凹腔布局对高超声速飞行器气动-推进性能影响

采用二维耦合隐式N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,对高超声速飞行器在发动机通流状态下的内外流场进行了数值仿真,研究了超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中单凹腔和双凹腔串并联布局对飞行器气动-推进性能的影响。发现因粘性而产生的摩阻、摩升以及摩擦力引起的俯仰力矩较压阻、压升以及压力引起的俯仰力矩很小,对于飞行器整体性能而言,可忽略;凹腔之间距离的长短对飞行器气动-推进性能影响强烈,短距离凹腔并联使得燃烧室主流压力抬高得更大,短距离凹腔串联使得上游凹腔对下游凹腔流场影响更大;同时,性能高的凹腔组合在一起能显著提高飞行器整体性能。     

矩形流道RBCC动力系统推阻特性之思考

分析了适应升力体外形和矩形流道的RBCC动力系统的推阻特性及其影响因素。矩形流道RBCC动力系统推阻力主要包括:进气道产生的风阻力与升力、火箭发动机推力室产生的推力、燃烧室流道的流动阻力、壁面压力产生的推力及尾喷管产生的推力与升力等。影响动力系统推阻力的主要几何因素有进气道构型与迎风面积、支板/凹腔的构型与尺寸、燃烧室流道的型面与扩张角及尾喷管的构型,来流的动压及气体黏度、燃气物性及燃烧室燃烧效率等也会对其产生影响。高性能RBCC动力系统研发需要考虑进气道、火箭发动机推力室、燃烧室、支板、凹腔、尾喷管等部件的优化设计,以及部件间的相互协调。     

带不同长度凹腔超声速燃烧数值研究

对带不同长深比凹腔的燃烧室三维燃烧流场进行数值模拟,研究了燃烧室流场结构。结果表明：液体碳氢燃料穿透深度较小;凹腔长深比对燃烧效率、总压损失影响较小,对燃烧室阻力影响显著。     

当量比对超声速燃烧室性能影响的数值研究

采用欧拉-拉格朗日法在来流Ma=2的条件下,对带支板凹腔组合结构的煤油超燃燃烧室的内流场进行数值计算,分析了燃烧室下游支板不同当量比对燃烧室燃烧流场的影响,并对燃烧室的性能做了定量分析。研究表明,随下游支板燃料当量比增加,燃烧反压对燃烧室上游影响加重,流动分离区扩大,上游燃料发生亚声速燃烧状态,且亚声速燃烧区域变大。在支板和凹腔共同作用下,凹腔后方形成了亚声速燃烧区和超声速燃烧区,当量比增加时超声速燃烧区减小,亚声速燃烧区扩大,从而有利于燃料的充分混合和燃烧。随当量比增加,燃烧室总压恢复系数和推力增加,燃料消耗率和比冲量减小。     

基于高速化学发光测量的超声速燃烧室振荡特性统计学分析

为分析超声速燃烧室中的火焰振荡特性,以氢气为燃料,采用高速化学发光测量对两种当量比下凹腔燃烧室中的火焰发光图像进行了采集,时间重复频率为100 k Hz。通过对所采集的图像进行统计学分析,包括时均分析、标准差分析、本征正交分解(POD)分析、剪切层火焰面速度振荡分析,研究了凹腔内燃烧振荡的宏观模式及瞬态特性。结果表明,当量比为0.3和当量比为0.2的工况,火焰均稳定在凹腔内部,且火焰稳定位置和表面积都极为相似,当量比为0.3时在超声速主流区发现明显的火焰信号,分析是由较大的燃料射流形成的弓形激波导致的。POD结果表明,两组工况下凹腔燃烧室中火焰的振荡以凹腔内部流动方向的振荡为主,同时复合了凹腔内部各个回流区与剪切层相互作用的振荡。剪切层的火焰面振荡速度表明,低当量比下火焰在剪切层附近的振荡更为剧烈,平均的振荡速度接近高当量比工况的2倍。     

高马赫数飞行条件下超燃冲压发动机燃烧组织方案数值模拟

针对高马赫数飞行条件下(Ma=8,其中燃烧室内流马赫数为3.88)超燃冲压发动机燃烧组织方案的优化问题,采用三维可压缩雷诺平均(RANS)数值模拟方法对采用不同燃料喷射角度和凹腔后倾角的燃烧方案进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：高马赫数下燃烧主要集中在凹腔和燃烧室近壁区,随着燃料喷射角度的增大,燃烧反应更加剧烈;增大燃料喷射角度和减小凹腔后倾角能提高混合效率,从而提高燃烧效率,燃烧也更充分,但是燃烧引起的总压损失也会相应地提高;高马赫数条件下发动机内流阻力很大,大约是发动机净推力的7～8倍,而增大喷射角度和减小凹腔后倾角有利于提高发动机的推力性能,其中采用135°的逆向燃料喷入方案获得的正推力最大,此时燃烧位置相对靠前,有利于燃烧室设计尺寸的小型化。     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

台阶和凹腔在固体燃料超燃冲压发动机内自点火性能对比

数值研究了PMMA在固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中的非稳态自点火过程及带台阶或凹腔的燃烧室构型对自点火的影响。数值模型基于求解非定常二维轴对称RANS方程,采用SST k-ε湍流模型,采用有限速率/涡耗散燃烧模型,装药和内流场的耦合传热采用一维导热方程。结果表明,台阶和凹腔火焰稳定器都能实现自点火。带台阶和凹腔的不同燃烧室内自点火过程一致;与采用突扩台阶火焰稳定器相比,凹腔火焰稳定器能够满足更宽的进气条件下的自点火;加入适当长度的凹腔,既可改善点火性能,又可增强总体性能。建议采用凹腔来实现SFSCRJ的自点火。     

乙烯超燃燃烧室支板/凹腔结构组合的数值研究

以超音速燃烧冲压发动机设计为背景,采用有限体积法,以乙烯为燃料对交错尾部支板和开式凹腔的组合方式及位置进行数值研究。通过组合方式的研究发现,横向组合的凹腔内回流区卷吸作用强于纵向组合;凹腔远离交错尾部支板能促进燃烧火焰扩散,燃烧效率更高,总压损失更小。通过对组合位置的研究,总结出组合位置对燃烧室性能的影响规律,发现凹腔与支板横向组合,凹腔距支板尾缘距离为0.15 m时,总压恢复系数达到最大,燃烧效率也较高。该项研究可为超燃燃烧室设计提供参考。     

圆形燃烧室支板火箭超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

为了提高大尺寸超燃冲压发动机的掺混燃烧和火焰稳定能力,提出了以中心主支板和支板火箭进行点火和火焰稳定的超燃冲压发动机基本结构,采用轴对称的圆形燃烧室以及小支板和凹腔等混合增强方式,通过包含多步简化动力学的数值模拟方法,研究了支板、凹腔结构与圆形燃烧室的不同匹配关系.结果表明,隔离段中心主支板能有效提高燃料与空气的掺混度...     

超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究综述

超燃冲压发动机由进气道、燃烧室和尾喷管等部件构成,推阻力是其最重要的特性参数。回顾了超燃冲压发动机部件级推阻力特性和整体推阻力特性研究现状,介绍了超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究方法和测量技术。建议今后研究过程中关注以下几个问题：研究精确的自由射流试验测量技术,研究流场均匀性对发动机性能的影响,开发高精度仿真平台。     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

超音速燃烧室凹槽流动特性研究

对超音速燃烧室内各种构型的凹槽流场进行了数值模拟,研究了凹槽的后壁面斜角、凹槽长高比及凹槽前后壁面高度比等参数对凹槽流场的影响,计算了各种构型凹槽的阻力、停留时间等。研究结果对定量认识凹槽流场、优化凹槽构型、设计高效率的火焰稳定器具有一定借鉴作用。     

不同喷气结构对航行体高速入水冲击的影响研究

开展了不同头部喷气结构对高速入水航行体降载作用影响的数值模拟研究。结果表明,对于不同等直径喷嘴,相同喷气量下航行体入水空泡形态及压力分布发展过程接近,降载效果基本相同。与无喷气时相比,最大入水最大冲击力和压力可分别降低92%和98%。收缩型喷嘴形成的附体空泡保护层明显小于等直径方案,降载效果削弱。喷嘴扩张较小时头部喷气降载和减阻效果略低于等直径方案,随喷嘴出口扩张比增大,其效果降低。     

Study on variable-shape supersonic inlets and missiles with MRD device

This paper proposes a new aerodynamic device, which was designated multi-row-disk (MRD). This device has a cone and stabilizer disks being arranged in the axial direction. This device can arbitrarily change its aerodynamic characteristics by translating stabilizer disks. In the first part of this paper, the effect of several nose shape configurations including the MRD device on the aerodynamic characteristics is reported. By increasing the number of stabilizer disks, zero-lift drag and induced drag can be reduced. It was also found that putting cavities on the conical surface is effective for improving longitudinal static stability. In the second part, the effect of cavity flow instability on pressure and strain oscillation is reported. We drew the design criterion that the configuration of stabilizer disks should be determined not to couple the 1st mode with pressure oscillation frequency, which can be predicted with Rossiter's formula.     

某型冲压燃烧室火焰稳定器布局数值优化研究

为了研究不同火焰稳定器布局对燃烧室流场特征和燃烧性能的影响,对某型亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室的三维湍流燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。文中采用守恒标量的PDF模型处理扩散燃烧问题,喷雾采用离散相模型,在全流场中用拉格朗日方法跟踪离散液滴的运动和输运。计算结果表明,内外圈稳定器轴向间距取1倍槽宽时出口温度分布最均匀,取2倍槽宽时温升效率最高;等槽负荷原则设计具有最优的出口温度均匀性、温升效率和流阻系数。计算结果定性合理,可用于预估不同条件下的燃烧室性能,用于燃烧室优化设计,指导燃烧试验。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

Thin body motion under free surface with formation of final length cavity

The two-dimensional problem of high velocity moving slender body interaction with fluid free surface was regarded. Gravity was neglected as compared with fluid inertia. The problem is relevant to underwater motion of a bullet or shell, which could take place in orbital collisions of particles with fluid-filled containments. The problem is also relevant to evaluating wave-breakers effect on the streaming flow. The solution was obtained for the case of final length cavity formation behind the body. The solution allows determining free surface shape, drag and lift forces. In the limiting cases of relatively small depth or high compressibility, the obtained solution permitted analytical approximation.