大鼠后肢去负荷体位调节装置设计与实验研究

通过对大鼠尾吊模型进行改进，研制出一种新型可调节体位的大鼠后肢去负荷悬吊装置，研究模拟微重力效应下体液分布变化对大鼠骨代谢的影响.将36只SD大鼠均分为对照组（CON）、头低位后肢去负荷组（HDT）、水平位后肢去负荷组（HH）和头高位后肢去负荷组（HUT）4组，实验21天后，利用DXA检测大鼠的骨密度（BMD）.模拟微重力效应下的三组大鼠后肢均发生严重骨丢失，其中HH和HUT组后肢BMD显著大于HDT组.实验结果表明，体液分布变化可能在模拟微重力效应导致的骨丢失中起到重要作用，新型大鼠后肢去负荷悬吊装置能够调节大鼠体位（体液）进行模拟微重力效应研究.      

头低位卧床对恒河猴骨代谢、糖脂代谢的抑制效应及其相关性分析

空间失重引起的骨代谢调节失衡是航天员遭受的最严重的危害之一.骨代谢失衡还有可能影响机体的糖脂代谢平衡.本研究利用恒河猴头低位卧床模拟失重效应实验方法，分析头低位卧床过程中恒河猴血清中骨代谢、糖脂代谢指标变化情况及其相关性.卧床组恒河猴血清中BAP在头低位卧床实验开始7天便出现了显著下降（P<0.05），血清胰岛素、高密度脂肪酸含量在7天显著下降并一直维持在较低水平，血糖含量在7天时显著下降，但在21天时明显回升.分析发现，骨钙素与血糖、皮质醇、高密度脂肪酸含量间均存在相关性，这表明头低位卧床模拟失重效应实验中骨与糖脂代谢之间存在相互调控.      

24小时头低位卧床对人体生理功能的影响

为了探讨航天飞行初期人体生理功能的变化及“空间适应性综合症”的机理,实验观察了12名受试者在头低位6°卧床期间心率、呼吸、体温和脑电的变化。实验中所有指标均同时记录在卧床实验室配套的生理测试处理系统上,并用此系统对各生理指标的变化进行计算机分析。分析结果表明头低位卧床中人体内的一些重要生理功能如心率、呼吸、脑电的昼夜节律仍存在,但出现一定的紊乱,表现在:①心率昼夜变化双峰波消失或模糊,时相推迟。②体温昼夜节律变化不明显;额部皮肤温度无明显的昼夜节律变化,腿部皮肤温度在卧床初期明显增加,之后波动较大。③卧床中脑电α波段功率谱值下降,而δ、θ波功率谱值上升。卧床中R-R 间期频谱分析和脑电功率谱分析的结果表明卧床中心脑的调节和皮层的兴奋性也发生一定变化。     

用场向电流的观测结果研究高纬电离层电场

本文从Triad卫星观测到的场向电流日变化的统计结果出发, 利用场向电流日变化的付里叶级数展开和简单模式法分别求出电导率均匀时和极光带电导率增强时高纬电离层电位的分析解.结果表明, 电场集中在极光区是由2区场向电流引起的.在本文所用的场向电流分布形式下, 加上Pederson电导率的升高。极光区Hall电导率的增大反而有助于电场向中纬穿透.|AL|≥100γ时, 场向电流分布对对流圈位置西向旋转起一定作用, 但极光带Hall电导率的变化是造成大角度旋转的主要原因.Perdson电导率的增大, 对旋转角无影响.结果还表明, 在不考虑电导率日夜不均匀时, 由于场向电流复杂的日变化, 也可出现对流圈的晨昏不对称性.以上的电场分布形态, 与观测的电场形态基本相符。      

中药对模拟失重兔耳微循环和血液流变性的影响

因失重时血循环系统的改变十分类似于中医“血淤症”时的变化,故采用活血化淤中药来改善失重时的血循环状态可能是一种较好的防护措施。实验比较了4种中药(丹-黄合剂、川芎、冠心Ⅱ号、樟柳碱)对模拟失重兔耳微循环和血液流变性的影响。结果表明4种中药均有改善模拟失重兔血循环的作用,其效果是丹-黄合剂>川芎>冠心Ⅱ号>樟柳碱。两种药量实验结果表明丹黄合剂用15g/kg,川芎用10g/kg 效果较好。     

模拟失重时兔脏器血流量反应特性研究

本文报道了用26只白色短毛家兔所做的动物学模型实验,得出了各脏器血流量的动态反应曲线.并用微循环研究方法,分析了模拟失重时各脏器微血管功能状态与血流量的关系;阐述了各脏器微循环功能变化特点;对变化机理作了初步探讨.     

电导率分布、对流电场转向区与场向电流形态(模式分析)

本文利用一些简单模式讨论对流转向区形态、电离层电导率的分布变化对场向电流形态的影响。结果表明,一区场向电流是最基本的,与对流转向区直接相联。二区场向电流的产生不仅与对流电场的屏蔽相联,也与电导率变化有关。电导率的变化还可产生一区电流高纬侧的零区电流和二区电流低纬侧的反向电流。此外,剪切转向区和旋转转向区所对应的场向电流分布也有所不同。本文结果有助于理解观测的场向电流之复杂形态,也可以解释同样的行星际磁场状况下,场向电流的不同变化。      

双立尾对战斗机隐身特性的数值模拟

为了降低战斗机的雷达散射截面（RCS,Radar Cross Section）特性,研究了双立尾外倾对战斗机RCS特性的影响.对战斗机的三维数字样机进行网格划分,基于物理光学法数值模拟出双立尾向两侧对等偏转对三翼面战斗机的头向、侧向和尾向的RCS特性的影响,并对战斗机的缩比实体样机进行电磁测试,证明了方法的可行性和数值模拟的准确性.数值模拟结果表明,当双立尾从0°向外偏转10°时,三翼面战斗机侧向RCS值缩减至原来的 9.8%,而头向和尾向的RCS值变化幅度较小.      

4小时头低位卧床期间脑阻抗图的变化

为了检查被试者对失重的适应能力,本实验采用了4h 头低位15°卧床方法模拟失重,观察了38名被试者在卧床中的耐受时间和脑阻抗图(REG)的变化,结果是短时间的头低位卧床期间REG 发生了规律性的变化,此变化反映了被试者脑循环系统状态,并与被试者卧床耐力一致。结果提示,短期头低位卧床可作为检查被试者失重适应能力的一种方法,而REG 是一个有用的评定指标。     

关于涡轮长叶片的设计问题

本文介绍了涡轮长叶片设计的一种普遍规律。并对此规律就其沿径向的速度分布、叶根反力的变化、沿工作叶片高的温度分布、及级的通过能力等作了全面的分析比较。得出了一些公式及结论,这不仅使我们对各种叶片扭向规律的物理实质有了更进一步的了解,同时使我们可根据具体任务来恰当地选择叶片的扭向规律,以便无论就叶片造型及轮级效率方面均为最有利的情况。     

Late skin damage in rabbits and monkeys after exposure to particulate radiations.

Skin biopsies were taken from the central regions of the ears of New Zealand white rabbits following localized exposure of one ear of each rabbit to 530 MeV/amu Ar or 365 MeV/amu Ne ions. The unirradiated ears served as controls. Biopsies were taken also from the chests and inner thighs of rhesus monkeys after whole-body exposure to 32 MeV protons and from unirradiated control animals. The linear energy transfers (LET infinity's) for the radiations were 90 +/- 5, 35 +/- 3, and approximately 1.2 keV/micrometer, respectively. In the rabbit studies, explants were removed with a 2 mm diameter dermal punch at post-irradiation times up to five years after exposure. Similar volumes of monkey tissue were taken from skin samples excised surgically 16-18 years following proton irradiation. Fibroblast cultures were initiated from the explants and were propagated in vitro until terminal senescence (cessation of cell division) occurred. Cultures from irradiated tissue exhibited decreases in doubling potential that were dependent on radiation dose and LET infinity and seemed to reflect damage to stem cell populations. The implications of these results for astronauts exposed to heavy ions and/or protons in space include possible manifestations of residual effects in the skin many years after exposure (e.g. unsatisfactory responses to trauma or surgery).     

Applied potential tomography shows differential changes in fluid content of leg tissue layers in microgravity.

Absence of hydrostatic forces in the human cardiocirculatory system normally leads to an overall body fluid deficit. It was hypothesized that this is mainly due to a loss of interstitial fluid. An experiment was performed on board the Russian MIR station. Cuffs were positioned around both thighs and inflated up to suprasystolic values. This maneuver took place just before and after immediately a lower body negative pressure session (LBNP). The redistribution of fluids underneath the cuffs was assessed by means of cross-sectional impedance tomography (Applied Potential Tomography, APT). A microgravity induced loss of interstitial fluid was measured in all layers of the observed cross-section. The APT-readings changed significantly (SD approximately +/- .9) from 3.0 at 1g to 1.7 at 0g for the outer layer and from 2.7 at 1g to 2.0 at 0g for the middle layer (expressed in arbitrary units). The LBNP maneuver was able to fill the interstitial space but only at levels higher than -15 mmHg LBNP. This suggests that the superficial tissues in the legs are as much affected as the deeper ones by changing g-conditions and LBNP can be used to counteract interstitial fluid loss in this area.     

One dimensional blood flow in a planetocentric orbit

All life on earth is accustomed to the presence of gravity. When gravity is altered, biological processes can go awry. It is of great importance to ensure safety during a spaceflight. Long term exposure to microgravity can trigger detrimental physiological responses in the human body. Fluid redistribution coupled with fluid loss is one of the effects. In particular, in microgravity blood volume is shifted towards the thorax and head. Sympathetic nervous system-induced vasoconstriction is needed to maintain arterial pressure, while venoconstriction limits venous pooling of blood prevents further reductions in venous return of blood to the heart. In this paper, we modify an existing one dimensional blood flow model with the inclusion of the hydrostatic pressure gradient that further depends on the gravitational field modified by the oblateness and rotation of the Earth. We find that the velocity of the blood flow V_B is inversely proportional to the blood specific volume d, also proportional to the oblateness harmonic coefficient J₂, the angular velocity of the Earth ω_E, and finally proportional to an arbitrary constant c. For c = −0.39073 and ξ_H = −0.5 mmHg, all orbits result to less blood flow velocities than that calculated on the surface of the Earth. From all considered orbits, elliptical polar orbit of eccentricity e = 0.2 exhibit the largest flow velocity V_B = 1.031 m/s, followed by the orbits of inclination i = 45°and 0°. The Earth’s oblateness and its rotation contribute a 0.7% difference to the blood flow velocity.     

Biomedical study on combined effects of simulated weightlessness and emergent depressurization of spacecraft

Cabin emergent depressurization (CED) may occur in spacecraft during manned space flight. The purpose of this paper was to study the combined effects of simulated weightlessness (SW) and CED factors on humans and animals. It was found that the amplitude of T wave of human electrocardiograms (ECG) significantly decreased in bed rest and hypoxia compared with the control condition (P<0.05), and that suspension with pure O₂ induced severer edema in the lungs of rats than that in only a pure O₂ environment. SW and pure O₂ caused middle ear congestion and decreased the barofunction during pressure changes. These results indicate that human response to CED factors become more serious under SW because of the blood redistribution.     

The physical mechanism of the solar variability influence on electrical and climatic characteristics of the troposphere

Possible mechanisms of solar–climatic connections, which may be of importance over short and long time intervals, are discussed. The variations of energetic balance of Earth’s climatic system for the last 50 years are estimated. It is ascertained that the imbalance between the flux of solar energy that comes to the Earth and radiates to space is of 0.1% for the last ten years. The significance is analyzed for the possible influence of variations of solar constant upon the energetic balance of the atmosphere.The physical mechanism of the influence of solar activity on climatic characteristics and the atmospheric circulation is suggested and theoretically substantiated. The mechanism is based on the redistribution in lower-troposphere of condensation nuclei by the vertical electric field. This electric field is determined by the ionosphere–Earth electric potential, which in the Polar Regions is controlled not only by tropical thunderstorms and by the galactic cosmic-ray intensity but also by solar cosmic-ray fluxes. The height redistribution in the atmosphere of condensation nuclei with a change of the electric field of the atmosphere is accompanied by a change in total latent heat (phase transition of water vapor), by changes in radiation balance, and by subsequent changes of the thermobaric field of troposphere. The results of analysis of thermobaric field variations for the periods of invasion of abnormally powerful solar cosmic ray fluxes and magnetic storms confirm the reality of manifestation of heliogeophysical disturbances.     

火星空间磁场低频波动

波动是无碰撞等离子体中能量重新分配的重要途径。对波动的研究有助于更准确地认识太阳风与火星的相互作用,认识火星空间环境的特征。介绍了火星空间中常见的几种磁场低频波动,包括离子回旋波（Ion-CyclotronWave,ICW）、磁流体动力学（MagnetoHydro Dynamic,MHD）波、镜像模波、哨声波以及磁场锯齿状波动,总结了这几类波动的特征和可能的形成机制,说明不同种类的波动所反映的不同的物理过程。由于波粒相互作用在火星离子逃逸的过程中起到了重要作用,波动可影响火星环境的演化。     

Effects of rectilinear acceleration, caloric and optokinetic stimulation of human subjects in the Spacelab D-1 mission

A set of vestibular experiments was performed during the course of the German Spacelab D-1 mission from 30 October to 6 November 1985 by a consortium of experimenters from various european countries. Similar to the Spacelab SL-1 mission all of the scientific crew members were theoretically and practically trained for the experiments. Baseline measurements for all tests were collected 113, 86, 44, 30 and 18 days prior to the mission and compared with data taken inflight, on the landing day and the consecutive 7 to 14 days.

The hardware comprised mainly a motordriven accelerating platform, the SPACE SLED, and the vestibular helmet, a multi-purpose instrument in support of a variety of vestibular experiments including air-calorisation of the ears, optokinetic stimulation pattern presentation and optical and nystagmographic recording of eye movements.

Measurements of the threshold for the perception of detection of whole body movement did not reveal any dramatic changes in the 2 measured axes inflight when compared to preflight values. Early postflight values show a significantly elevated threshold for all axes in 3 out of 4 subjects.

The caloric nystagmus, already found during the SL-1 mission, was confirmed on all three tested subjects during the D-1 mission. It's amplitude and in some instances it's direction were influenced by horizontal acceleration on the SLED.

The amplitude of optokinetic nystagmus increased when subjects were allowed to free-float over that seen when subjects were fixed.

Stimulation of the neck receptors by roll movements of the body against the fixated head resulted in illusory object motion to the contralateral side. Torsional movements of the eyes during such neck receptor stimulation was present inflight and postflight, while it had not been observed preflight. Most results point to a reduction of otolithic effects in favour of visual and proprioceptive influences for spatial orientation.     

飞翼布局无人机进排气影响及机理分析

进气道尾喷管的存在不仅影响着飞机机身前后的流场特性与压力分布,而且影响着飞机升力特性、阻力特性以及力矩特性.为了研究进排气效应对飞机气动特性的影响,采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟技术,建立飞翼布局无人机(UAV)堵锥整流模型和动力影响模型,其中动力影响模型是根据发动机不同的工作状态,在进气道以及尾喷管截面上设置不同的边界条件,对比分析这两种计算模型在流场特征和气动特性上的差异性,揭示内在的影响机理.进排气效应的研究有助于飞机/发动机的一体化气动综合设计.