Prediction of cutting forces in flank milling of parts with non-developable ruled surfaces

Predicting the cutting forces required for five-axis flank milling is a challenging task due to the difficulties involved in determining the Undeformed Chip Thickness(UCT) and CutterWorkpiece Engagement(CWE). To solve these problems, this paper presents a new mechanistic cutting force model based on the geometrical analysis of a flank milling process. In the model,the part feature and corresponding cutting location data are taken as input information. The UCT considering cutter runout is calculated according to the instantaneous feed rate of the element cutting edges. A solid-discrete-based method is used to precisely and efficiently identify the CWE between the end mill and the surface being machined. Then, after calibrating the specific force coef-ficients, the mechanistic milling force can be obtained. During the validation process, two practical operations, three-axis flank milling of a vertical surface and five-axis flank milling of a nondevelopable ruled surface, are conducted. Comparisons between predicted and measured cutting forces demonstrate the reliability of the proposed cutting force model.     

立铣切削力分类研究及精确铣削力模型的建立

 提出了一种根据切削力变化曲线的形状特征精确建立铣削力预测模型的方法。以立铣加工过程为研究对象，基于静力模型，研究铣削力的变化规律和切削用量的关系，总结了6种不同切深组合下的铣削力类型并分别给出理论的切削力随刀具旋转的变化曲线图，基于切削力交叠程度又将切削力细分为10类。在此基础上通过定义切削力分析指标，得到了基于切削力曲线形状特征的实际切深的计算方法。根据理论分析结果，提出在不同切深组合下分别建立铣削力模型的观点，实际切深的应用使得模型更加精确,更重要的是根据该切削力分类来组织试验，针对性加强，试验数据更可信。通过合理安排试验，验证了该理论的正确性。     

单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模

螺旋铣削加工工艺具有降低轴向力,改善排屑、散热条件等优点,螺旋铣削力是其重要过程指标之一。对单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模方法展开研究,预测给定加工参数下的螺旋铣削力。首先,通过对螺旋铣削过程进行运动学分析和切屑几何分析,建立了螺旋铣削过程中侧刃、底刃动态切屑层模型,纤维切削方向角度模型和动态切削力计算模型。然后,分别通过侧刃直线槽铣实验和底刃半齿插铣实验,对各个切削方向角度下侧刃、底刃切削力系数进行了标定,并利用人工神经网络对切削力系数进行拟合。最后,将标定所得的切削力系数代入动态切削力计算模型中,建立了单向CFRP螺旋铣削过程动态切削力预测模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性。与现有模型相比,该模型不仅能够预测刀具螺旋运动周期内的切削力变化情况,还可以对每个刀具自转周期内的细节进行预测,通过考虑纤维切削方向角度对切削力系数的影响,反映了单向CFRP材料的各向异性,较为准确地预测了螺旋铣削力。     

基于SVR和NSGA-II的钛合金铣削参数多目标优化

对钛合金材料Ti6Al4V铣削加工进行有限元数值计算,结合试验设计方法构建了基于支持向量回归机（SVR）的铣削力预测模型,以材料去除率和刀具寿命为优化目标,提出一种基于支持向量回归机和带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）的优化方法。结果表明,该方法能够获得满意的Pareto解集,为钛合金铣削参数优化提供一种新的方法,具有良好的推广价值。     

CFRP铣削有限元模型建立及切削力仿真分析

为探索碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)铣削加工过程中切削力与工艺参数之间的映射关系,建立CFRP铣削加工有限元仿真模型并对切削力进行分析。基于ABAQUS软件通过定义材料属性、材料失效模型、纤维铺层数和纤维方向建立了CFRP铣削加工二维有限元仿真模型,并对该模型进行了实验验证。基于该模型,分析了切削力与纤维方向角、铣削速度、每齿进给量和刀具前角等工艺参数之间的映射关系。仿真结果表明:纤维方向角从0°增大到90°,切削力呈现降低趋势,而纤维方向角从90°增大到180°,切削力呈现增大趋势。随着切削速度和每齿进给量的增大,切削力随之增大,而随着刀具前角增大,切削力随之减小。     

基于Z-map模型的球头铣刀铣削力建模与仿真

对球头铣刀铣削力建模进行了研究。在Z-map仿真模型的基础上,提出了识别加工中参与切削的切削刃单元的方法,通过考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形对瞬时切削厚度的影响,推导出了瞬时切削厚度的表达式,由铣削力和切削负载之间的关系,建立了球头铣刀三轴铣削力仿真模型。铣削力仿真计算与铣削实验的对比表明在考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形后所建立的铣削力模型能够对铣削力进行准确的预测。     

薄壁件周铣切削力建模与表面误差预测方法研究

薄壁件加工变形是影响加工精度与质量的关键因素,而切削力建模则是预测表面加工误差的基础。针对两种典型的切削力模型,系统地研究了薄壁件周铣加工过程中切削力变化及表面变形误差分布的有限元计算方法,提出了基于三维非规则网格的刀具/工件变形的耦合迭代格式以及恒定网格下材料去除效应的变刚度处理方法等关键技术,仿真过程充分考虑了切屑厚度变化及不同切削参数对预测结果的影响。以典型钛合金航空材料构件为例,数值计算结果与实验参考数据比较表明,两种切削力模型对同一切削过程的预测均具有很好的一致性。     

航空铝合金铣削加工中切削力的数值模拟研究

为了弥补当前斜角切削数值模拟多采用直线刀刃的不足,结合立铣加工的实际情况,提出了适合立铣加工的螺旋齿单刃斜角切削有限元模型,进而对航空铝合金7050-T7451进行了铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究,得到了切削力值。通过铣削力实验测得了同样切削条件下的铣削力值,数值模拟结果与实验值比较吻合,从而证明所建立的有限元模型是正确的,可用于预报铣削力值。铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究为航空铝合金切削加工的工艺参数优化、刀具的合理选择及其优化设计奠定了基础,同时也为进一步有效控制整体结构件的加工变形提供了新的研究手段。     

Feedrate scheduling method for constant peak cutting force in five-axis flank milling process

It is extremely important to select appropriate feedrates for the stable machining of parts with ruled surface in modern aviation industrial applications. However, the current studies take too much time to achieve this goal. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient feedrate optimization method for constant peak cutting force in five-axis flank milling process. The solution method of the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness (IUCT) is proposed using least squares theory with the cutter entry angle and feedrate as variables. Based on this method, an explicit analytical expression of the peak cutting force for each cutting point is established. Furthermore, a feedrate scheduling method is developed to quickly solve the appropriate feedrate under constant peak cutting force. To verify the proposed IUCT model, the fitting IUCT is compared with the accuracy data at different feedrates. Additionally, some experiments of five-axis flank milling are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the peak force model and the feedrate scheduling method. And the surface roughness before and after feedrate scheduling is detected. The results show that the proposed feedrate scheduling method can quickly adjust the feedrate and ensure constant peak force during machining. At the same time, the surface quality is kept at a high level.     

Five-axis flank milling tool path generation with curvature continuity and smooth cutting force for pockets

In order to ensure machining stability, curvature continuity and smooth cutting force are very important so as to meet the constraints of both cutting force and kinematics of machine tools. For five-axis flank milling, it is difficult to meet both of the constraints because tool path points and tool axis vectors interact with each other. In this paper, multiple relationships between tool path points and tool axis vectors with cutting force and kinematics of machine tools are established, and the strategies of corner-looping milling and clothoidal spirals are combined so as to find feasible solutions under both of the constraints. Tool path parameters are iterated by considering the maximum cutting force and the feasible range of the tool axis vector, and eventually a curvature continuity five-axis flank milling tool path with smooth cutting force is generated. Machining experimental results show that the conditions of cutting force are satisfied, vibration during the process of machining is reduced, and the machining quality of the surface is improved.     

Prediction of cutting forces in ball-end milling of 2.5D C/C composites

Machining of carbon/carbon (C/C) composite materials is difficult to carry out due to its high specific stiffness, brittleness, anisotropic, non-homogeneous and low thermal conductivity, which can result in tear, burr, poor surface quality and rapid wear of cutters. Accurate and fast pre-diction of cutting forces is important for milling C/C composite materials with high quality. This paper presents an alternative cutting force model involving the influences of the directions of fiber. Based on the calculated and experimental results, the cutting forces’ coefficients of 2.5D C/C com-posites are evaluated using multiple linear regression method. Verification experiment has been car-ried out through a group of orthogonal tests. Results indicate that the proposed model is reliable and can be used to predict the cutting forces in ball-end milling of 2.5D C/C composites.     

超高强度钢立铣工件温度分析及对加工表面质量的影响

以航空难加工材料300M钢为研究对象,基于立铣加工中的工件温度判断在铣削加工中是否出现了金相组织转变,进而分析不同工况下影响加工表面质量的因素。首先,将移动热源法应用于铣削加工中,计算考虑后刀面磨损的立铣加工工件温度,实验表明,计算值与实验值相比误差在10%以内。然后,分析了工件温度在时间上与空间上的分布,以及不同刀具磨损和加工参数条件下工件表面的温升规律,据此预测加工表面是否出现了组织转变,并结合金相组织观察进一步确认。最后,依据加工表面质量物理层面残余应力和显微硬度的检测数据,初步探讨了各因素对表面质量的影响。结果表明,在研究的加工参数范围内,并未达到金相组织转变温度,表面质量主要受铣削热力作用下的剪切面塑性凸出效应、后刀面挤光效应和热效应的影响。     

New Cutting Force Modeling Approach for Flat End Mill

A new mechanistic cutting force model for flat end milling using the instantaneous cutting force coefficients is proposed. An in-depth analysis shows that the total cutting forces can be separated into two terms: a nominal component independent of the runout and a perturbation component induced by the runout. The instantaneous value of the nominal component is used to calibrate the cutting force coefficients. With the help of the perturbation component and the cutting force coefficients obtained above, the cutter runout is identified. Based on simulation and experimental results, the validity of the identification approach is demonstrated. The advantage of the proposed method lies in that the calibration performed with data of one cutting test under a specific regime can be applied for a great range of cutting conditions.     

材料切除对机匣铣削动力学与稳定性的影响

在薄壁零件加工过程中,工件材料的连续切除会造成工艺系统动力学特性的不断变化,并对工艺系统的颤振稳定性产生显著影响。以航空发动机机匣为对象,研究了其铣削过程中工件材料切除以及切削位置变化对工件动力学特性与颤振稳定性的影响规律。首先,根据机匣的几何结构与铣削工艺特点,提出了按切削行及切削段进行材料切除过程细分的方法。其次,建立了工艺系统动力学特性演化的快速计算方法和颤振稳定性极限的频域预测方法,并在单个切削行内和不同切削行间分析了材料切除过程对工艺系统的影响。结果显示,在单个切削行内工艺系统的动力学特性会小幅度减小,稳定性极限图会向左下方小幅度偏移;在不同切削行间工艺系统的动力学特性变化幅度较大,稳定性极限图呈现出交错排列现象,难以针对整个铣削过程进行切削参数优选,因此提出了基于单行刀位轨迹的切削参数优选方法,保证了整个材料切除过程的稳定切削。最后,进行了机匣铣削与模态试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。     

整体叶盘盘铣加工切削力及刀具磨损实验研究

本文对整体叶盘开槽粗加工时从切削速度、进给量、径向切深等切削参数对切削力的影响进行研究。选用正交实验的方法进行盘铣切削实验,得到切削参数对切削力的影响变化规律,并对刀具在切削过程中的磨损进行分析,进一步验证优化的切削参数,为整体叶盘的盘铣加工参数的合理制定与加工工艺的优化提供参考。     

Ti—1023钛合金的立铣问题

本文对Ti-1023钛合金的立铣进行了研究。测量了顺铣逆铣时的切削力,分析了铣削力、立铣刀挠度对精度的影响,推荐了Ti-1023钛合金立铣(铣周边、铣槽)的切削参数。     

Chatter stability prediction in four-axis milling of aero-engine casings with bull-nose end mill

An analytical model for chatter stability prediction in bull-nose end milling of aero-engine casings is presented in this paper. And the mechanics and dynamics variations due to the complex cutter and workpiece geometry are considered by analyzing the effects of the lead angle on the milling process. Firstly, the tool-workpiece engagement region is obtained by using a previously developed method and divided into several disk elements along the tool-axis direction.Secondly, a 3D dynamic model for stability limit calculation is developed and simplified into a 1D model in normal direction considering only the dominant mode of the workpiece. Then the cutting force coefficients, the start and exit angles corresponding to each disk element are determined. And the total stability lobe diagram is calculated using an iterative algorithm. Finally, several experimental tests are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed prediction approach.     

Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficult-to-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force. However, analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed. In this paper, an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. During modeling, change of motion of the cutting tool, contact of tool-chip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model. Meanwhile, material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces. Besides, the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4% to 15.1%. The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites, which was proved with general applicability.     

薄壁件加工变形主动补偿方法

研究薄壁件加工过程中受力变形产生的回弹误差控制,提出了分层完全补偿和优化补偿两种加工路径补偿方法,建立了加工路径补偿优化模型,考虑了多次走刀间加工变形和切削力的耦合作用,并应用迭代算法求解路径补偿优化模型。以航空薄壁件单刃端铣加工为例,对完全补偿、分层完全补偿和优化补偿进行了仿真分析和试验分析。结果表明,分层完全补偿和优化补偿能更好地减少加工误差,为薄壁件受力变形控制提供了参考依据。     

Time-domain modeling of a cutter exiting a workpiece in the slot milling process

In a milling operation, there must be processes of a cutter entering and exiting the work-piece boundary. The cutter exit is usually in the feed direction and the dynamic response is different from that in the normal cutting process. This paper presents a new time-domain modeling of mechanics and dynamics of the cutter exit process for the slot milling process. The cutter is assumed to exit the workpiece for the first time with one tooth right in the feed direction. The dynamic chip thickness is summed up along the feed direction and compared with the remaining workpiece length in the feed direction to judge whether the cutter is ready to exit the workpiece or not. The developed model is then used for analyzing the cutting force and machining vibration in the cutter exit process. The developed mathematical model is experimentally validated by comparing the simulated forces and vibrations against the measured data collected from real slotting milling tests. The study shows that stable cutting parameters cannot guarantee stable cutting in a cutter exit process and further study can be performed to control the vibration amplitude in this specific process.