Understanding commutations in switching converters. I. Basic theory and application of the Compensation Theorem

The analysis of synchronous commutations in switching converters is discussed. A reduced resistive circuit for the analysis of synchronous commutations is introduced by applying the Compensation Theorem. Based on a matrix model, a new method for the analysis of both hard and soft synchronous commutations is formulated, which permits a straightforward understanding operation of switching converters. The method of analysis is presented herein in its basic version, for the analysis of nonisolated hard-switching converters, while the general formulation and its applications to the analysis and synthesis of DC-DC regulators is presented in the companion paper Part II.     

Simplified analysis of PWM converters using model of PWM switch.Continuous conduction mode

A circuit-oriented approach to the analysis of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters is presented. This method relies on the identification of a three-terminal nonlinear device, called the PWM switch, which consists of only the active and passive switches in a PWM converter. Once the invariant properties of the PWM switch are determined, its average equivalent circuit model can be derived. This model is versatile enough to easily account for storage-time modulation of bipolar junction transistor(s) (BJTs); the DC- and small-signal characteristics of a large class of PWM converters can then be contained by a simply replacing the PWM switch with its equivalent circuit model. The methodology is very similar to linear amplifier circuit analysis, whereby the transistor is replaced by its equivalent circuit model     

CIECA: Application to Current Programmed Switching Dc-Dc Converters

Sundstrand Advanced Technology Corporation The current injection equivalent circuit approach (CIECA) to modeling switching converter power stages is extended to model the current programmed converter power stages operating in fixed frequency, continuous inductor conduction mode. To demonstrate the method, modeling is carried out for the buck, boost, and buckboost converters to obtain small-signal linear equivalent circuit models which represent both input and output properties. The results of these analyses are presented in the form of linear equivalent circuit models as well as transfer functions. Though current programmed converters exhibit single-pole response, the addition of artificial ramp changes converters to exhibit well damped two-pole response. This has been investigated for the first time using CIECA. The results of these analyses are presented in the form of linear equivalent circuit models as well as transfer functions.     

Single-stage ZVS PWM full-bridge converter

A new soft-switched ac-dc single-stage pulse width modulation (PWM) full-bridge converter is proposed. The converter operates with zero-voltage switching (ZVS), fixed switching frequency, and with a continuous input current that is sinusoidal and in phase with the input voltage. This is in contrast with other ac-dc single-stage PWM full-bridge converters that are either resonant converters operating with variable switching frequency control and high conduction losses, converters whose switches cannot operate with ZVS, or converters that cannot perform power factor correction (PFC) unless the input current is discontinuous. All converter switches operate with soft-switching due to a simple auxiliary circuit that is used for only a small fraction of the switching cycle. The operation of the converter is explained and analyzed, guidelines for the design of the converter are given, and its feasibility is shown with results obtained from an experimental prototype.     

A study of volume versus frequency for soft switching IGBTconverters

Earlier references have described a new soft switched ZVS/ZCS (zero voltage switching, zero current switching) converter for IGBTs that allows operation above 20 kHz. Although frequencies above 20 kHz are now possible for IGBT converters, the optimum frequency for minimum volume may be below 20 kHz because of heat sink requirements. A comparative study considers the reactive component versus heat sink volume tradeoff for two 6 kW converters, one using ZVS/ZCS and the other using a more conventional circuit with hard switching     

A Pulsewidth-Modulated Dc-to-Dc Converter That Utilizes a Small Number of Components

In general, circuit reliability can be enhanced by either incorporating redundancy or by minimizing a circuits component count. Conventional nonregulating converters generally require two active devices, whereas in regulating converters or switching regulators as many as 10 transistors, either integrated or discrete, is not uncommon. A regulating dc-to-dc converter which provides useful regulation and which can be constructed with either two or three transistors is described.     

Improved Switching Converter Model Using Discrete and Averaging Techniques

The nonlinear modeling and analysis of dc-dc converters has been done by averaging and discrete-sampling techniques. The averaging technique is simple, but inaccurate, as the modulation frequencies approach the theoretical limit of one-half the switching frequency. The discrete technique is accurate even at high frequencies, but is very complex and cumbersome. An improved model is developed by combining the aforementioned techniques. This new model is easy to implement in circuit and state variable forms and is accurate to the theoretical limit.     

Zero dynamics-based design of damping networks for switching converters

A new design technique of the input filter damping network for dc-to-dc switching converters of buck type is presented. This technique is derived by means of zero dynamics analysis of the switching converter and yields equivalent results to those obtained using the classical approach based on minimizing the filter output impedance. The new method can be applied in converters of buck type with two inductors, boost with two inductors and dual SEPIC. Simulation and experimental results corresponding to a boost converter with two inductors illustrate the procedure.     

Fourier theory of jumps applied to converter harmonic analysis

The Fourier theory of jumps (FTJ) is demonstrated as an aid in deriving closed-form analytical equations for converter switching harmonics. The switching waveforms analyzed are the input current and output voltage and current of a three-phase, ac-dc, step-down, dead-band pulsewidth modulated (PWM), unity power factor converter. The input current closed-form harmonic equation is derived for two parallel-connected, interleaved-PWM converters supplying the same load and sharing a common input filter. The equations are compared with PSpice^TM simulations and practical results     

A State-Trajectory Control Law for DC-to-DC Converters

Mathematical representations of a state-plane switching boundary employed in a state-trajectory control law for dc-to-dc converters are derived. Several levels of approximation to the switching boundary equations are presented, together with an evaluation of the effects of nonideal operating characteristics of converter power stage components on the shape and location of the boundary and the behavior of a system controlled by it. Digital computer simulations ions of d-to-dc converters operating in conjunction with each of these levels of control are presented and evaluated with respect to changes in transient and steady-state performance.     

单端正激ZVT功率变换器实现

介绍一种单端正激工作方式的零电压过渡（ＺＶＴ）软开关ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器;描述该变换器的原理和特征;给出了应用ＺＶＴ软开关技术和集成控制块ＳＧ３５２５Ａ的２４Ｖ／９ＡＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器电路和实验结果。     

Effect of FET output capacitance on ZVS of resonant converters

The analysis of resonant converters including the capacitance of the switches is presented. New dc characteristics are obtained for the series, parallel, and series-parallel resonant converters (SPRC). The operating regions where the converters operate with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) are determined as a function of the switch capacitance. The more pronounced effect can be seen in the series resonant converter (SRC), while the parallel resonant converter (PRC) is the most insensitive. The results of the analysis have been verified on an experimental prototype     

Frequency-Domain Analysis of Switching Closed-Loop Regulators

An accurate analysis of a switching voltage regulator power stage is performed by eliminating the mathematical unrigorousness of the averaging technique. The differential equations are solved for the ON and OFF intervals to obtain the exact mean values in function of the values at the beginning and at the end of the intervals. The accurate relation is used for the integral of the derivative forming the left member of some equations. A flyback regulator power stage is analyzed as an example. Some considerations are made concerning the regulator compensation using a two-loop control circuit.     

Computer simulation of IGBT losses in PFC circuits

An analysis is presented that forms the basis for an algorithm for calculating the IGBT losses in a power factor correction (PFC) circuit. The method employs experimental data from an off-line test circuit that closely resembles the switching conditions in the actual PFC. This technique provides calculated values of both the conduction and switching losses of the main transistor in a boost-type PFC circuit. Results for a 6 kW PFC are included     

BuckBoost变换电路DCM动态建模分析

以BuckBoost电路为例,求解了变换器的平均模型及其线性化后的小信号模型。利用Simulink软件分别搭建状态平均方程等效电路、线性化小信号模型等效电路。通过动态模型仿真与开关器件电路仿真结果对比,验证了动态模型的正确性,讨论了断续电流模式(DCM)平均模型的适用范围与存在的缺陷。理论分析结果表明:大信号和小信号模型,在宏观时间尺度上,可以较好地模拟实际开关电路的动态特性。小信号模型只能用来求解扰动较小的情况,即当扰动过大时,小信号模型求解的误差将会很大。     

Tolerance design of controllers for switching regulators

An evolutionary approach to worst case tolerance design is introduced here, with a focus on feedback compensation networks for dc-dc switching converters. Assumed that varying parameters values are uniformly distributed and uncorrelated, as provided by the worst case approach, the proposed algorithm, of general applicability, seeks for the set of nominal values and tolerances of the circuit parameters ensuring that the design constraints are met and that a user-defined circuit performance index assumes its optimal value. Design constraints, are fixed in the frequency domain, in terms of acceptability ranges of loop gain crossover frequency and phase margin, to guarantee closed loop stability and the desired dynamic performance. Resistive and capacitive compensation network's parameters values are chosen within a suitable database of couples nominal value/tolerance available on the market, while the nominal values and tolerances of the parameters of the power stage are fixed. Referring to a buck dc-dc switching regulator, two widely used different compensation network topologies are compared in terms of reliability, robustness, and cost of components. Simulation results show the wide usefulness of the proposed method in supporting designer decisions.     

Steady-state analysis of PWM DC-to-DC regulators

A new method for steady-state analysis of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) hard-switching DC-to-DC regulators is presented. The power stage and the feedback control circuit are analyzed as two interconnected blocks. The intersection of their open-loop DC steady-state characteristics with the ramp voltage provides a guess candidate steady-state solution (CS). An iterative process is used to validate it as true steady-state solution (TS) when the bias conditions of switching devices (SDs) are fulfilled everywhere in the switching period.     

光纤陀螺探测器微弱信号I/V转换电路设计和实现

本文针对光纤陀螺光电信号检测,输出电流信号微弱、噪声大的特点,研究并设计了采用高精度开关积分器的模拟选通积分I/V转换电路.试验结果表明,在同等条件下与光电探测器组件相比,该方法有效降低了随机游走系数.     

并联H桥DC/DC变换器软开关技术研究

与传统的Buck电路相比,基于H桥并联的DC/DC变换器可以实现电压的双极性输出和故障时的冗余控制,非常适合用于大功率电动机正反转控制的场合。分析了并联H桥型DC/DC变换器的结构组成和双脉宽调制(PWM)模式。为了降低双脉宽调制下H桥型DC/DC变换器的开通和关断损耗,对无源软开关技术进行了分析,重点探讨了RCD缓冲电路和最小应力缓冲电路之间的性能差异,指出最小应力软开关技术可以获得更好的软开关性能,并就将其用于双脉宽调制下的并联H桥DC/DC变换器进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明:最小应力软开关技术用于双脉宽调制下并联H桥DC/DC变换器时,可以实现开关管的零电压开通和零电流关断。     

Current Injected Equivalent Circuit Approach to Modeling Switching DC-DC Converters

A new current injected equivalent circuit approach (CIECA) to modeling switching dc-dc converter power stages is developed, which starts with the current injected approach and results in either a set of equations which completely describe input and out-put properties or an equivalent linear circuit model valid at small signal, low frequency levels. This approach to modeling switching dc-dc converter power stages has the merits but not the demerits of both the electronic equivalent circuit state space average approach and the current injected control type approach, namely, 1) the modeling is very clear and is simple whether the converter operates in continuous or discontinuous inductor conduction modes, 2) the modeling results in an equivalent circuit which is very close to the actual converter, and 3) the equivalent circuit can be used directly in the computer for theoretical predictions like SPICE, etc.