浅析空中交通管制员个体安全行为

空中交通管制的主要任务是防止航空器与航空器相撞及促进空中交通的有序畅通,作为民航运行保障系统中最为重要的环节,随着民航运输业的迅猛发展和空中交通流量的不断增加,正面临前所未有的巨大挑战。空中交通管制系统的核心实施者——空中交通管制员的个体安全行为及能力几乎决     

管制员个性特征的调查研究

安全是空中交通管制行业永恒的主题和永远的追求，而空中交通管制员的素质又是空中交通安全的决定性因素，在很大程度上，他们的心理素质、人格特征将直接影响民航业的安全和工作的质量。根据E．G．williamson的特性因素论（Trait Factor Theory），在选拔培养专业人才时只有能力、人格、兴趣与职业相匹配，才能尽快实现由新手向专家的转变。因此，调查和了解空中交通管制员群体心理素质，对他们的人格特征进行实证研究，对选拔和优化管制员队伍结构有着重要的意义。     

中国民航空管自动化系统的发展

空中交通管制是民用航空运输业安全和效能的中枢。空中交通管制水平对于保障飞行安全，加速飞行流量，提高空域利用率，促进航空运输业持续协调发展起着至关重要的作用。空中交通管制工作是由空中交通管制员依赖空中交通管制系统(简称空管系统)来完成的。他们指挥航空器安全起飞和着陆，     

英国和西班牙联合成立SACTAATM公司

近期，英国和西班牙联合成立SACTAATM公司，并将致力于发展各自的空中交通管理系统，西班牙的SACTA空中交通管制系统将具备管理英国空域的能力。此公司将由NATS（英国国家空中交通服务公司）和Aena（西班牙国家机场和航空局）联合掌管，两个航空导航服务公司能在商业领域合作在世界上还是开了先河。     

乌鲁木齐区域的管制特点

随着国际交往的日益频繁和我国民航事业的蓬勃发展，空中交通流量急剧增长，对空中交通管制服务提出了越来越高的要求，也给空中交通管制工作带来了新情况、新问题。本文结合乌鲁木齐区域管制工作与我国内地管制室工作不相同的方面，做一些尝试性的总结和分析。     

认清形势 把握机遇 谋求发展 开创西北空管事业新局面

保障民航飞行安全，加大空中交通流量，为航空运输企业提供优质服务是民航空管工作的中心任务。《民航总局关于进一步加强民航空管工作有关问题的意见》(以下简称德见》)，为加快空管系统现代化建设进程，建立安全、高效、优质的现代化空中交通管理系统指明了方向，正确认识面临形势，大力实施     

基于管制员工作负荷的扇区优化

近年来，随着中国民航空中交通运输量的快速增长，原有的空域结构形式已经成为制约空中交通流量增长的瓶颈。因此，目前国内较大流量的机场都纷纷进行了空中分流，繁忙的管制空域还进行了扇区划分和优化，可以说扇区划分和优化是空域管理最重要的一项内容之一，它已经成为空管部门减小管制员工作负荷、缓解空中交通压力、保证空中交通安全的一项重要手段。     

空中交通管制中心之间基于AIDC协议的雷达屏幕移交

空中交通管制系统是整个航空运输系统安全运行的核心，空中交通的主要功能是避免飞机与飞机的空中相撞，避免飞机与障碍物相撞，保持安全、有序和高效率的空中交通流动。空中交通管制员在对飞机实施空中交通管制时，依靠多雷达跟踪处理系统来知道飞机的精确位置，当飞机从一个管制区飞往另一个管制区时，管制员需要进行管制责任移交，     

借鉴欧洲的理论与经验构筑我国空中交通流量管理体系

近几年来，由于飞行流量的持续增长，在全国各地造成的空中交通拥挤、航班延误时有发生，严重影响着民航的声誉和发展，因此，研究空中交通流量管理、维持空中交通畅通已势在必行。本文从我国流量管理现状入手，查找不足之处，重点介绍欧洲的流量管理理论和经验，并以之为借鉴，提出建立我国空中交通流量管理体系的构想，旨在推动空管事业的理论建设，以适应民航不断发展的要求。     

未来空中交通管理系统展望

上世纪90年代末以来，我国空中交通流量大幅度上升，给航班造成了很大压力，同时也增加了大笔额外开支。对此应采取的一个对策是，在全国范围内建立一个统一的、集中控制的交通流量管理系统，并编制出一套程序，旨在协调和统一不同航线上的空中交通控制系统。但是，这种体系也存在一些问题，本文就此进行分析，并提出调整措施建议，供同行参考。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.