Psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal aspects of long-duration space missions

America's future in space calls for manned missions that are of long duration and increasing complexity. Under these conditions, psychological and interpersonal stressors will take on added importance in affecting the safely of the crew and the outcome of the mission. Through an analysis of reports from manned American and Soviet space missions and Earth-bound simulations, several psychological, psychiatric, and interpersonal issues can be identified that could affect the success of the space station and other long-duration space ventures. Psychological issues include sleep problems, alteration in time sense, demographic effects, career motivation, transcendent experiences, homesickness, and alteration in perceptual sensitivities. Psychiatric issues include anxiety, depression, and psychosis, psychosomatic symptoms, emotional problems related to the stage of the mission, and postflight personality changes. Interpersonal issues include interpersonal tension, decreased cohesiveness over time, need for privacy, and task vs emotional leadership. Steps can be taken to minimize the impact of these issues, both before and during the mission.     

睡眠剥夺在飞行员认知决策领域的研究探讨

随着航空技术的不断进步和发展,飞机单程长距离飞行的技术难题正在解决,在长时飞行复杂变化环 境和高认知负荷情况下,睡眠剥夺对飞行员的认知损害存在明显的影响。本文从睡眠剥夺对主体认知机能的 影响分析切入,分析睡眠剥夺对感知注意能力、执行功能的影响,结合飞行员飞行认知需求,总结相关研究的实 验方法与研究结论,并从感知、决策与执行三个方面分析睡眠剥夺对飞行员所致的影响,指出睡眠剥夺对飞行 员认知决策的研究方向,对长时飞行条件下的驾驶舱总体设计具有借鉴意义。     

UWB radars in medicine

Applied research on biomedical applications of UWB radar is targeted to the identification of the possible new devices made possible by the technology, to the design and development of those devices, and to the clinical testing of the systems obtained. Applications can be divided into two main sectors according to the frequency range used. For the conventional UWB radar microwave region: cardiac biomechanics assessment; chest movements assessment OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea) monitors; soft-tissue biomechanics research; heart imaging ("Holter type" echocardiography); chest imaging. Together with systems for: cardiac monitoring; respiratory monitoring; SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) monitor; vocal tract studying. If an IR laser diode is used as the antenna, a more common radar is obtained (actually a hybrid between a narrow band and a wide band radar) which emits a short packet of electromagnetic waves whose echoes are sampled using conventional UWB receiver equipped with a PIN photodiode. Possibilities include: non-invasive biochemical study of soft tissues, non-invasive study of metabolic processes, and IR spectral imaging     

Implicit plasma simulation

Implicit time integration methods have been used extensively in numerical modelling of slowly varying phenomena in systems that also support rapid variation. Examples include diffusion, hydrodynamics and reaction kinetics. This article discusses implementation of implicit time integration in plasma codes of the “particle-in-cell” family, and the benefits to be gained.     

Fluctuating magnetic fields in the magnetosphere

The study of ULF waves in space has been in progress for about 12 years. However, because of numerous observational difficulties the properties of the waves in this frequency band (10^-3 to 1 Hz) are poorly known. These difficulties include the nature of satellite orbits, telemetry limitations on magnetometer frequency response and compromises between dynamic range and resolution. Despite the paucity of information, there is increasing recognition of the importance of these measurements in magnetospheric processes. A number of recent theoretical papers point out the roles such waves play in the dynamic behavior of radiation belt particles.At the present time the existing satellite observations of ULF waves suggest that the level of geomagnetic activity controls the types of waves which occur within the magnetosphere. Consequently, we consider separately quiet times, times of magnetospheric substorms and times of magnetic storms. Within each of these categories there are distinctly different wave modes distinguished by their polarization: either transverse or parallel to the ambient field. In addition, these wave phenomena occur in distinct frequency bands. In terms of the standard nomenclature of ground micropulsation studies ULF wave types observed in the magnetosphere include quiet time transverse — Pc 1, Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 5 quiet time compressional — Pc 1 and Pi 1; substorm compressional Pi 1 and Pi 2; storm transverse — Pc 1; storm compressional Pc 4, 5. The satellite observations are not yet sufficient to determine whether the various bands identified in the ground data are equally appropriate in space.Publication No. 982. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024.     

监听时间对声纳浮标阵检查性搜索效能影响仿真

以方形声纳浮标阵检查性搜索为背景,研究了监听时间对声纳浮标阵搜索效能的影响,给出了仿真结果并对仿真结果进行了分析。基本结论为:声纳浮标阵的搜索效能随监听时间的增加而提高;只要开始监听,就可以取得比较高的搜索概率;监听时间的增加和搜索效能的提高不是简单的线性关系,而是大致可区分为快速提高期、平稳提高期和滞涨期3个阶段。应根据作战条件和作战要求合理确定监听时间。     

C语言程序设计中若干问题的探讨

详细介绍了在C语言程序设计中遇到的一些疑难问题及其解决的方法，其中涉及到比较运算，数组，函数，指针等方面的问题。在C语言中输人多余的留在缓冲区中数据要及时用fflush()函数清理；数组的长度是固定，但可借助指针变量来实现数组的动态存储；作函数形参的数组并不是真正的数组，而是指针，可用指针的方式来引用。     

第三类瞬时故障

 瞬时故障广泛存在于各种系统并导致功能失效。按照其导致系统故障的机理不同,瞬时故障可被划分为若干类。第一类瞬时故障具有这样的性质,其持续时间一旦超过某一界限即引起系统故障。第二类瞬时故障导致系统故障的概率与其出现时刻有关而与其持续时间无关。 本文讨论第三类瞬时故障并计算其在（0,t）时间内不导致系统故障的概率。第三类瞬时故障具有这样的性质,其导致系统故障的概率与其持续对间的关系服从某一分布。本文所建立的用于描述第三类瞬时故障的模型考虑了瞬时故障不出现状态FNP,以及瞬时故障不作用状态FN和瞬时故障作用状态FA向FNP的转移,但并没有假定状态之间的转移具有Markov性质。因而可被广泛接受。     

Thermospheric Density: An Overview of Temporal and Spatial Variations

Neutral density shows complicated temporal and spatial variations driven by external forcing of the thermosphere/ionosphere system, internal dynamics, and thermosphere and ionosphere coupling. Temporal variations include abrupt changes with a time scale of minutes to hours, diurnal variation, multi-day variation, solar-rotational variation, annual/semiannual variation, solar-cycle variation, and long-term trends with a time scale of decades. Spatial variations include latitudinal and longitudinal variations, as well as variation with altitude. Atmospheric drag on satellites varies strongly as a function of thermospheric mass density. Errors in estimating density cause orbit prediction error, and impact satellite operations including accurate catalog maintenance, collision avoidance for manned and unmanned space flight, and re-entry prediction. In this paper, we summarize and discuss these density variations, their magnitudes, and their forcing mechanisms, using neutral density data sets and modeling results. The neutral density data sets include neutral density observed by the accelerometers onboard the Challenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP), neutral density at satellite perigees, and global-mean neutral density derived from thousands of orbiting objects. Modeling results are from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM), and from the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model.     

The history of communications-from cave drawings to mail messages

The considerations that shaped human communication over time are identified and used as a framework for discussing the early history of communication. The communication means examined include voice, drumbeat, horn and whistle, fire, and letters     

数字存储示波器Δt时间测量和ΔV幅度测量的不确定度评定

评定了数字存储示波器Δt时间差测量功能的测量不确定度和ΔV幅度差测量功能的测量不确定度,讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括时基误差、抽样量化误差、测量重复性、幅度测量误差等。同时,以一组实验结果为例,给出了各自的不确定度评定结果。     

Dynamical behaviors and relative trajectories of the spacecraft formation flying

To describe the relative motion of spacecraft formation flying, this paper presents a method based on relative orbital elements, which is suitable to elliptical orbit with arbitrary eccentricity. The long time formation flying conditions are theoretically derived taken into account the relationship between relative motion and relative orbital elements. These conditions include that both the orbital periods of all participating spacecrafts should be the same and other relative orbital elements should be small enough. The expected relative distance of the spacecrafts would determine the magnitudes of such relative orbital elements. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that the spacecrafts with sufficient small relative orbital elements can keep long time formation flying without any active control when the orbital perturbations are not considered. The results also show that Hill's equation is only suitable for describing a short time formation flying.     

THE ELECTRIC FIELD AND WAVE EXPERIMENT FOR THE CLUSTER MISSION

The electric-field and wave experiment (EFW) on Cluster is designed to measure the electric-field and density fluctuations with sampling rates up to 36000 samples s^-1. Langmuir probe sweeps can also be made to determine the electron density and temperature. The instrument has several important capabilities. These include (1) measurements of quasi-static electric fields of amplitudes up to 700 mV m^-1 with high amplitude and time resolution, (2) measurements over short periods of time of up to five simualtaneous waveforms (two electric signals and three magnetic signals from the seach coil magnetometer sensors) of a bandwidth of 4 kHz with high time resolution, (3) measurements of density fluctuations in four points with high time resolution. Among the more interesting scientific objectives of the experiment are studies of nonlinear wave phenomena that result in acceleration of plasma as well as large- and small-scale interferometric measurements. By using four spacecraft for large-scale differential measurements and several Langmuir probes on one spacecraft for small-scale interferometry, it will be possible to study motion and shape of plasma structures on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper describes the primary scientific objectives of the EFW experiment and the technical capabilities of the instrument.     

Conversations. With Norman Thagard [interview by Johan Benson

This article is an interview with U.S. astronaut Norman Thagard. He was on the Russian Mir 18 mission. Launched to the space station from Baikonur on March 14, 1995, he returned to Earth on the Shuttle 115 days later. With the completion of that mission, Thagard holds the U.S. record for the most time spent in space. Topics of discussion during the interview include: the cultural isolation faced by an American astronaut on a Russian space facility; the physiological and psychological effects of long-duration space flight; the problems of loss of bone and the radiation environment; readaptation to gravity on Earth; and, recommendations to the designers of the Alpha station.     

基于B样条模型的参数化卡尔曼滤波器设计

以标准B样条函数为基础,建立了以位置、样条系数为状态变量的参数化卡尔曼滤波器,用于解决外测数据的实时滤波问题。按照时间更新跨节点与否,分2种情况给出了状态转移方程。在时间更新跨样条节点时,使用样条函数的一阶连续导数条件,估计新增样条节点系数,由此实现滤波器在跨节点处的平滑过渡。通过仿真数据对新方法进行验证,并与已有的2类典型滤波方法进行比较,结果表明,本方法的滤波精度与另一类直接基于弹道信号表示的样条递推滤波方法精度相当,且可表现出更优的收敛性。新方法具有样条参数化模型的相同优点,可对时域信号全时段建模,可利用先验信息设计弹道优选节点而实现滤波性能优化,缺点在于状态更新的策略较为复杂。     

扩频系统中伪码防错锁技术研究

针对扩频系统中出现的伪码错锁问题,分析了产生伪码错锁的原因,根据伪码自相关性和互相关性特点,从伪码捕获策略、错锁自动判决策略等角度研究了伪码防错锁措施：选择自相关性和互相关性尽可能好的码;合理设置捕获门限;减小多普勒捕获范围;采用并行伪码捕获方法,并在捕获过程中防止载波错捕现象发生;单独建立验证通道,进行相关值比较判决等。实践表明,采用文中方法可提高正确捕获概率,缩短捕获时间,从硬件设计上有效解决了伪码错锁问题。     

Continuous-time ECV and ECA track filters with colored measurementnoise

Analytical solutions are presented for two continuous-time track filters with correlation in both the measurement errors and the target maneuvers. The measurement error model is a first-order Markov process, characterized by a correlation time (γ) and a position error variance (r). The target motion is described by one of two dynamic models: the exponentially correlated velocity (ECV) model, and the exponentially correlated acceleration (ECA) model. For both models, the steady-state velocity variance exhibits resonant behavior. The analytical solutions include as special cases several previously published results     

Approximation of Corrected Slant Range in a Radar Surveillance System

Consideration is given to numerical procedures for evaluating the corrected slant range in a radar surveillance system. Applications include air traffic control operations in which such calculations must be performed repeatedly in real time for a multitude of targets without overtaxing available computational resources.     

描述弹塑性材料损伤演变行为的3种计算方法的研究与应用

借助于双向组合坐标系,就弹塑性材料的损伤演变速率和寿命提出了3种计算方法.它包括:单参数法、比值法、乘积法,同时本文给出了许多新的计算方程,还提供了一个同各个常用材料参数有着函数关系的综合性材料常数的新概念.这些常用参数有:疲劳强度系数σ'f、疲劳强度指数b'1、疲劳延性系数ε'f、疲劳延性指数c'1、平均应力、平均应变和临界加载时间等等.用汽车的一个零件做了实例计算,并对计算结果进行了一些比较.预计这些计算方法对避免过多的疲劳试验,对节省疲劳试验的时间、人力和资金,对方便工程应用在某种程度上将有着实际意义.     

Equal allocation scheduling for data intensive applications

A new analytical model for equal allocation of divisible computation and communication load is developed. Equal allocation of load is attractive in multiple processor systems when real time information on processor and link capacity that is necessary for optimal scheduling is not available. The model includes a detailed accounting of solution reporting time. Equal allocation scheduling is compared with sequential scheduling and a new type of multi-installment scheduling. Aerospace applications include the processing of satellite imagery, radar, and sensor networks.