月面定点着陆变轨策略研究

在调研已有文献经验的基础上,考虑我国开展月球探测任务中实现月面定点着陆的设计约束的特殊性,对圈次调整、调相和轨道面调整等不同定点着陆变轨策略进行了比较分析,结果表明:月球探测任务中月面定点着陆的轨道设计需要考虑两个关键因素,即采用一个2对2的瞄准机动来达到理想的动力下降起始点高度和着陆点纬度,另外,还需要实施轨道平面调整机动来取得理想的着陆点经度,这个机动可以和近月制动或降轨变轨结合起来实施。     

同步双小行星系统共振轨道设计

研究了同步双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法及演化规律。首先，基于双椭球模型建立探测器运动方程，并给出共振轨道初值选取方法。然后，利用改进并行打靶法，提出一种双小行星系统平面共振轨道两步修正方法。同时结合稳定性理论及分岔理论，给出双小行星系统三维共振轨道生成和延拓方法；最后，以双小行星系统1999KW4为例，设计了共振比为1∶1,1∶2,1∶3,1∶4,2∶3的平面和空间共振轨道族，并分析了共振轨道的特性及轨道周期和轨道能量的变化规律。给出的双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法具有普适性，对未来双小行星系统探测任务中的轨道设计具有一定的参考意义与借鉴价值。     

自由返回轨道的P平面参数快速设计方法

针对自由返回轨道求解过程中地心轨道类型变化造成的B平面参数方法计算失败问题,提出一种基于P平面参数的自由返回轨道快速设计方法。首先,基于轨道半通径参数的普适性,给出了不同轨道类型的P平面参数定义,建立了以P平面参数为求解目标量的自由返回轨道求解模型。其次,给出了基于P平面参数的自由返回轨道快速设计方法,在构建的瞬时地月惯性系下,以平面双二体自由返回轨道作为初值,实现了高精度力模型下的自由返回轨道快速求解。对8种构型自由返回轨道的设计结果表明,P平面参数具有类似于B平面参数的大收敛域,且有效解决了轨道类型变化对计算的影响,可直接应用于中国后续月球探测任务轨道设计。     

绕月自由返回轨道的设计与分析

绕月自由返回轨道用于早期载人登月任务及相关试验任务,对保证任务成功起了重要作用。作为可选的轨道飞行方案之一,其对当前及未来的月球探测任务设计仍具有重要的工程意义。文章阐述了给定约束条件下绕月自由返回轨道的设计方法,并基于该方法分析了绕月自由返回轨道的相关特性,为任务设计和分析提供了基础。     

载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道设计

针对载人月球极地探测任务,采用一种自由返回轨道与三脉冲机动轨道相结合的地月转移轨道方案。关于自由返回轨道部分的设计,建立了基于近月点伪参数的两段拼接模型,采用一种考虑地球扁率修正的改进多圆锥截线法进行求解,仿真结果显示改进的多圆锥截线法具有更高的求解精度,可为精确设计提供更好的初值;关于三脉冲机动轨道部分的设计,基于混合轨道模型,采用特殊点变轨和Lambert算法相结合的方法进行计算,仿真结果显示该方法能够有效地降低速度增量的消耗。最后,通过大量的仿真计算,对轨道的速度增量特性进行了分析。研究结论可为未来载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道方案的设计提供重要参考。     

月球探测再入返回试验后续飞行方案研究

对于中国月球探测再入返回飞行试验的剩余推进剂,研究并设计了后续飞行方案。首先,基于月球探测再入返回飞行试验任务结束后的轨道和卫星状况,分析了可行的探测目标,确定了以日地月空间和相应平动点作为探测目标的后续飞行方案。其次,针对后续飞行方案中的轨道设计与控制需求,研究了平动点轨道直接转移入轨方法和不同系统的平动点轨道转移方法。相对于目前常见的基于不变流形的平动点转移轨道设计方法,文章方法无需进行大量的流形计算,因而计算步骤简单,计算量大大降低,尤其便于实际飞行任务应用。最后,设计了后续飞行方案的飞行轨道和相应的控制方案,同时分析了控制操作的地面测控条件。研究结果表明,基于月球探测再入返回飞行试验任务的剩余推进剂,完全可以在日地月空间开展多项具有创新性和重要应用价值的飞行试验验证,为我国后续"夸父"和月球探测等深空探测任务积累宝贵的测控技术和经验,同时为后续深空探测的"多目标多任务"设计思路提供有益借鉴。     

远征火星中国火箭准备好了

时下,“探火”是一个非常热门的话题。前不久,印度PSLV-XL火箭发射的“曼加里安”火星轨道探测器顺利进入火星椭圆轨道一事,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。根据深空探测发展路线图,我国在加紧实施月球探测任务的同时,即将踏上全面探索深空奥秘的历史征程,包括火星在内的多个深空探测任务将逐步推进。随着我国探月工程的圆满实施,中国运载火箭研究院研制的运载火箭已经具备了深空探测能力,能够执行火星探测任务。     

基于双曲线B平面参数的快速微分修正月地返回轨道精确设计

月地返回轨道设计是探月三期月球采样返回任务中的重要内容之一,其约束条件较地月转移轨道复杂.此外,微分修正算法对于初值有很强的敏感性,且不易搜索得到初值.本文提出选取月心段出口点的双曲线B平面参数作为第一次迭代的目标值,选取地心段约束值作为第二次迭代的目标值,可有效的减少迭代次数和迭代时间,完成搜索初值过程.针对直接返回型轨 道和间接返回型轨道的设计问题,使用基于双曲线B平面参数的快速微分修正月地返回轨道精确设计方法,满足了对应的约束条件,易于求取变轨点的位置矢量和速度矢量,得到标称返回轨道.最后针对2种返回轨道类型的算例说明该方法有效.     

基于双二体假设的载人登月自由返回轨道特性分析及设计

载人登月轨道设计是载人登月任务的基础。首先分析自由返回轨道在载人登月轨道设计中 的基础性作用;然后,给出双二体假设下自由返回轨道的计算模型;在此基础上,对自由返 回轨道的飞行时间、轨道倾角、近月距和轨道拼接点分布等参数进行特性分析。最后,给出 基于双二体假设的轨道初步设计流程和设计实例,仿真结果验证了本文提出方法的有效性。
     

地月空间对称自由返回轨道设计与分析

为快速设计出适合载人月球探测任务和地月空间人员运输任务的自由返回轨道,在三体模型下研究了地月空间对称自由返回轨道的设计方法及其轨道特性。首先,在圆型限制性三体模型建立自由返回轨道地心旋转系下二维极坐标动力学模型。其次,根据自由返回轨道对称特性建立求解模型,选择近月点y轴速度为控制变量,并基于月球逃逸速度给出控制变量初值估计方法,提出了不同地心和月心运行方向的对称自由返回轨道搜索策略。最后,分析了4种类型对称自由返回轨道的轨道差异,并分析了不同近地点高度和近月点高度下自由返回轨道的轨道特性。仿真结果表明:文章提出的设计方法能快速准确地搜索出指定类型的对称自由返回轨道,同时其轨道特性分析结论可为后续载人月球探测任务和地月空间人员运输任务的自由返回轨道选择提供参考。     

地月循环轨道动力学建模与计算研究

根据地月循环轨道的概念,按照生成第二类周期轨道的弧段进行分类,并讨论了其共振性与对称性在轨道设计与应用中的作用。然后归纳了三种循环轨道的动力学建模与计算方法及其轨道延拓策略,最后总结了三种方法的利弊和应用轨道类型。对地月系统循环轨道的研究和分析,能够为我国未来载人登月工程提供一种新的思路与理论支持。     

基于雷达跟踪仿真的滑翔式再入弹道突防性能分析

从防御雷达对再入弹道跟踪效果的角度,对滑翔式再入飞行器的突防性能进行了初步分析。基于Unscented卡尔曼滤波和考虑气动模型的目标跟踪模型,加入雷达测量噪声,计算目标跟踪误差,比较弹道式与滑翔式再入弹道的跟踪效果。仿真结果表明：(1) 滑翔式再入弹道有横向机动且飞行高度较低,雷达的发现时间较晚,可观测时间比较短;(2) 由于雷达的跟踪动力学模型中很难对气动力准确建模,滑翔式弹道借助气动力产生机动,雷达对其跟踪的误差要大于弹道式再入弹道; (3) 在相近的雷达观测条件下,弹道机动性越强,雷达跟踪精度越差;(4) 尽量使防御方所假设的目标动力学模型失配是增加突防能力的有效措施。     

Method of virtual trajectories for the design of gravity assisted missions

A method of virtual trajectories is proposed for the design of multiple gravity assist trajectories. The method comprises two principal stages. First, for a chosen planetary sequence, a database of virtual trajectories is tabulated. Then the database screening and refinement are performed. The design of trajectory to Jupiter is presented.     

Analysis of spatiotemporal trajectories for stops along taxi paths

Stops along taxi trajectories, such as picking up and dropping off passengers, are spatially clustered and related to certain attributes of places where stops are made. To detect the hidden knowledge regarding these places, this article examines the semantics of massive taxi stops in a large city. Each taxi trajectory is modeled as a series of sequential semantic stops labeled by street names. All the trajectories can be examined as a document corpus, from which the hidden themes of the stops are identified through Latent Dirichlet Allocation model. Conventional GIS tools are coupled with topic modeling toolkit to visualize and analyze potential information of stop topics for understanding intra-city dynamics. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by a case study using a large dataset of taxi trajectories including approximately 4,000 taxis in Wuhan, China.     

载人登月绕月自由返回轨道与窗口精确快速设计

针对载人登月任务背景及工程约束,提出一种轨道与窗口一体化设计方法。通过两次坐标转化,将自由返回轨道设计参数解耦为近月点独立变量。在双二体假设下,通过4段二体轨道拼接完成自由返回轨道初值快速搜索及匹配近地停泊轨道(LEO)面的月窗口,其结果作为下一步采用序列二次规划（SQP）迭代求解高精度动力学模型轨道参数的初值,在该条精确轨道近月点时刻90 min邻域内产生可以匹配LEO地月转移入轨相位的零窗口轨道。算例表明,该流程能够精确快速地完成具有复杂任务背景及苛刻工程要求的载人登月绕月自由返回轨道与窗口设计问题。     

不确定条件下采用协方差描述函数法的再入轨迹鲁棒优化

Uncertainties are taken into account in reentry trajectory optimization and a robust trajectory optimization model is constructed based on the robust optimization theory. There are computational difficulties in solving this robust trajectory optimization problem due to the random variables associated with the uncertainties. To overcome these difficulties, the covariance analysis describing function technique (CADET) is employed to convert the robust trajectory optimization model into an equivalent deterministic trajectory optimization formulation, which is then solvable by using the existing pseudo spectral method. In the case study, a robust reentry trajectory optimization problem considering the uncertainties of aerodynamic parameters is solved to obtain the robust optimal trajectories. By comparing with the traditional deterministic optimal trajectories, the robust optimal trajectories are significantly less sensitive to the uncertainties of aerodynamic parameters, showing the effectiveness of the presented method.      

Manifold dynamics in the Earth–Moon system via isomorphic mapping with application to spacecraft end-of-life strategies

Recently, manifold dynamics has assumed an increasing relevance for analysis and design of low-energy missions, both in the Earth–Moon system and in alternative multibody environments. With regard to lunar missions, exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points L₁ and L₂ are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is focused on the definition and use of a special isomorphic mapping for low-energy mission analysis. A convenient set of cylindrical coordinates is employed to describe the spacecraft dynamics (i.e. position and velocity), in the context of the circular restricted three-body problem, used to model the spacecraft motion in the Earth–Moon system. This isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows the identification and intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Heteroclinic connections, i.e. the trajectories that belong to both the stable and the unstable manifolds of two distinct periodic orbits, can be easily detected by means of this representation. This paper illustrates the use of isomorphic mapping for finding (a) periodic orbits, (b) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from two Lyapunov orbits, the first at L₁, and the second at L₂, and (c) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ and from a particular unstable lunar orbit. Heteroclinic trajectories are asymptotic trajectories that travels at zero-propellant cost. In practical situations, a modest delta-v budget is required to perform transfers along the manifolds. This circumstance implies the possibility of performing complex missions, by combining different types of trajectory arcs belonging to the manifolds. This work studies also the possible application of manifold dynamics to defining suitable, convenient end-of-life strategies for spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Seven distinct options are identified, and lead to placing the spacecraft into the final disposal orbit, which is either (a) a lunar capture orbit, (b) a lunar impact trajectory, (c) a stable lunar periodic orbit, or (d) an outer orbit, never approaching the Earth or the Moon. Two remarkable properties that relate the velocity variations with the spacecraft energy are employed for the purpose of identifying the optimal locations, magnitudes, and directions of the velocity impulses needed to perform the seven transfer trajectories. The overall performance of each end-of-life strategy is evaluated in terms of time of flight and propellant budget.     

亚轨道飞行器能量管理段在线轨迹设计及仿真

对亚轨道飞行器能量管理段在线轨迹生成方案进行了研究。该方案将地面投影几何轨迹参数化,通过迭代计算参数生成标准轨迹,验证轨迹可行性并选择最优轨迹。经仿真验证,该方案能够在较短时间内完成轨迹的在线生成,结果满足进场着陆要求。     

Inertia-independent generalized dynamic inversion feedback control of spacecraft attitude maneuvers

The generalized dynamic inversion control methodology is applied to the spacecraft attitude trajectory tracking problem. It is shown that the structure of the skew symmetric cross product matrix alleviates the need to include the inertia matrix in the control law. Accordingly, the proposed control law depends solely on attitude and angular velocity measurements, and it neither requires knowledge of the spacecraft's inertia parameters nor it works towards estimating these parameters. A linear time-varying attitude deviation dynamics in the multiplicative error quaternion is inverted for the control variables using the generalized inversion-based Greville formula. The resulting control law is composed of auxiliary and particular parts acting on two orthogonally complement subspaces of the three dimensional Euclidean space. The particular part drives the attitude variables to their desired trajectories. The auxiliary part is affine in a free null-control vector, and is designed by utilizing a semidefinite control Lyapunov function that exploits the geometric structure of the control law to provide closed loop stability. The generalized inversion singularity avoidance is made by augmenting the generalized inverse with an asymptotically stable fast mode that is driven by angular velocity error's norm from reference angular velocity. Asymptotic tracking is achieved for detumbling maneuvers as the stable augmented mode subdues singularity. If the steady state desired quaternion trajectories are time varying, then asymptotic tracking is lost in favor of close ultimately bounded tracking because the stable augmented mode continues to be excited during steady state phase of response. A rest-to-rest slew and a trajectory tracking maneuver examples are provided to illustrate the methodology.     

基于Gauss伪谱法的助推-滑翔飞行器多阶段约束轨迹优化(英文)

在同时存在路径约束和边界条件时确定助推-滑翔飞行器的最优运动轨迹是近年来的热点问题。本文讨论了助推-滑翔飞行器的具有最大纵向航程和横向航程的两种最优轨迹。Gauss伪谱法是由Benson和Huntington提出的,在求解复杂的最优控制问题时有较快的收敛速度并能提供高精度的解。文中介绍了该方法并利用其将轨迹优化问题变换为可由NLP求解器进行数值求解的非线性规划问题。文中还介绍了其它相关的技术,例如端点控制的计算方法、处理包含奇异弧段的多阶段问题的处理方法、获得初始猜测值的方法和验证结果的方法等。仿真结果可以说明在给定的热流、过载和动压约束下最优轨迹的若干关键特性。通过优化和仿真计算,同时证明了此方法的实用性和有效性。