baseline. Vehicle layout and characteristics were obtained from: http:// www.venturestar.com.     

航天器跳跃式返回的再入动力学特性仿真

深空高速再入返回是航天返回技术面临的新问题。研究采用跳跃式返回方式解决高速再入产生的高过载、高热流峰值问题。建立了完整的航天器再入大气层飞行动力学模型;依据航天器跳跃式返回飞行剖面和返回飞行的运动特性,将再入大气过程划分为初始再入段、初次再入下降段、初次再入上升段、大气层外飞行段和二次再入段,详细研究了各飞行段航天器的动力学特性,简要分析了各阶段的制导任务。通过分析仿真结果,初步摸清了航天器深空飞行跳跃式再入动力学特性。