两相紊流燃烧过程的数值计算

 本文描写了作者发展的两相紊流燃烧理论及数值方法;简介了作者自编的计算机程序GEMCHIP;提供了将本方法应用于几种燃烧室流动的计算结果。     

湍流大涡数值模拟进展

本文简要陈述湍流大涡数值模拟的原理、优点,着重讨论湍流大涡数值模拟方法的关键问题及其可能解决的途径,包括脉动的过滤、亚格子模型、近壁模型和标量湍流的大涡数值模拟中的特殊问题.文章强调大涡数值模拟中亚格子应力的本质是可解尺度湍流和不可解尺度湍流动量间的输运,并以作者最近提出的新型亚格子模型说明发展亚格子模型的正确途径.文章最后提出湍流大涡数值模拟近期需要迫切解决的问题和其他具有挑战性的方向.     

基于隐式嵌套重叠网格技术的阻力预测

 采用一种多层多块隐式嵌套重叠网格技术,对美国国家航空航天局通用化研究模型(NASA-CRM)翼身平尾(WBT)组合体进行了数值模拟与分析。多层多块隐式嵌套重叠网格技术是结合多层多块嵌套重叠网格处理策略和隐式切割方法,在建立重叠网格之间的流场信息传递关系时,基于网格单元切割准则选择"最优"重叠单元而无需人工设定插值边界。对美国AIAA委员会召开的第4届阻力预测研讨会(DPW-4)提供的CRM WBT组合体生成4种不同密度的结构化多层多块嵌套重叠网格,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法进行数值计算和阻力预测,计算结果与CFL3D和OVERFLOW的结果进行了对比。数值模拟结果表明:计算得到的压力分布和极曲线与CFL3D和OVERFLOW的结果几乎相同,说明了隐式嵌套重叠网格技术的有效性,同时也验证了流场求解方法与程序的可靠性。当迎角增大到3°左右时,在机身与机翼、尾翼连接处出现明显的分离涡,影响CRM WBT组合体的气动特性。在阻力预测方面,增加网格密度能够提高阻力预测的精度。采用不同的湍流模型会导致升、阻力系数的计算结果存在一定的差异,因此,湍流模型的选择也是阻力预测需要考虑的因素。     

内外函混合加力燃烧室扩压器内液雾湍流两相流场和浓度场数值模拟

 本文用κ-ε湍流模型和液雾轨道模型,对二维内外函混合加力燃烧室扩压器内有蒸发的液雾两相流动和混合进行了数值预报。其中对气相速度场和温度场的计算结果与实验符合令人满意,液雾两相流的计算结果在趋势上也是合理的,表明本文的模拟方法可用于加力燃烧室性能估算及优化设计。     

一个新的可压缩性修正的k-ε模型

考虑结构可压缩性修正的影响,发展了一个同时考虑结构可压缩性修正和膨胀可压缩性修正的k-ε湍流模型,新模型包括Chang可实现性、Heinz湍流动能产生项以及Sarkar可压缩性三部分修正.新模型扩宽了以往发展的可压缩性修正模型的适用范围,适用于高超声速(M>5)复杂湍流流动中.通过对多个复杂超声速横侧射流工况的计算,验证了新模型的预测效果.与实验结果相比表明,几个工况下新模型的预测精度都显著高于标准k-ε模型.流体分离强度越大,新模型的修正效果越显著.与标准k-ε模型相比,新模型计算结果与实验更加接近.     

Numerical simulation of airfoil flows with a turbulence model

Turbulent flows over AS240 and NACA4412 airfoil were simulated numerically using a two-equation turbulence model named k-ξ model. The predictions of velocity profiles and the pressure coefficient of airfoil AS240 at 8°/19° attack angle and NACA4412 at 13.87° attack angle were calculated. The results were compared with those using k-ε and k-ω models,as well as experimental data. It indicates that the new k-ξ model offers more realistic prediction than the other two models. The main finding shows that the new k-ξ model is good at predicting separated flows around airfoils, and it captures the flow feature of pressure-induced separation adequately. All calculations are implemented as per openFOAM 1.7.1(open source field operation and manipulation).      

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

Recent experience with different turbulence models applied to the calculation of flow over aircraft components

An evaluation of ten turbulence models is made for compressible flows encountered in current aircraft applications. The Baldwin–Lomax and P.D. Thomas algebraic models, the Baldwin–Barth and Spalart–Allmaras one-equation models, five low-Reynolds-number k– models and the Menter SST blended k–/k–ω model are examined. A zonal, upwind, implicit, factored algorithm is used to solve both the mean flow equations and the turbulence model equations for three-dimensional, compressible turbulent flow. Calculations are presented for both internal and external flowfields including a two-stream mixing layer, a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer, a transonic supercritical airfoil, a shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, an ejector nozzle, a highly offset diffuser, and a twin impinging jet flowfield. The influence of two modifications to the production of turbulent kinetic energy for the low-Reynolds-number k– models is evaluated, a vorticity-based strain rate and a production limiter. A compressibility correction for high speed shear layers is also examined. Comparisons of the results of the various turbulence models are made with experimental measurements. Significant differences are observed in the model predictions when applied to the same problem using the same computational mesh and mean flow solver. The algebraic models are unable to capture the physics of these complex flowfields, particularly for the internal flow calculations. The performance of each model is dependent on the application. No universal model is found for all flowfields examined. Each one-equation and two-equation model has specific strengths and weaknesses and the performance of each model is assessed.     

Pω增强型k-ω湍流模型在三角翼旋涡流动的应用

在三角翼旋涡绕流数值模拟中,标准 Wilcox k-ω湍流模型生成项未考虑旋度的影响而导致预测的旋涡强度较弱。通过引入探测因子区分剪切层和涡核,在旋涡流动的高旋度区域增加ω方程生成项的方法,基于结构化网格上的 RANS 求解器,加入了 Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型,对绕尖前缘三角翼亚声速和跨声速旋涡流场进行了数值模拟。计算结果与 NASA 的 NTF 风洞和 DLR 的 DNW-TWG 风洞试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明：不论在亚声速还是跨声速自由来流条件下,Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型计算的压力分布、涡破裂位置均与试验数据吻合良好,准确地预测出了三角翼上翼面的主涡、二次涡结构,特别是跨声速条件下激波干扰导致的涡破裂的临界迎角及涡破裂位置,表明 Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型在绕三角翼旋涡流动数值模拟中具有良好的适用性。     

Particle Scattering by Magnetic Fields

The need for a correct quantitative treatment of the interactions between cosmic rays and turbulent magnetic fields continues to be one of the fundamental problems of modern astrophysics. It is the aim of this paper to review new developments in the understanding of mechanisms involved in the scattering of charged particles by magnetic field fluctuations. Special emphasis is given to a comparison of transport parameters determined from the modeling of spacecraft and neutron monitor observation of solar particle events, with theoretical predictions derived from a spectral analysis of simultaneously measured fluctuation spectra. It appears that the traditional quasi-linear theory of particle scattering requires only a slight modification, and the major problem still is our lack of knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the magnetic turbulence. Possibilities to better reconcile the theory with observations by properly taking into account the microphysics of wave and turbulence aspects of the fluctuations, and to use energetic particles as probes to study certain properties of the magnetic turbulence, are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

包含旋转矢量的三维湍流模型

对雷诺应力方程中的旋转项进行分析后给出比较合理的模化关系。通过湍流的生成项、耗散项以及旋转项的局部平衡,建立了一个包含旋转矢量在内的各向异性的三维湍流模型。该模型对三维性较弱的剪切流是适切的。对旋转螺旋面及压气机转子叶片上的三维旋转湍流边界层进行了计算。计算结果与实验和C-S模型计算结果比较表明,该模型对近壁参数的预测能力有所改善。另外,该模型形式简单,从表达式本身来看,它相当于Bradshaw模型在三维问题上的推广。     

进口速度和含气率对气泡-液体两相湍流影响的数值研究

气泡-液体两相湍流规律的一个重要问题是,气泡究竟是加强还是削弱液体湍流,或者何时加强何时削弱液体湍流,尚有待深入探讨.本文用作者们提出的二阶矩液体-气泡两相湍流模型即两相雷诺应力方程模型模拟了二维通道内气泡-液体闭式多股射流在不同含气率和不同进口速度下的气泡和液体湍流脉动速度.预报结果和文献中给出的实验结果趋势一致.研究结果显示出低含气率及低进口速度下气泡增强液体湍流,高含气率及高进口速度下气泡削弱液体湍流的规律,澄清了众说纷纭的看法.     

气固两相流k-E-kp-Ep双流体模型及应用

以流体k-E双方程模型为基础, 提出了一种包括颗粒湍动能输运方程和耗散率方程的k-E-k_p-E_p两相湍流模型。并对两个垂直上升管道内气固两相湍流进行了数值计算, 计算结果和已有实验结果吻合得很好。      

跨音速压气机转子中三维湍流流场计算及涡系分析

从叶轮机械转动坐标系中的三维、可压、湍流、Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程组出发,用Ｂａｌｄ－ｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ湍流模式使方程组闭合;结合有限体积离散并采用隐式矢通量分裂技术;求解了西德宇航院（ＤＦＶＬＲ）的单级跨音速压气机转子内的三维湍流流场。计算结果可分辨出该转子内三维流场的细微结构、激波的空间曲面;得到马蹄涡、通道涡、尾迹涡和角涡的形态及其发展,流场的三维性非常明显。计算得到的壁面极限流线图可反映出压气机中分离流动的拓扑结构     

Review of numerical simulations for high-speed, turbulent cavity flows

High speed flows inside cavities are encountered in many aerospace applications including weapon bays of combat aircraft as well as landing gear. The flow field inside these cavities is associated with strong acoustic effects, unsteadiness and turbulence. With increasing emphasis on stealth operation of unmanned combat air vehicles and noise concerns near airports, cavity flows attracted the interest of many researchers in aerodynamics and aeroacoustics. Several attempts were made using wind tunnel experimentation and computational fluid dynamics analyses to understand the complex flow physics associated with cavity flows and alleviate their adverse effects via flow control. The problem proved to be complex, and current research revealed a very complex flow with several flow phenomena taking place. With the aid of experiments, CFD methods were validated and then used for simulations of several cavity configurations. The detached-eddy and large-eddy simulation methods proved invaluable for these studies and their application highlights the need for advanced turbulence simulation techniques in aerospace. The success of these methods and a summary of the current status of the experimental and computational progress over the past twenty years is summarised in this paper.     

更准确、更精确、更高效——高超声速流动数值模拟研究进展

从准度、精度和效率3方面回顾了近几十年来高超声速流动数值模拟研究的进展。在物理模型方面,介绍了高超声速数值模拟中高温气体效应、稀薄气体效应以及湍流效应的建模与模拟,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程重点对现阶段较为关注的高超声速边界层转捩的模式理论研究进行了介绍。在空间离散算法方面,主要介绍了高超声速数值模拟中常用的二阶精度迎风格式以及高阶精度格式的发展及其应用。在时间推进方面,主要回顾了隐式时间推进方法的发展及其应用。在误差和不确定度估计方面,主要介绍了其概念、来源以及常用的分析方法,同时给出了迭代误差估计、Richardson外插法以及敏感性导数方法等初步研究结果。最后,讨论了高超声速流动数值模拟中下一步需关注的问题。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

Numerical study of compression corner flowfield using Gao-Yong turbulence model

A numerical simulation of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction induced by a 24° compression corner based on Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model was presented.The convection terms and the diffusion terms were calculated using the second-order AUSM (advection upstream splitting method) scheme and the second-order central difference scheme,respectively.The Runge-Kutta time marching method was employed to solve the governing equations for steady state solutions.Significant flow separation-region which indicates highly non-isotropic turbulence structure has been found in the present work due to intensity interaction under the 24° compression corner.Comparisons between the calculated results and experimental data have been carried out,including surface pressure distribution,boundary-layer static pressure profiles and mean velocity profiles.The numerical results agree well with the experimental values,which indicate Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model is suitable for the prediction of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction in two-dimensional compression corner flows.