层板内冷通道辐射换热影响

分析了层板换热过程,使用了"去除复杂表面"和"无限大平板" 等假设,给出了该假设下层板内腔辐射换热计算公式.又以一特定几何结构的层板模型为例,使用了3维流体力学计算程序求解了流-固耦合情况下的层板内部换热过程,研究了其在4种航空发动机典型工作状态下,内冷通道中的对流和辐射换热情况,得到了辐射与对流换热强度之比θ随冷气入口Re数和燃气加热功率的变化曲线,并对该曲线进行了指数拟合.建立了一套快速简捷计算层板内腔辐射状况的方法,为层板内腔换热研究是否应该忽略辐射,以及对层板冷却效果的修正,提供了一定的判断和计算依据.      

时变热辐射环境下高温合金蜂窝板三维热变形测量

轻质、高强和隔热性能优良的蜂窝合金板结构已广泛用于航空航天领域,其在模拟瞬态气动热环境下的热变形是高速飞行器热防护结构设计的重要参数之一.首先,用自行研制的红外辐射瞬态气动热实验模拟系统模拟与其服役环境类似的时变热辐射环境,用新型"主动成像"三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)测量方法对高温合金蜂窝板结构试件在时变热辐射环境下不同时刻的三维热变形进行了测量.其次,为保证三维数字图像相关测量方法能有效实施,提出一种制作稳定的大面积高温散斑新方法,该方法制作的高温散斑能在整个实验过程中保持稳定,可作为高温变形的有效载体.最后,用Hoff等效刚度理论计算高温合金蜂窝板在稳态时的最大翘曲位移.研究结果表明:210 mm×210 mm的高温合金蜂窝板在单侧面辐射加热条件下其面内变形为均匀热变形,而离面变形为轴对称的翘曲变形,在900℃时其最大离面翘曲位移约为1.6 mm;Hoff等效刚度理论计算结果与实验结果相吻合.      

金属蜂窝板高温环境下的隔热性能试验与计算

采用红外辐射加热式气动热模拟试验系统,进行了高温环境下的金属蜂窝板隔热性能试验研究,试验温度最高达到800℃;采用有限元的方法进行了金属蜂窝板传热特性数值模拟,计算中考虑了蜂窝板内部金属蜂窝芯结构的导热,蜂窝腔内壁面间的辐射换热和蜂窝腔内空气的传热.研究结果显示,金属蜂窝板后表面的试验测试数据与数值模拟结果吻合的很好.金属蜂窝板在高达800℃高温热环境下的隔热性能数值计算和试验结果将为航天航空器的防热结构研究提供参考依据.     

火星表面热环境对航天器热控影响分析

火星大气对太阳辐射产生吸收和散射作用，同时还将与火星表面航天器发生对流换热。热设计时难以直接评估对流、辐射和导热三种换热对航天器的影响，从而确定主要的控温途径。在调研火星表面辐射、大气等热环境的基础上，从线性化传热系数和对流辐射比的角度对比分析了辐射、对流和导热对航天器的影响。器表辐射传热系数随光学属性和温度的变化范围为0.3～1.4W/(m2·℃)，对流传热系数随风速变化为0.2～1.5W/(m2·℃)，器内导热传热系数可控制在0.25W/(m2·℃)以下。结果表明，太阳辐射较火星表面和天空辐射而言是主要外热源，航天器表面的辐射和对流换热为两条并联换热途径，两者均可成为主要换热途径，器内导热传热是控制航天器内外隔热的主要可控因素。     

加热器喷管热-流耦合传热分析

针对加热器喷管中复杂的气、固、液多相流动传热问题,建立了三维热流耦合换热计算模型,分别对燃气、冷却剂和喷管室壁建立不同的控制方程,将辐射热量作为源项加入到方程中,进行流动和传热的耦合计算.采用此方法对美国AEDC(Arnold Engineering Development Center)喷管的流动传热过程进行了计算,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.在此基础上对某超燃冲压发动机试验台水冷式加热器喷管的换热问题进行了三维数值模拟,并定量分析了辐射换热对加热器喷管壁面温度分布的影响.结果表明:冷却水流量取2.0 kg/s时,加热器喷管气壁最高温度为660K,膜温度为430 K,加热器能可靠冷却,其热效率满足试验要求,对于含有H2O和CO2这样的高温燃气,辐射热量对喷管壁面温度分布有较大影响,必须引入到温度场的求解之中.     

用热敏电阻测量气流速度的研究

提出了一种用球形热敏电阻测量气流速度的方法。从加有恒定电流的热敏电阻在气流中的流动换热基本方程出发,建立了热敏电阻恒流式风速测量的理论模型。由风速标定实验研究,获得了热敏电阻的实际风速标定公式。实验结果表明,该方法可用于流速范围为（０．１～２．５）ｍ／ｓ,气流温度范围为（２９３．１～３０２．１）Ｋ的低速气流的速度测量,测量误差为±５％。该方法有体积小、流场干扰小、结构简单等优点,适合于多点布置进行空间低速气流速度分布的测量。     

星载微带阵天线的热变形分析及实验验证

文章对星载微带阵天线的结构特性进行了研究，针对非对称蜂窝夹层板建立了具有拉-弯耦合效应的力学方程，进行了热变形分析。为了验证分析结果，设计了常压高温下的热变形实验，介绍了实验方法、数据采集设备及实验步骤等。实验结果表明，计算结果与实际变形情况相符性较好，从而验证了天线板设计的合理性和有限元模型的正确性。     

“接触-导热”式热管辐射散热器设计与分析

针对空间核反应堆电源中的热排散系统，新设计出“接触-导热”式热管辐射散热器结构，根据此散热器结构提出了“划分节点-分层耦合”的传热计算模型，计算了其辐射散热特性，并以JIMO(木星冰卫星轨道器)空间探测任务为背景，对散热系统整体进行了性能分析与对比。结论如下：为提升单块辐射板以及系统整体的散热性能，除可通过增加NaK⁷⁸入口温度途径外，还可采用增大NaK⁷⁸循环流量的方法；对于单块辐射板而言，散热面积固定情况下当NaK⁷⁸流量由1 kg/s增加至10 kg/s,辐射板散热量可增大14.14%,而对于系统整体而言，散热量固定工况下当NaK⁷⁸流量由1 kg/s增加至10 kg/s,所需辐射板总面积可减小67.73%;为提高系统循环流量，可采用“串-并联”相结合的辐射板连接方式实现；JIMO散热系统采用新型辐射板结构，散热总面积最大可减小59.06%,散热板总质量最大可减小4.24%,新型散热板结构具有一定的高效与轻质性。研究结果对空间堆电源系统热管式辐射散热器设计具有指导意义。     

空间飞行器再入大气层的防热问题

空间再入飞行器再入星球大气层时,周围空气由于受到压缩和摩擦,温度可高达一万度以上,炽热高温气体以对流和辐射两种方式向飞行器蒙皮传递大量的热量。因此,如果没有完善的防热措施保护,舱内有效载荷必将化为灰烬。对于防热问题来说,至关重要的是要充分了解再入飞行器周围的热环境,即搞清高温气流的流动状态(层流或是湍流),准确予计飞行器表面压力分布和剪切力,计算高温气体对蒙皮的辐射加热率、对流加热率以及再入飞行的总加热量。凭借多年的理论研究和反复实践,目前人们对这种再入物理现象已有相当程度的认识,利用高速电子计算机     

高温燃气风洞加热特性仿真分析

提出了利用亚音速高温燃气流进行近空间高超飞行器热环境地面模拟的试验方案,在试验装置试验段,通过高温高速的燃气流引射低速的冷气流,达到仅使飞行器头锥驻点附近区域产生局部高温而其余头锥蒙皮表面低温的目的.对某型高超音速飞行器的头锥利用高温燃气进行加热并利用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法对13种模拟工况进行了数值仿真分析.将数值模拟计算结果与飞行器在高超音速飞行状态下对应机体部位气动热的理论计算值进行了对比,证实了亚声速高温燃气热环境模拟方法的可行性,为高温燃气地面模拟设备技术方案论证提供了依据.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.