空间目标快速轮廓特征提取与跟踪技术

为满足空间目标交会对接任务中高精度、快速的测量要求,提出了一种空间目标快速轮廓特征提取与跟踪技术。该算法首先从初始帧图像中分割定位目标所在局部区域,作为目标连续跟踪的初始值;其次基于初始帧目标局部区域完成对初始帧目标边缘特征的检测及细化处理;最后采用Hough变换完成对初始帧目标边缘的检测及细化后的局部图像轮廓直线的提取,分别选取目标轮廓四方向最优的直线参数作为最终目标轮廓直线获取的效果,并采用梯度最大法则实现两两求交获取的轮廓特征的优化提取。在目标逼近过程中,结合相邻帧图像间目标尺度动态变化的关联性,根据初始帧提取目标轮廓特征的先验信息,确定目标在第二帧图像中的轮廓位置,并依次根据上一帧图像的轮廓位置信息定位目标在当前帧所在的区域,通过局部处理实现序列图像轮廓区域特征的连续跟踪。该算法无需遍历整个图像,所需处理的目标区域大幅减小,能够有效克服由目标图像较多边缘干扰导致的轮廓提取效果差及处理速度慢的缺点,具有速度快、准确性强、稳定性高等优点。     

Determination of the solar rotation parameters via orthogonal polynomials

Accurate measurements of the solar differential rotation parameters are necessary for understanding the solar dynamo mechanism. We use the orthogonalization process to estimate these parameters. The advantage of the orthogonalization of the data in the tracer motion statistical analysis is outlined. The differential rotation is represented in terms of various types of polynomials. We compare the quality of a set of models of the solar differential rotation using the Akaike information criterion and choose the best one. Applying the proposed method, we studied the solar differential rotation and its North-South asymmetry using observations of coronal holes. A statistical analysis of observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) reveals the differential rotation pattern of coronal holes and its North-South asymmetry.     

Variations of mid-term periodicities in solar activity physical phenomena

In this work we make an analysis of significant periodicities shown by phenomena linked to solar activity such as coronal hole area, radio emission in the 10.7 cm band and sunspots. We use the wavelet method that gives information in the frequency and time domains. Of particular interest are the mid-term periodicities (1–2 yrs). Over the whole period, coronal holes and radio variations show an important annual variation and a quasi-biannual periodicity. The increase in these variations is most important around the years of maximum solar activity. When the time series are separated in low and high frequencies, the latter are modulated by the general solar cycle. Although somewhat shifted in frequency, these periodicities might well correspond with those found in cosmic ray intensity, solar magnetic flux and other terrestrial and interplanetary phenomena as a wavelet coherence analysis of these series with the solar magnetic flux reveals.     

冕洞特征参数与重现型地磁暴关系的统计研究

在提取冕洞特征参数的基础上,利用1996年到2005年8月近十年来对地磁扰动有影响的356个冕洞事例,定量分析了冕洞特征参数(包括冕洞的面积比、经纬度跨度等)与冕洞高速流特征、重现型地磁扰动特征(包括扰动大小和持续时间等)之间的相关性,研究发现,从引起地磁扰动的冕洞在整个太阳活动周的分布来看,在地磁扰动峰年中冕洞影响同样具有重要的贡献;冕洞高速流太阳风速度与地磁扰动强度之间存在较强的相关性,而高速流中太阳风速度与冕洞面积比关系不大,与冕洞亮度存在一定相关性;冕洞的经度跨度与地磁扰动持续时间存在很强的正相关性.      

冕洞特征参数与地磁暴强度及发生时间统计

地磁暴是空间天气预报的重要对象.在太阳活动周下降年和低年，冕洞发出的高速流经过三天左右行星际传输到达地球并引发的地磁暴占主导地位.目前地磁暴的预报通常依赖于1AU处卫星就位监测的太阳风参数，预报提前量只有1h左右.为了增加地磁暴预报提前量，需要从高速流和地磁暴的源头即太阳出发，建立冕洞特征参数与地磁暴的定量关系.分析了2010年5月到2016年12月的152个冕洞-地磁暴事件，利用SDO/AIA太阳极紫外图像提取了两类冕洞特征参数，分析了其与地磁暴期间ap，Dst和AE三种地磁指数的统计关系，给出冕洞特征参数与地磁暴强度以及发生时间的统计特征，为基于冕洞成像观测提前1～3天预报地磁暴提供了依据.      

冕洞相关地磁Ap指数中短期预报方法研究

地磁Ap指数是描述全球地磁活动水平的重要指数, 过去许多参考大气模式中都用Ap指数来表述地磁活动状态, 大气模式的运行需要输入地磁Ap指数, 因此, 地磁Ap指数的预报一直是空间环境预报中一个非常重要的内容. 针对太阳活动低年冕洞引起的地磁扰动具有明显27天重现的特性, 利用修正的自回归方法, 对地磁Ap指数进行了提前27天的预报; 采用从SOHO/EIT观测资料发展出来的描述冕洞特性的Pch因子, 进行了提前三天的地磁Ap指数预报. 结果显示, 将统计方法与物理分析相结合, 进行地磁Ap指数的中短期数值预报, 可以得到较好的预报效果.      

无需先验信息的水平集SAR图像分割方法

给出了一种基于水平集演化、无需任何先验信息的SAR图像分割方法.该方法是一种基于区域信息的统计活动轮廓模型方法,通过利用分段阶跃函数估计图像概率密度函数,克服了利用特定概率分布模型估计概率密度函数时,需要利用先验信息预先假定图像概率分布模型的问题;通过引入惩罚项,避免了费时且难于操作的水平集函数重新初始化过程.还给出了具体的数值实现方案和相关参数取值,改进了数值实现中的迭代终止条件.实验结果表明,固定使用列出的参数,无需任何人为干预,对于大多数图像都可获得令人满意的分割结果;对于少数图像,通过简单的参数调整也可得到良好结果.     

Relation between solar wind velocity and properties of its source region

Different kinds of coronal holes are sources of different kind of solar winds. A successful solar wind acceleration model should be able to explain all those solar winds. For the modeling it is important to find a universal relation between the solar wind physical parameters, such as velocity, and coronal physical parameters such as magnetic field energy. To clarify the physical parameters which control the solar wind velocity, we have studied the relation between solar wind velocity and properties of its source region such as photospheric/coronal magnetic field and the size of each coronal hole during the solar minimum. The solar wind velocity structures were derived by using interplanetary scintillation tomography obtained at Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Japan. Potential magnetic fields were calculated to identify the source region of the solar wind. HeI 1083 nm absorption line maps obtained at Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory were used to identify coronal holes. As a result, we found a relation during solar minimum between the solar wind velocity and the coronal magnetic condition which is applicable to different kind of solar winds from different kind of coronal holes.     

The Main Results and the Perspectives in the Researches at SSRT

In this report briefly presented the contemporary state of the experimental base of Radio Astrophysical Observatory (RAO) of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP), the methodology of radioheliographic monitoring of the solar corona, the SSRT database, the RAO Web-pages, factors limiting the effective use of SSRT. Here are formulated the original results of the basic directions of the solar activity researches and the problems solutions on SSRT: (1) active regions at various development stages, morphology, modeling,signs of energy accumulation and flares buildup, forecast of powerful flares; (2) scenario, topology and the fine temporal picture of flares development, signs of primary energy release, radio emission mechanisms, scatter effects of radio emission in turbulent corona, energetic particles fluxes; (3) filaments; (4) CME with the localization of their initiation at the solar disk background, development scenario of filament activation + CME +flare; (5) coronal holes, and (6) bright coronal points.      

地磁Ap指数滞后太阳周循环分析

把1932-2006年地磁Ap指数12个月流动均值分解成为(Ap)R和(Ap)I.其中(Ap)R为太阳黑子数R的线性函数,与太阳黑子数R相位相同,可能对应于日冕物质抛射(CME)等地磁控制因素. (Ap)I分量与太阳黑子数R相位相差约180°,该分量可能对应于极冕洞变化(从太阳峰年开始,由日面极区逐渐向赤道延伸).以地磁Ap指数与太阳黑子数R滞后非常严重的第20太阳周为例,证实了(Ap)I分量与极冕洞向赤道延伸循环变化相对应.因此极冕洞循环变化可能是导致地磁扰动指数与太阳周循环相位不一致,出现滞后现象的一个十分重要原因.      

Segmentation of extreme ultraviolet solar images via multichannel fuzzy clustering

The study of the variability of the solar corona and the monitoring of its traditional regions (Coronal Holes, Quiet Sun and Active Regions) are of great importance in astrophysics as well as in view of the Space Weather and Space Climate applications. Here we propose a multichannel unsupervised spatially constrained fuzzy clustering algorithm that automatically segments EUV solar images into Coronal Holes, Quiet Sun and Active Regions. Fuzzy logic allows to manage the various noises present in the images and the imprecision in the definition of the above regions. The process is fast and automatic. It is applied to SoHO–EIT images taken from February 1997 till May 2005, i.e. along almost a full solar cycle. Results in terms of areas and intensity estimations are consistent with previous knowledge. The method reveal the rotational and other mid-term periodicities in the extracted time series across solar cycle 23. Further, such an approach paves the way to bridging observations between spatially resolved data from imaging telescopes and time series from radiometers. Time series resulting form the segmentation of EUV coronal images can indeed provide an essential component in the process of reconstructing the solar spectrum.     

图像法求液滴表面张力和接触角

空间流体实验具有无人操作的特殊性,需要对监控图像进行实时处理,得到目标参数.本文研究了利用照相机捕捉到的液滴灰度图像,分析求取液滴的表面张力、接触角、体积等物理参数的方法.针对液滴的灰度图像,利用边界提取、域值分割等图像处理方法,得到液滴的基本轮廓.建立基于液面像素点坐标的拉普拉斯方程,运用牛顿一拉夫逊法、龙格-库塔法、坐标轮换法等多种数值方法,对液滴的边界进行拟合,寻求最优的轮廓拟合点.根据最优的拟合点,确定液滴的物理参数.提出了利用牛顿法与一维寻优相结合的算法进行轮廓拟合的方法,并与文献[1]提出的算法进行了比较,证明了该方法具有收敛速度较快,拟合精度较高的特点.该方法是实现空间蒸发液滴热毛细对流和接触角测量实验的一项关键技术,同时也可以运用到非接触测量的实验场合.      

Latitudinal distribution of solar coronal active regions

We studied the cyclic evolution of the latitudinal distribution of solar coronal active regions based on daily images from SOHO EIT for the period 1995–2017. Fully automated software was used, which included the following steps: initial preparation of images in the data series, normalization of histograms and correction of limb brightening, segmentation of images using threshold intensity values obtained from their histograms, scanning of segmented images in heliographic coordinates and obtaining profiles of latitudinal distribution of coronal active regions for each image of the data series. From the output data, we obtained a temporary change in the latitudinal distribution profiles and the migration of activity centers on the solar disk. From the period of minimum activity to the next minimum in both hemispheres, activity centers begin to migrate from high latitudes towards the equator. At the same time, the general center of activity repeatedly changes the direction of migration. The latitudinal distribution of the so-called presence factor of coronal active regions closely resembles the magnetic butterfly diagram, which proves their direct causal relationships. Variations in the presence factor of coronal active regions are correlated with cyclic variations in the sunspot daily numbers.     

一种空间视觉测量子系统用半导体 激光器驱动电路设计

针对面阵静态红外地球敏感器的现场标定,提出基于规则小孔平面靶标的现场标定方法.将小孔平面靶标固定放置于面源黑体前方,在光学视场测量空间内,多次调整红外地球敏感器的摆放位置,以采集多幅不同位置、不同角度的红外靶标光点图像.使用等高层最小二乘椭圆拟合方法精确提取靶标红外光点的中心坐标,获得特征点信息.利用红外靶标图像和图像特征点计算面阵静态红外地球敏感器光学系统的焦距和主点坐标.试验结果表明,该标定方法简单灵活有效,便于调试现场操作.目前,该方法已在面阵静态红外地球敏感器研究中得到应用.     

用于原木材积检测的图像处理与分析算法

基于原木材积自动化检测系统的检测原理,研究并设计了关键的图像处理与分析算法.针对原木端面为类圆形状这一特点,对其进行Hough变换,然后结合数学形态学中的骨架提取算法,在骨架极值对应的最大圆盘中搜索Hough变换的峰值,使每一峰值对应一个原木端面,从而实现了原木端面图像的粗略分割.将活动轮廓模型变换到极坐标系中,以梯度的极值作为端面轮廓的候选点,可以利用动态规划法来获得能量泛函的全局极值,从而实现了精确提取端面轮廓.实验结果表明所提出的算法具有实用性.     

使用深度神经网络检测Cassini ISS图像中圆盘状星体轮廓

Cassini空间探测器光学成像系统（ISS）拍摄的图像中，很多卫星呈现为面元，其轮廓检测是天体测量的重要工作.使用神经网络方法进行ISS图像中面元轮廓检测.每个ISS图像的像素分为轮廓边缘和非轮廓两类.使用神经网络框架TensorFlow，输入每个像素的9个特征，输出每个像素的分类.利用约3.6万个像素训练该网络，通过380幅ISS图像进行测试.与人工标记结果相比，轮廓像素检测的平均精确率为78.26%，平均召回率为73.32%.以检出轮廓像素作为输入，通过椭圆拟合得到面元的轮廓，所得轮廓与面元真实轮廓吻合良好.研究结果表明该方案能够有效检测出面元轮廓，进而给出假图像星的排除范围.      

Yohkoh observations of the solar corona

The Yohkoh soft X-ray telescope obtains several images every 90 minutes. Data from the declining phase of the solar cycle have been used to compare the X-ray signal with other indicators of activity and to study coronal heating. X-ray emission from a north polar coronal hole is found broadly consistent with results of previous EUV observations. In diffuse emission regions, temperature rises to around 2.2 MK and levels off in the height range 1.5 – 1.9 R_O. Such emission underlies streamers and may be the source of the low-speed solar wind. X-ray signatures for Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) events which involve the detection of reduced X-ray intensities in the corona, have been developed with Yohkoh data. CME observations are described     

Three Dimensional Simulation of the Steady Solar Wind in Carrington Rotation 1935

A three-dimensional MHD simulation is conducted to study the steady solar wind in Carrington Rotation (CR) 1935 by using the three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model introduced by Feng et al. The numerical results demonstrate that the neutral current sheet has two peaks and two valleys, which is consistent with the result of PFSS model at Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO). The obtained proton number density at 2.5 Rs is of the same order of magnitude as the result estimated from K-coronal brightness during the CRs 1733-1742 in 1983made by Wei et al. The radial velocity profile along heliocentric distance is consistent with that of low solar wind speed deduced by Sheeley and Wang et al. However, it is not able to reproduce the fast-speed flow in coronal holes and slow solar wind in streamers because of oversimplified energy equation adopted in our model. Future efforts must be made to remedy this deficiency.      

天基X射线掠入射式成像望远镜发展现状

阐述了太阳X射线成像观测在空间天气预报中的地位和作用，叙述了掠入射式X射线聚焦成像的基本原理，简要介绍了在轨成功运行的天体X射线成像望远镜和太阳X射线成像望远镜的基本设计和技术指标，并介绍了国内正开发研制的专门服务于空间天气预报的太阳X射线成像望远镜基本设计和主要特点．