翼身融合布局民机高低速协调设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局作为一种创新的布局形式,成为未来民用飞机发展的热点。与传统布局相比,BWB布局具有综合优势,是以安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性为发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。针对BWB布局低速飞行性能不易满足"绿色航空"发展目标的技术现状,分析当前BWB布局高低速综合设计中出现的问题和面临的挑战,提出了改善低速性能的应对策略。通过总体参数对高低速性能的影响规律研究,分析了影响高低速协调设计的各种因素,指出翼载是影响高低速协调设计的核心参数。基于项目组长期研究工作,提出了综合考虑高低速性能的BWB布局设计要求,建立了高速向低速适当妥协,综合平衡高低速矛盾的设计思想,给出了由三点技术措施构成的高低速协调设计原则。根据本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则,采用多学科综合优化和气动综合设计方法,进行了概念方案的高低速协调设计,获得了高低速协调、综合性能优异的概念设计方案。CFD分析和风洞试验验证结果表明,协调设计后的概念方案,在保持优异巡航性能的同时,显著提高了低速性能,降低了对增升能力的需求,减小了高升力状态力矩平衡措施的设计压力,达到了保证巡航效率和提升低速性能的协调设计目标。本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则为提升BWB布局低速性能提供了新的思路和方法,可应用于翼身融合类民机布局研究,并可为其他用途翼身融合类飞机设计提供参考。     

大型运输机动力增升喷流效应数值模拟

参照C-17运输机发动机安装位置,考虑内、外涵道分开排气,建立了外吹式襟翼动力增升全机几何分析模型以及相应的巡航构型.采用结构化多块网格技术,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方法,分别对全机增升构型和单独发动机动力喷流进行数值模拟验证,在此基础上对外吹式襟翼动力喷流效应展开研究.对于低速动力增升构型,发动机喷流大部分直接冲刷襟翼下表面而后向下偏转,部分高速气流经襟翼缝道引射并加速后吹向襟翼上表面,两部分气流在襟翼后缘汇合并向下游延伸,喷流冲刷襟翼时存在明显展向横流特征.在动力喷流影响下,不仅襟翼环量大幅增加,缝翼和主翼上的环量也均有所增加,全机可用升力系数和最大升力系数均突破了机械式增升装置的极限,达到4.0以上.同时,全机低头力矩大幅增加,为纵向配平带来额外的压力.对于相应的高速巡航构型,发动机喷流主要影响机翼下表面的压力分布,使得全机升力减小,阻力明显增大.动力增升构型在基本翼设计过程中应充分考虑喷流的影响.      

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计软件及其应用

为满足现代大型飞机先进增升装置多目标综合最优的设计目标,本文结合气动、机构并行设计思想,基于VB、Qt和Catia二次开发环境搭建了增升装置气动、机构综合设计软件。其中包括翼身组合体、巡航构型、起降构型和机构设计四个设计模块,用户可从不同翼身截面数据点,通过拉伸组合成用户所设计的干净构型;利用NURBS曲线使干净构型快速切割出带增升装置的曲面外形;根据缝道参数经验值和机构约束将所切增升装置偏转并设计出合适的起飞、着陆卡位模型,并配以对应卡位设计机构。本文通过对多架、多类别大型客机进行设计并按照预期设计完成切割,完成不同固定翼机型以及翼身组合体机型的切割。经过大量的设计实例验证,软件具有广泛的通用性,能够实现对任意飞机的增升装置进行快速设计。     

大型运输机机翼气动外形设计研究

以大型运输机机翼为研究对象,针对其机翼高低速气动外形设计目标,采用改进的Takanashi正反迭代、余量修正方法,进行超临界翼型的大型运输机机翼气动外形反设计.采用优化方法进行三维机翼低速增升装置的优化设计,通过将气动外形优化设计方法与反设计方法相结合以及分布式并行计算等手段来提高设计效率.结果表明,该设计方法是合理可行的.     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计技术进展

增升装置设计作为大型客机设计的关键技术之一,其设计水平的提升将极大提高飞机的整体性能。虽然先进增升装置方案朝着简单形式发展,但其设计目标将结合气动、机构、结构、噪声等复杂考虑因素,以达到最优的综合性能和提高飞行的安全性、经济性和舒适性,是个高难度多学科多约束耦合的设计问题。结合气动优化、机构设计、一体化研究等多方面增升装置设计难点进行论述,并提出相应解决方案,最终完成气动/机构一体化设计。分别回顾了干净构型到巡航构型的外形设计方法;起降构型的气动评估、优化方法;增升装置位置表达方法和机构设计研究现状。最后阐述了气动/机构一体化设计方法的思想,总结了国内外在该方向所进行的研究和取得的成果。     

Morphing wing flaps for large civil aircraft: Evolution of a smart technology across the Clean Sky program

Morphing wing structures are widely considered among the most promising technologies for the improvement of aerodynamic performances in large civil aircraft. The controlled adaptation of the wing shape to external operative conditions naturally enables the maximization of aircraft aerodynamic efficiency, with positive fallouts on the amount of fuel burned and pollutant emissions. The benefits brought by morphing wings at aircraft level are accompanied by the criticalities of the enabling technologies, mainly involving weight penalties, overconsumption of electrical power, and safety issues. The attempt to solve such criticalities passes through the development of novel design approaches, ensuring the consolidation of reliable structural solutions that are adequately mature for certification and in-flight operations. In this work, the development phases of a multimodal camber morphing wing flap, tailored for large civil aircraft applications, are outlined with specific reference to the activities addressed by the author in the framework of the Clean Sky program.The flap is morphed according to target shapes depending on aircraft flight conditions and defined to enhance high-lift performances during takeoff and landing, as well as wing aerodynamic efficiency during cruise. An innovative system based on finger-like robotic ribs driven by electromechanical actuators is proposed as morphing-enabling technology; the maturation process of the device is then traced from the proof of concept to the consolidation of a true-scale demonstrator for pre-flight ground validation tests. A step-by-step approach involving the design and testing of intermediate demonstrators is then carried out to show the compliance of the adaptive system with industrial standards and safety requirements. The technical issues encountered during the development of each intermediate demonstrator are critically analyzed, and justifications are provided for all the adopted engineering solutions. Finally, the layout of the true-scale demonstrator is presented, with emphasis on the architectural strengths, enabling the forthcoming validation in real operative conditions.     

超临界机翼气动设计的准则、流程和设计实例

以计算空气动力学为基础,提出超临界机翼的气动设计准则和设计流程。翼型设计准则是:非设计状态音速区压力平坦;延迟后缘分离;设计状态迎角接近于零和局部最小厚度约束等。机翼设计准则是:在约束条件下诱阻最小;满足纵向稳定性要求;上翼面等压线型态和考虑结构弹性变形等。设计过程可分为两个阶段,即总体优化和机翼气动设计优化。后者的步骤是基本翼型设计、初始机翼外形设计、机翼巡航外形设计和机翼型架外形设计。对设计实例进行风洞试验后表明:尽管新机翼的平均厚度比某干线运输机厚14％,但安装该机翼的干线运输机巡航效率仍比前者高12％。     

涡桨飞机发展现状及关键气动问题

独特的动力形式赋予了涡桨飞机优越的推进效率和良好的低速机动、起降性能，使得其在军用及民用领域占有重要的地位并得以不断发展，但同时也带来了一系列需要重点关注的设计问题。本文从目前国内外涡桨飞机的发展现状和设计特点出发，提出其面临的主要气动问题。重点针对国内亟待发展的舰载类涡桨飞机起降过程中的失速和操纵问题进行深入研究，剖析了翼面附近流动的分离状态和发展趋势对于失速特性及操纵安全性的影响规律，归纳总结出需要关注的关键约束和设计原则。在此基础上，通过对一组计算实例的分析，给出了机翼空间流场变化特征和宏观气动力之间的内在联系，并深入阐述了三维增升构型与干净构型及其各站位翼剖面的设计关联性。     

大型商用运输机机翼增升构型水滴撞击特性计算

基于欧拉-拉格朗日数值模拟框架,发展了一套适合求解三维多体模型水滴撞击特性的计算方法.采用粒子统计与面积比率计算相结合的方式,实现了水滴收集率的高效精确预测.在常规粒径条件下,该方法计算结果与国外标模试验数据吻合良好.应用上述算法,开展了某大型商用运输机增升构型的水滴撞击特性数值模拟研究,计算结果显示:水滴在缝翼背面缝...     

低速增升装置失速特性预测研究

民机低速增升装置失速特性是具有挑战性的空气动力学难题之一,决定着飞机起、降阶段机翼处于流动分离或尾迹干扰状态时的操纵稳定性,是气动设计必须关注的重要方面。利用基于N-S方程的自研多块结构网格计算软件和混合网格计算软件,对NASA高升力梯形机翼标准模型开展了失速特性计算研究,系统评估了计算软件、计算网格、湍流模型等主要因素对失速特性的影响,获得了有效预测高升力构型失速特性的计算方案,并将其成功应用于工程实际,为增升装置失速特性计算评估提供了有意义的参考。     

巡航导弹总体参数优化方法研究

提出了巡航导弹总体参数优化方法,并建立了用于喷气式巡航导弹总体设计的综合模型及相应的计算机软件。该方法以巡航导弹的发射质量最小为目标,以最大速度、最大稳定盘旋过载、单位剩余功率、最大射程为设计约束,对弹翼面积、弹翼展弦比、弹翼尖削比、弹翼后掠角及弹翼平均相对厚度进行优化。     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

The aerodynamic design of multi-element high-lift systems for transport airplanes

High-lift systems have a major influence on the sizing, economics, and safety of most transport airplane configurations. The combination of complexity in flow physics, geometry, and system support and actuation has historically led to a lengthy and experiment intensive development process. However, during the recent past engineering design has changed significantly as a result of rapid developments in computational hardware and software. In aerodynamic design, computational methods are slowly superseding empirical methods and design engineers are spending more and more time applying computational tools instead of conducting physical experiments to design and analyze aircraft including their high-lift systems. The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in aerodynamic design and analysis methods for multi-element high-lift systems on transport airplanes. Attention is also paid to the associated mechanical and cost problems since a multi-element high-lift system must be as simple and economical as possible while meeting the required aerodynamic performance levels.     

机翼结冰生命周期的数字孪生软件系统

飞机巡航中的机翼结冰情况是关系到飞行安全的重大实际问题之一,如果能够实时监测甚至根据环境提前预测机翼结冰过程和状况,对改进机翼防除冰设计、规避飞行危险都具有重大意义。数字孪生技术作为5G信息时代中新兴的技术,为物理过程的虚拟呈现提供了新的思路与解决方案、同时数字孪生技术结合人工智能等技术,同样可以应用于飞机巡航中机翼结冰物理过程,对实时监测与预测提供了新的技术保证。从数字孪生的角度出发,以机翼结冰神经网络模型为切入点,设计实现了一款基于数字孪生和人工智能技术的巡航中机翼结冰二维过程快速呈现软件系统。软件获取飞机巡航结冰参数与飞行参数,运行结果能够利用动态显示方式,呈现飞机巡航中机翼结冰全生命周期。     

基于参数化模型的大型民用飞机设计航程研究

航程和座级直接反映民用客机的市场定位,是飞机产品能否被市场广泛接受的关键因素。目前全球大型客机市场由波音和空客两家公司垄断,又细分为窄体客机、宽体客机和超大型客机等市场。其中,宽体客机的航程跨度较大,是否发展中、短程宽体客机的争论从未终止。伴随空客公司推出A330区域型客机,中短程宽体客机是否有利可图的争论更加炙手可热。有鉴于此,基于全参数化飞机模型,研究了特定座级下设计航程与机翼、发动机、特征重量、气动特性以及燃油经济性之间的关系,分析了设计航程对民用飞机总体设计带来的影响,从技术层面阐述了设计航程变化带来的收益及代价。     

Aerodynamic Design Methodology for Blended Wing Body Transport

This paper puts forward a design idea for blended wing body(BWB).The idea is described as that cruise point,maximum lift to drag point and pitch trim point are in the same flight attitude.According to this design idea,design objectives and constraints are defined.By applying low and high fidelity aerodynamic analysis tools,BWB aerodynamic design methodology is established by the combination of optimization design and inverse design methods.High lift to drag ratio,pitch trim and acceptable buffet margin can be achieved by this design methodology.For 300-passenger BWB configuration based on static stability design,as compared with initial configuration,the maximum lift to drag ratio and pitch trim are achieved at cruise condition,zero lift pitching moment is positive,and buffet characteristics is well.Fuel burn of 300-passenger BWB configuration is also significantly reduced as compared with conventional civil transports.Because aerodynamic design is carried out under the constraints of BWB design requirements,the design configuration fulfills the demands for interior layout and provides a solid foundation for continuous work.     

支线飞机的非常规/常规融合布局研究

为了在支线飞机设计中利用非常规布局的优势提高其性能,同时避免其所带来的问题,提出基于飞翼的非常规/常规融合布局。首先介绍运输类飞机非常规气动布局飞翼的突出优势和面临的问题,然后提出非常规/常规融合布局,最后通过设计方案的逐步迭代改进和优化,得到气动性能优于新一代支线飞机的非常规/常规融合外形布局方案,其中巡航升阻比提高了约7.5%、阻力发散马赫数提高了约2.5%、巡航效率因子提高了约7.5%,同时确保了飞机具有良好的机场适应性。基于飞翼的非常规/常规融合布局方案具有进一步提升性能的潜力,同时避免飞翼的其他一些不利方面,为未来非常规布局运输飞机的研究奠定一定的基础。     

双三角翼布局歼击教练飞机的概念优化设计

双三角翼气动布局比三角翼飞机具有更好的大攻角空气动力特性。引入了评估教练机训练效能的作战分析法 ,研究了双三角机翼布局飞机空气动力特性的工程计算途径以及飞机性能指标的确定方法。以训练效能作为目标函数并选取机翼平面形状的几何参数为设计变量 ,采用多变量数值寻优方法 ,在战术技术指标及相关几何约束条件下 ,对某高级教练机的双三角机翼气动布局方案进行了优化选择。算例表明最优方案不仅比原准方案具有更高的训练效能 ,还改善了结构的受力情况 ,与工程实践吻合。     

Data and performances of selected aircraft and rotorcraft

The purpose of this article is to provide a synthetic and comparative view of selected aircraft and rotorcraft (nearly 300 of them) from past and present. We report geometric characteristics of wings (wing span, areas, aspect-ratios, sweep angles, dihedral/anhedral angles, thickness ratios at root and tips, taper ratios) and rotor blades (type of rotor, diameter, number of blades, solidity, rpm, tip Mach numbers); aerodynamic data (drag coefficients at zero lift, cruise and maximum absolute glide ratio); performances (wing and disk loadings, maximum absolute Mach number, cruise Mach number, service ceiling, rate of climb, centrifugal acceleration limits, maximum take-off weight, maximum payload, thrust-to-weight ratios). There are additional data on wing types, high-lift devices, noise levels at take-off and landing. The data are presented on tables for each aircraft class. A graphic analysis offers a comparative look at all types of data. Accuracy levels are provided wherever available.