柱状晶结构热障涂层的沉积生长和织构研究

等离子体–物理气相沉积(PS–PVD)技术融合了等离子体喷涂(PS)和电子束–物理气相沉积(EB–PVD)的优点,沉积效率高、成本相对较低和可制备柱状晶结构涂层。因此,PS–PVD在制备先进发动机热障涂层(TBCs)上备受关注。利用PS–PVD工艺制备了多种结构的氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆(YSZ)TBCs,采用场发射扫描电镜(FE–SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)观察和分析涂层微结构与晶体织构特征。试验表明:制备的YSZ涂层为柱状晶结构,在同一喷涂距离处,沿喷涂斑点中心向外围过渡区域,柱状晶端面由四棱锥结构向菜花状结构转变,单柱状晶具有一定的晶体取向,但不同的柱状晶具有不同的结晶取向,制备态陶瓷层整体未呈现明显的择优取向和应力集中。     

等离子喷涂工艺参数对GdPO4热障涂层组织结构和结合强度的影响

随着航空发动机涡轮进口温度提升,目前最广泛使用的Y₂O₃部分稳定ZrO₂(YSZ)热障涂层(TBCs)已难以满足需求,亟须发展新一代超高温TBCs。GdPO₄是一种极具应用前景的TBCs材料。本工作采用等离子喷涂方法制备GdPO₄/YSZ双陶瓷层结构TBCs,研究喷涂工艺参数特别是喷涂功率对GdPO₄陶瓷涂层相组成、表面形貌、微观结构以及结合强度的影响。结果表明:等离子喷涂GdPO₄过程中会有元素P损耗,得到的涂层除了GdPO₄外,还有一些Gd₃PO₇相;随着喷涂功率降低,Gd₃PO₇相含量减少;GdPO₄陶瓷涂层的主体结构由充分熔融的喷涂粒子堆垛构成,其中镶嵌有未熔化粒子构成的微区;随着喷涂功率降低,未熔化微区增多,涂层厚度降低;GdPO₄/YSZ TBCs的结合强度随喷涂功率降低而减小,主要是由于未熔化微区增多降低了涂层的内聚力;因此,低喷涂功率不利于涂层的结合强度。     

MoSi2 涂层高温抗氧化性能和微观组织

采用真空阴极电弧沉积工艺在铌钨合金喷管内、外表面和铌钨合金试样表面沉积了Mo层,采用真空包渗工艺使Mo层硅化生成MoSi2涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱、XRD、金相显微镜对Mo层和MoSi2涂层表面和断面微观形貌、结构进行了分析。分析表明:MoSi2涂层的相结构由外向内大致可分为外层(MoSi2)、中间层(NbSi2)和过渡层(Nb5Si3)。高温抗氧化试验结果表明:MoSi2涂层在大气环境下1 800℃的静态抗氧化性能达到了30 h,室温至1 700℃循环热震1 376次。考核热试车情况:发动机在温度1 450℃累计工作了415s,在1 610℃工作了100 s,涂层状况完好。     

反应等离子喷涂Fe-Ti-C复合粉末制备金属陶瓷涂层的组织形成机理

以蔗糖为碳的前驱体、TiFe粉为原料制备Fe-Ti-C系反应热喷涂复合粉末,通过等离子喷涂沉积TiC/Fe金属陶瓷涂层,利用"淬熄试验"研究涂层组织形成机理.采用XRD和SEM分析喷涂粉末、涂层以及淬熄粒子的组织结构.结果表明:每个复合粉末团粒构成独立的反应单元,在喷涂飞行过程中首先出现Ti-Fe液相,然后整个团粒发生球化;熔化的团粒内部生成大量细小TiC颗粒,表层有少量TiC聚集,与基板碰撞后形成复合强化片层与TiC聚集片层交替叠加的涂层结构;随飞行距离增大,团粒外部TiC聚集层增厚,内部TiC颗粒减少,碰撞扁平化程度降低;最终涂层由TiC和Fe两相组成,大量亚微米级TiC颗粒呈内晶型均匀分布于Fe基体中.     

真空电弧离子镀CoCrAlY涂层工艺研究

采用真空电弧离子镀工艺在渗铝后的镍基铸造高温合金表面制备CoCrAlY涂层,通过SEM、光学显微镜检查了沉积工艺参数对涂层表面颗粒状态、涂层组织形貌及涂层沉积速率的影响,优化了真空电弧离子镀工艺参数。经高温退火处理后,CoCrAlY涂层与渗铝层之间有明显的扩散层,涂层与渗铝层结合良好。     

一种爆炸喷涂NiCrAl尺寸修复涂层的工艺研制

采用正交试验设计方法,研究了粉末粒度、氧燃比、送粉氮气流量和喷涂距离4因素对爆炸喷涂NiCrAl涂层组织和性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜对涂层微观组织进行了研究,通过对涂层孔隙率、显微硬度和拉伸结合强度的检测,研究了4因素对涂层性能影响的规律。根据正交试验结果,确定优化后的工艺参数为粉末粒度13～45μm,氧燃比为1.25,送粉氮气流量20 L/min,喷涂距离170 mm。优化工艺后喷涂的NiCrAl涂层组织均匀致密、硬度高、拉伸结合强度好。     

等离子喷涂参数对热障涂层热冲击性能的影响

介绍了ZrO2热障涂层的等离子喷涂工艺及热冲击性能试验,通过不同工艺参数下的等离子喷涂工艺试验、金相分析、热冲击试验及扫描电子显微镜形貌分析,论述了喷涂电流及等离子气体流量对涂层热冲击性能的影响和试验结果对等离子喷涂ZrO2热障涂层的参数优化的重要意义。     

基于微观结构的热障涂层冲蚀机理数值分析

冲蚀对热障涂层寿命和可靠性会造成严重影响,为深入研究热障涂层冲蚀失效机理,建立了等离子喷涂和电子束物理气相沉积两种热障涂层典型微观结构有限元模型,同时采用LS-DYNA软件模拟了热障涂层冲蚀失效过程。分析了不同微观结构对热障涂层冲蚀失效机理的影响,研究了冲蚀粒子的速度、角度和直径对冲蚀率的影响。结果表明:微观结构对冲蚀机理有极其重要的影响,无因次冲蚀率随冲蚀粒子的速度、角度和直径的增大而增大。此数值模拟方法可为进一步研究热障涂层的抗冲蚀性能提供参考。     

钛合金表面电火花沉积NiCr–3涂层的试验研究

钛合金由于表面硬度低及耐磨性差而发展受限,利用电火花沉积技术对其表面进行改性处理可提升钛合金材料工作性能.以NiCr–3为电极在钛合金表面制备了强化涂层,分析了工艺参数对涂层表面粗糙度、表面形貌及厚度的影响规律,分析了不同工艺条件下涂层的微观组织结构变化规律.结果表明,随着比沉积时间的增加,涂层厚度先增加后减小,最佳比...     

最大50μm碳氟固体润滑涂层工艺实践

针对某航空发动机燃油调节系统使用最大厚度达50μm的碳氟固体润滑涂层,本文对使用背景、涂层性能、加工方式、涂装工艺参数、表面预处理、喷涂作业、涂层补充加工、涂层质量评价等工艺实践进行了介绍。     

微波与等离子体之间的相互作用

根据微波和等离子的基本理论以及它们之间相互作用的原理,建立了由微波能、谐振腔内电场、工质流场、等离子体平衡场等组成的轴对称偏微分方程组。通过对模型的计算,获得了放电管内等离子体区的形状、电场、电子浓度和温度场,以及气体温度场。     

The Cold-Dense Plasma Sheet: A Geotail Perspective

GEOTAIL observations of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) in the tail-flanks show that they are the region where the cold-dense plasma appears with stagnant flow signatures accompanied by bi-directional thermal electrons (< 300 eV). It is concluded from these facts that the tail-LLBL is the site of capturing the cold-dense plasma of the magnetosheath origin on to the closed field lines of the magnetosphere. There are also cases that strongly suggest that the cold-dense plasma entry from the flanks can be significant to fill a substantial part of the magnetotail. In such cases, the cold-dense plasma is not spatially restricted to a layer attached to the magnetopause (that is, the LLBL), but continues to well inside the magnetotail, constituting the cold-dense plasma sheet. Inspired by the fact that these remarkable cases are found for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), a statistical study on the status of the near-Earth plasma sheet is made. The results show that the plasma sheet becomes significantly colder and denser when the northward IMF continues than during southward IMF periods, and that the cold-dense status appears most prominently near the dawn and dusk flanks. These are consistent with the idea that, during northward IMF periods, the supply of cold-dense ions to the near-Earth tail from the flanks dominates over the hot-tenuous ions transported from the distant tail.     

Investigation of a plasma delivery system for optical figuring process

Plasma figuring process enables the correction of metre-scale optical surfaces, which has advantages such as rapid convergence to ultra-precision accuracy level, no subsurface damage, ease of upscale thanks to the conditions of operation at atmospheric. Such attributes make plasma figuring a highly competitive technology. To maintain a stable discharge of plasma for long period, a robust Plasma Delivery System (PDS) is required for large optics manufacturing. A dedicated PDS, mainly based on an L-type radio frequency (RF) network and an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch, had been previously proposed and designed. This study addresses the requirement for improving the robustness and securing the performance of the plasma etching. Due to the complexity of interactions of PDS parameters, single variable optimization is conducted for adjusting the impedance of the plasma torch. The PDS optimization is analysed based on ignition power demand, test repeatability and reflected power values. The results show that reflected power values are controllable within 10 W, when the RF power is supplied from 200 W up to 800 W. Finally, plasma processing is carried out on fused silica glass, using the optimum parameters of the PDS.     

局部干法水下等离子喷涂

在水下等离子弧特性及其稳定性研究的基础上,本文提出一种新的喷涂料－局部干法水下等离子喷涂。文中给出了该方法的原理并进行了工艺性试验和涂层性能分析。研究结果表明,本方法工艺上可行,克服了现有湿法水下等离子喷涂的不足,而且在某些方面优于大气中的等离子喷涂,是一种有发展前途的喷涂新方法。     

Diagnostic and modelling investigation on the ion acceleration and plasma throttling effects in a dual-emitter hollow cathode micro-thruster

Hollow cathode discharges are widely used as neutralizers for the electric propulsion systems and recently developed into micro-thrusters for the small satellites. In this work, a dual-emitter hollow cathode thruster is developed, which can be operated in two different modes—the neutralizer mode and the micro-thruster mode. For characterizing this kind of new device, the Langmuir probe, Faraday probe, and retarding potential analyzer are used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, ion flux, and ion energy distribution function. The operating parameters, including the thrust, and specific impulse, are also measured. A two-dimensional self-consistent extended fluid model is employed to calculate the spatial distribution of plasma parameters and the fluid field of electrons in the region around the emitters. By comparing the diagnostic and modelling results, it is found that the change in the electric field and ionization zone is the essential reason for the different performances of the device in the neutralizer and micro-thruster modes. Variation in the electric field leads to an ion acceleration effect in the micro-thruster mode; moving of the ionization zone raises the plasma pressure in the orifice region of the hollow cathode, and thus leads to enhanced plasma throttling and gas expanding effects. By analyzing the above mechanisms, the possible methods for improving this kind of hollow cathode micro-thruster are discussed.     

Four Contemporary Issues Concerning Ionospheric Plasma Flow to the Magnetosphere

Space Science Reviews - In this review, we examine four specific questions/issues of contemporary interest within the overall topic of ionospheric plasma outflow into the magnetosphere. These four...     

脉冲等离子电火箭技术及其应用

本文简要介绍脉冲等离子电火箭的工作原理及其在国外的研究和应用情况     

ISEE Ion Composition Data with Implications for Solar Wind Entry into Earth's Magnetotail

Energetic (0.1-16 keV/e) ion data from a plasma composition experiment on the ISEE-1 spacecraft show that Earth's plasma sheet (inside of 23 RE) always has a large population of H+ and He++ ions, the two principal ionic components of the solar wind. This population is the largest, in terms of both number density and spatial thickness, during extended periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and is then also the most "solar wind-like" in the sense that the He++/H+ density ratio is at its peak (about 3% on average in 1978 and 79) and the H+ and He++ have mean (thermal) energies that are in the ratio of about 1:4 and barely exceed the typical bulk flow energy in the solar wind. During geomagnetically active times, associated with southward turnings of the IMF, the H+ and He++ are heated in the central plasma sheet, and reduced in density. Even when the IMF is southward, these ions can be found with lower solar wind-like energies closer to the tail lobes, at least during plasma sheet thinning in the early phase of substorms, when they are often seen to flow tailward, approximately along the magnetic field, at a slow to moderate speed (of order 100 km s-1 or less). These tailward flows, combined with the large density and generally solar wind-like energies of plasma sheet H+ and He++ ions during times of northward IMF, are interpreted to mean that the solar wind enters along the tail flanks, in a region between the lobes and the central plasma sheet, propelled inward by ExB drift associated with the electric fringe field of the low latitude magnetopause boundary layer (LLBL). In order to complete this scenario, it is argued that the rapid (of order 1000 km s-1) earthward ion flows (mostly H+ ions), also along the magnetic field, that are more typically the precursors of plasma sheet "recovery" during substorm expansion, are not proof of solar wind entry in the distant tail, but may instead be a time-of-flight effect associated with plasma sheet redistribution in a dipolarizing magnetic field.     

激光支持的脉冲等离子体推力器工作过程实验研究

为了加深对激光支持的脉冲等离子体推力器工作过程的认识，本文对有无陶瓷隔离板和不同初始电压下的激光支持的脉冲等离子体推力器进行了实验研究。利用放电伏安特性对比了放电特性参数和性能参数，然后利用结合窄带滤光镜的高速摄影技术揭示了性能差异背后的物理过程变化。结果表明，陶瓷隔离板可以有效避免放电电弧对工质的烧蚀，这可以抑制滞后烧蚀的产生，从而提高推力器的推进性能。对激光烧蚀产生的工质的电离和加速是在多次振荡放电过程中进行，而不像理想电流片模型那样只电离和加速一次。放电通道内工质的电离和加速效果最为显著的时间为放电的第2个半周期。随着初始电压的增加，单位放电能量产生的推进性能先增加后趋于平稳，然后继续增加。单位放电能量产生的推进性能在初始电压高于2050V后得到较大的提高，通过放电等离子体图像推测，这意味着附着等离子体电弧的存在对推力器性能的提高有重要影响。     

Numerical research on airfoil transition delay by alternative current dielectric barrier discharge actuation

A Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator can create a body force which locally accelerates the base flow leading to an attenuation of broadband disturbance to delay the transition. In this study, numerical simulation on an NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to investigate transition delay and drag reduction by a DBD plasma actuator. To simulate plasma’s effect more accurately, boundary-layer data is acquired from Reynolds Averaged Navier Stocks (RANS) equations instead of laminar boundary layer equations, although RANS equations need a much finer boundary-layer grid, and the linear stability analysis method is used to analyze the boundary layer and get the transition point. In this study, the influences of different actuation intensities and positions are investigated, and results show that if the actuation intensity is stronger and the actuation position is closer to the base transition point, more drag reduction can be obtained. However, the efficiency of plasma transition delay is really low. For example, when the actuation voltage is 16 kV, the actuation frequency is 1 kHz, and the main Mach number is 0.1, the saved power due to drag reduction is about 5.09 W, but the power consumed is about 32.61 W, and the efficiency is just 15.6%.