燃烧室室壁冲击／气膜复合冷却壁温分布研究 （一）实验部分

在模拟实际燃烧室室壁加热情况下，对三组不同几何参数的冲击／气膜复合冷却结构进行了热态实验研究，得到了不同冷却气流量下沿轴向的壁温分布，并与纯气膜和夹层气膜冷却的相应实验结果进行了分析比较，冲击／气膜冷却效果优于纯气膜和夹层气膜冷却。     

等离子体增强含硼燃气二次燃烧实验分析

为研究等离子体助燃条件下含硼燃气在补燃室的二次燃烧特性,建立了排除来流空气掺混效应的扩散燃烧实验模型。利用高速摄影仪拍摄了含硼燃气在补燃室的火焰照片,得到了有无等离子体条件下的燃烧火焰形貌;测量了补燃室不同截面的静压和总压,分析了有无等离子体条件下含硼推进剂在固冲发动机中的燃烧效率。实验结果表明：在含硼燃气二次燃烧过程中加入等离子体炬,等离子体炬后方区域火焰更加明亮,硼燃烧更加充分;断开等离子体炬后,补燃室静压和总压出现压力突降台阶,说明加入等离子体后可以加快化学反应速率,提高含硼燃气在固冲发动机中的燃烧效率,从而提高了补燃室的压强;且放电功率越高,含硼燃气在固冲发动机中燃烧效率的增长率越高。     

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.     

碳氢燃气超声速剪切流动燃烧数值模拟

数值模拟碳氢富燃燃气与空气二维超声速剪切流动的湍流燃烧.NND对流项差分格式高精度捕捉激波, B-L和普朗特混合长度模型模拟湍流粘性系数, Arrhenius反应动力学公式计算化学反应速率, 模拟非平衡态燃烧.计算的壁面压力值较好地符合了实验值.分析了剪切流驻焰稳定的波系结构, 从预测的流动参数和组分浓度分布判断燃烧状况的好坏, 从而为改善优化燃烧室结构提供工程参考.      

进气畸变对燃烧室性能的影响

基于详细化学反应动力学和火焰面模型,以某型发动机燃烧室为计算模型,在压气机气流畸变来流条件下对燃烧室内流场进行了数值模拟,将计算结果与其实验结果进行了对比,并对比研究了均匀与非均匀入口气流条件下燃烧室燃烧性能的差异。结果表明:非均匀入口效应会对燃烧室内部流场产生很大的影响,流场的对称性受到破坏,燃料的掺混燃烧效果也会受到影响,进而导致燃烧室燃烧效率降低,影响整个燃烧室的工作性能。增大主燃孔面积,提高头部进气量可以很好地改善此型燃烧室的燃烧性能。      

双补燃室固冲凝聚相颗粒分布对比试验研究

针对固冲发动机燃烧效率较低以及凝相粒子分布规律不清楚的现状，本文建立了一套评价固冲发动机燃烧效率的双补燃室试验装置和研究凝相颗粒分布的取样装置。对比研究了结构相同的补燃室内的参数，其误差小于0.5%，说明该装置可以用于精确对比不同补燃室的燃烧效率。然后应用该装置完成了补燃室长度分别为600mm、800mm、1000mm，进气角度分别为30°、45°、60°的对比试验，分析了粒子的粒度分布规律和化学成分变化规律，该规律与数值分析的规律相同。试验结果表明：在进气角度不变情况下，补燃室长度增加有利于提高燃烧效率，燃烧室压强提高，凝相粒子直径明显减小，B粒子燃烧更充分；在补燃室长度为1000mm的情况下，进气角度增加有利于燃烧效率增加，燃烧室压强提高，粒子直径减小，B粒子燃烧更充分。双补燃室发动机是评价补燃室燃烧效率的有效装置，粒度分布和燃烧产物的化学成分有助于补燃室结构设计。     

燃料喷口位置对燃烧室污染物生成性能影响

对一种使用中低热值生物质气的干式低排放（DLE）微型燃气轮机燃烧室开展了研究,对燃料喷嘴口在不同位置时的污染物生成特性进行了实验测试和数值模拟,获得了喷口位置对燃料与空气的混合均匀性、NOx生成特性的影响规律。结果表明:调节燃烧室的燃料分配比例、燃料喷口位置对燃烧室的排放特性会产生影响,存在一个使NOx排放最低的燃料分配比例;燃料与空气混合的均匀性是影响NOx生成的主要因素之一;NOx主要在值班燃烧区中产生,调整值班级喷口喷射方式可以使NOx质量浓度降至7.6 mg/m3。      

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室的响应面法优化设计

影响固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的因素很多,且各因素对燃烧效率的影响很难用精确的解析函数式来表示。采用基于正交多项式的响应面法结合数值模拟的优化方法对某实验发动机补燃室进行了设计,结果表明:这种优化方法可以减少为得到近似函数式而对补燃室流场进行计算的次数,节省计算时间,能方便地对发动机补燃室各个参数进行优化与分析。     

Experimental study of the influence of electric field on parameters of kerosene-air mixture combustion

The results of experimental investigation of the influence of an alternating electric field on the flow of kerosene, the chemical composition and velocity of the combustion products of keroseneair mixture at the outlet of the combustion chamber are presented.     

旋转射流对含硼固体火箭冲压发动机二次燃烧的影响

为提高固体火箭冲压发动机二次燃烧效率,将旋转射流技术引入固体火箭冲压发动机设计,采用Re-alizable k-ε湍流模型、单步涡团耗散燃烧模型以及KING硼粒子点火和燃烧模型,利用Fluent软件开展了旋转进气和一次燃气旋转含硼固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室三维反应流场流数值分析。研究结果表明,当空气射流切向进入补燃室时,气流产生的旋转均使燃料与空气的混合更充分,燃烧效率更高。当气流切入角度增大时,补燃效率先升后降,对于具体发动机结构,存在一个使燃烧效率最大的切入角,针对研究的模型发动机结构,此值在20°附近;当一次燃气旋流数的增加,二次燃烧效率呈逐渐增高的趋势。     

航空直喷发动机缸内混合气形成的试验

基于航空活塞式基础样机的结构特点,自主研制了单缸低压直喷全透明光学发动机,并利用高速摄影对缸内混合气形成进行试验研究.分析了不同燃烧室形状、燃油启喷时刻以及发动机转速等条件下低压直喷发动机缸内的混合气形成规律.研究结果表明:新设计的偏心碗型活塞顶面能够有效地引导燃油喷雾形成向燃烧室顶部卷吸的运动,从而使得燃油液滴聚集在双侧火花塞附近;燃油喷射时刻对混合气形成影响很大,当进气门开度较小且活塞与上止点距离较为适中时喷射燃油,混合气形成质量最好;进气运动较强烈时,发动机转速提高会加速燃油液滴的蒸发,但同时活塞顶面对喷雾的引导作用被削弱,混合气形成质量变差;当进气运动变弱时,发动机转速提高会增强活塞顶面对油束的作用,即引导作用变强.      

Y型喷嘴反压环境粒径的图像捕捉测量技术

鉴于Y型喷嘴反压条件下的粒径难以采用传统光学测量手段获得有效数据,提出一种基于图像捕捉的粒径处理程序,通过微距镜头拍摄雾场图像,通过图像识别和数据统计获取有效索太尔平均直径（SMD）。该处理方法在大气下与相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)测量结果误差不超过12%。实验结果表明:在反压条件下,当气流量为0g/s时,雾化粒径较大,随着环境压力升高和液流量增大,雾化粒径呈减小趋势;当加入气流量为55g/s时,雾化粒径显著降低,并且粒径随着环境压力升高而增大(该结果与不加气时恰恰相反),而在同一反压、不同液流量工况下,雾化粒径基本保持不变。在燃烧室变工况条件下,加入少量的气体即可使雾化粒径显著减小且在变工况条件下基本保持一致。      

多旋流LPP影响燃烧特性的数值分析

对贫油经由双级旋流器在突扩燃烧室内的旋流扩散燃烧反应进行了CFD数值研究。通过改变一级旋流器和二级旋流器的空气流量分配,定量研究了旋流杯内油气的局部混合和蒸发对双旋流燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,合理的气量分配使旋流杯内的油气具有较明显的贫油部分预混合预蒸发LPP效应;使燃烧室头部区域具有LPP燃烧特性：头部燃烧区位置和结构合理,温场峰值低且比较均匀,产生较少的NO污染物。相关计算结果与试验结果相符合。     

Thermal state calculation of chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine for steady state pulsed mode

This paper presents a method of thermal state calculation of combustion chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine. The goal is to predict the thermal state of chamber wall by using basic parameters of engine: thrust level, propellants, chamber pressure, injection pattern, film cooling parameters, material of wall and their coating, etc. The difficulties in modeling the startup and shutdown processes of thrusters lie in the fact that there are the conjugated physical processes occurring at various parameters for non-design conditions. A mathematical model to predict the thermal state of the combustion chamber for different engine operation modes is developed. To simulate the startup and shutdown processes, a quasi-steady approach is applied by replacing the transient process with time-variant operating parameters of steady-state processes. The mathematical model is based on several principles and data commonly used for heat transfer modeling: geometry of flow part, gas dynamics of flow, thermodynamics of propellants and combustion spices, convective and radiation heat flows, conjugated heat transfer between hot gas and wall, and transient approach for calculation of thermal state of construction. Calculations of the thermal state of the combustion chamber in single-turn-on mode show good convergence with the experimental results. The results of pulsed modes indicate a large temperature gradient on the internal wall surface of the chamber between pulses and the thermal state of the wall strongly depends on the pulse duration and the interval.     

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室硅基绝热层烧蚀模型

为了评估固冲发动机硅基绝热层的烧蚀性能,对硅基绝热层的烧蚀形成机制进行了分析并建立了数值模型。硅基绝热层烧蚀由气动冲蚀,化学烧蚀,颗粒剥蚀三个部分构成。数值结果表明,硅基绝热层失效的主要原因是气动冲蚀,化学烧蚀与颗粒剥蚀影响较小。理论计算同试验获得的烧蚀形态基本吻合,冲压发动机严重烧蚀部位在进气道两侧的下游区域。从结构设计上看,冲压发动机防隔热设计的重点应是降低冲压发动机气流冲蚀影响。     

Simulation of flow and mixture formation nonstationarity in combustion chambers

In this paper, attention was focused on the matter of simulating a flow, the mixture and vapor formation in the GTE combustion chamber without regard for combustion. The software developed by the authors was used for simulation. For comparison and analysis, also presented are the simulation results obtained in Fluent software. The characteristic features of a flow and the distribution of vaporous and droplet-liquid fuel throughout the flame tube model volume are revealed.     

Coupled Lagrangian impingement spray model for doublet impinging injectors under liquid rocket engine operating conditions

To predict the effect of the liquid rocket engine combustion chamber conditions on the impingement spray, the conventional uncoupled spray model for impinging injectors is extended by considering the coupling of the jet impingement process and the ambient gas field. The new coupled model consists of the plain-orifice sub-model, the jet-jet impingement sub-model and the droplet collision sub-model. The parameters of the child droplet are determined with the jet-jet impingement sub-model using correlations about the liquid jet parameters and the chamber conditions.The overall model is benchmarked under various impingement angles, jet momentum and offcenter ratios. Agreement with the published experimental data validates the ability of the model to predict the key spray characteristics, such as the mass flux and mixture ratio distributions in quiescent air. Besides, impinging sprays under changing ambient pressure and non-uniform gas flow are investigated to explore the effect of liquid rocket engine chamber conditions. First, a transient impingement spray during engine start-up phase is simulated with prescribed pressure profile. The minimum average droplet diameter is achieved when the orifices work in cavitation state, and is about 30% smaller than the steady single phase state. Second, the effect of non-uniform gas flow produces off-center impingement and the rotated spray fan by 38°. The proposed model suggests more reasonable impingement spray characteristics than the uncoupled one and can be used as the first step in the complex simulation of coupling impingement spray and combustion in liquid rocket engines.     

带有中心钝体的固体燃料冲压发动机工作性能分析

为提高固体燃料冲压发动机的燃烧特性和工作性能,提出了带有中心钝体的固体燃料冲压发动机方案,基于雷诺转捩和涡概念耗散方程建立了其湍流燃烧模型,并数值计算分析了其内流场、燃面退移速率、推力与总压损失。结果表明：带有中心钝体的冲压发动机内部流动过程较为复杂,钝体后部有四个漩涡,增强了发动机内来流空气与燃气的掺混;钝体孔隙中的高速气流与两侧的小尺度漩涡保证了钝体尾涡的稳定性;与普通固体燃料冲压发动机相比,在燃烧室中增加中心钝体能增大燃烧室内高温区面积,提高补燃室内温度,可使推进剂平均燃面退移速率提高26.11%,发动机推力提高22.12%,燃烧效率提高8.9%。     

数值模拟纵向隔热屏加力室热态流场

数值研究纵向隔热屏加力燃烧室的在三维贴体坐标系下燃烧整体流场,所用的数学模型有:k-ε模型、EBU-Arrehenius和二阶矩紊流燃烧模型及六通量模型等.数值分析两种不同几何形状、进口气流参数分布及紊流燃烧模型等对加力室内各气流参数、隔热屏和加力室筒体壁面温度分布的影响,计算结果与试验数据比较表明:不同几何形状对加力室紊流燃烧流场的影响要比进口气流参数分布大些,二阶矩模型更适用模拟紊流燃烧流动.      

Mathematical modeling and experimental investigations of oxygen-methane fuel combustion at coaxial-jet supply into the combustion chamber of liquid-propellant rocket engine

The numerical results are presented for the case of coaxial-jet supply at the different ratio of mass component velocities at the combustion chamber inlet with the constant and variable relationship of oxygen-methane components. The experimental investigations of coaxial-jet mixing elements as part of the model setup chamber operating on corrosive producer gas and gaseous methane were carried out. A qualitative pattern of the $ \overline {\rho u} $ \overline {\rho u} parameter influence on the chamber economic feasibility was obtained: as $ \overline {\rho u} $ \overline {\rho u} decreases, the combustion efficiency coefficient grows.