基于物理模型的彩色图像理解算法

给出一个彩色图像理解算法。算法首先对图像上的颜色变化(由光照和物体颜色引起)进行分析与综合,然后分割图像。算法的基础是二色反射模型理论,该理论认为反射光的颜色是界面反射(高光颜色)和本体反射(物体颜色)的线性组合,这两种反射光在颜色空间的三维直方图中形成特定的聚类(点簇)。因此分析聚类的性质可帮助确定光照和物体的颜色,但是有意义的聚类的生成又以图像中物体区域的确定为前提。算法按照假设检验的策略,依据图像中的连通性和颜色空间中聚类的特征,完成彩色图像的分割,并产生对景物中所发生的光学过程的物理描述。     

在彩色图象中抽取颜色恒常性和高光

某种材料表面的颜色具有与形状无关的稳定特性,但图象中表面的颜色由于存在高光和影调而是变化的。建立颜色反射的物理模型是正确理解图象颜色的基础。叙述了根据Klinker~[1]等提出的二色反射模型,在颜色空间直方图中,利用K-L 变换作平面拟合,分离面反射颜色分量与体反射颜色分量,计算光源和物体色度坐标的方法。讨论了实际CCD 摄象机的局限性,给出了实验结果。文中的彩色图象是指单一颜色光照(非单一波长的光照)下的单色物体在彩色CCD 摄象机中成的象。     

基于CCD和超声的物体位姿检测方法及精度分析

介绍了用单个CCD摄像机和超声传感器相结合检测物体位姿的方法.首先由CCD摄像机采集一幅图像,获取物体上目标点在图像坐标系中的理想坐标,并由此确定该点投影矢量(连接物体点和对应图像点的直线)的方向;然后控制机器人运动,使超声传感器的z轴与求得的投影矢量重合;最后用超声传感器测出投影矢量的长度,确定目标点在摄像机坐标系中的坐标.分析了影响检测精度的主要因素,具体研究了超声传感器的安装参数对检测精度的影响规律,进行了仿真分析.该方法可以有效地降低图像处理所带来的巨大数据量,避开双目视觉中的图像匹配问题,快捷、精确检测物体的位姿.     

未知环境下移动机器人单目视觉导航算法

提出了一种未知环境下移动机器人单目视觉导航算法,算法包括障碍物检测、单目视觉测距和局部路径规划3部分.为减小光照等环境因素对基于特征的障碍物检测的影响,对彩色图像在HSI颜色空间中用基于像素的直方图比较进行分割,获取障碍物轮廓序列的图像坐标点集.在单目视觉测距中,通过几何关系推导法建立图像坐标系和机器人坐标系间的变换关系,进而实现由障碍物图像位置计算其与机器人间的实际距离.局部路径规划对摄像机梯形视场区域转换后的矩形区域建立模型划分栅格,由障碍物轮廓序列图像坐标和单目视觉测距计算构建障碍物栅格图,并用提出的栅格搜索算法搜索障碍物栅格图,得到机器人安全行驶路径.实际环境中进行的实验结果表明,算法能有效减小反光、阴影等的影响,在未知环境中正确规划出机器人局部可行路径实现导航.      

CCD摄像机图像处理仿真

针对CCD(Charge Coupled Device)摄像机的图像处理过程,提出一种基于可编程GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)的摄像机仿真方法,利用GPU的流处理模式和并行计算能力,对图像的每个像素进行Gamma校正、亮度调节、对比度调节、色温偏差调节,以及色彩饱和处理.分析了Gamma校正的原理以及在其他调节之前进行Gamma校正的必要性.讨论了图像亮度与像素颜色的关系,提出针对当前时刻的拍摄图像提取亮度信号的方法,规定了亮度等级的划分,并将亮度等级作为图像处理的依据.提出了在低照度情况下模拟动态噪点的方法.结果表明:该方法可以模拟真实CCD摄像机在复杂光照环境下的拍摄效果,并保证实时仿真的高速与高效性.     

真实场景水下语义分割方法及数据集

随着水下生物抓取技术的不断发展,高精度的水下物体识别与分割成为了挑战。已有的水下目标检测技术仅能给出物体的大体位置,无法提供物体轮廓等更加细致的信息,严重影响了抓取效率。为了解决这一问题,标注并建立了真实场景水下语义分割数据集DUT-USEG,该数据集包含6 617张图像,其中1 487张具有语义分割和实例分割标注,剩余5 130张图像具有目标检测框标注。基于该数据集,提出了一个关注边界的半监督水下语义分割网络(US-Net),该网络通过设计伪标签生成器和边界检测子网络,实现了对水下物体与背景之间边界的精细学习,提升了边界区域的分割效果。实验表明:所提方法在DUT-USEG数据集的海参、海胆和海星3个类别上相较于对比方法提升了6.7%,达到了目前最好的分割精度。      

复杂动态场景下目标检测与分割算法

在动态场景等复杂条件下,往往难以对序列图像目标进行准确的检测与分割。根据序列图像中目标在复杂条件下的成像特点,提出了一种基于融合尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)流特征显著模型的动态场景目标检测与分割算法。通过对SIFT流算法表示运动特征信息的优势进行分析,并结合图像国际照明协会(CIE)Lab颜色空间的颜色和亮度特征信息,建立四维特征向量空间。利用改进的多尺度中心-环绕对比方法生成各特征通道的显著图并进行线性融合,建立序列图像的动态场景目标显著模型。最后利用均值漂移聚类算法和形态学处理实现对检测目标的精确分割。实验结果表明,相比传统检测与分割算法,该算法在动态背景与航拍等复杂场景下能够分割出更为完整的目标区域,具有良好的鲁棒性和高分割精度。      

基于Kinova机械臂RGBD相机的目标抓取

在轨服务与维护是未来航天技术的重要发展方向.在轨服务如燃料加注、剪切与操作电线、旋拧盖子和拆装阀门等任务,具有负载轻、近距离感知及精准定位和抓取等特点.针对这些应用场景,采用轻量化机械臂Kinova及自带彩色和深度(red, green, blue and depth, RGBD)相机进行感知、定位和抓取,完成地面验证实验,为在轨服务提供理论支持.介绍了机械臂抓取系统的研究背景并描述开发平台及其特点,以及相机标定、彩色相机与深度相机配准原理.利用机器人操作系统(robot operating system, ROS)的坐标变换树得到彩色图像目标像素在世界坐标系的坐标位置.针对特定的抓取对象提出基于色调、饱和度和亮度(hue, saturation and value, HSV)颜色空间图像分割方法,进行目标检测、分割以及空间定位,实验环节机械臂根据视觉定位结果完成目标抓取过程,证明了颜色空间图像分割方法和深度图结合定位的有效性,为在轨服务提供了理论验证.     

遥感图像的无参量辐射校正法

在卫星遥感图像及机载遥感图像中,由于大气层、仪器本身及摄取图像时的条件等因素的影响,往往存在较严重的辐射畸变,直观表现是图像中亮暗差异明显,必须予以校正。文中给出了一个不需要任何外部参数的无参量辐射校正方法。实际使用效果良好。此方法也可以有效地去除图像中存在的条纹。     

复杂背景下单个运动物体的实时视觉追踪算法

介绍了一种完全基于图像信息的运动检测视觉追踪算法.该算法综合了已有的一些算法,并在他们的基础上进行改进,可以实现在摄像机运动不剧烈的情况下,对单个运动物体的追踪.由人工选取目标,计算机开始在第1帧和第2帧图像中提取特征点,并在两帧图像中对特征点进行匹配.利用匹配的特征点建立仿射运动模型,以估计背景的运动和预测目标位置.假设运动目标所占的像素面积很小,在预测点附近的一块小邻域内进行光流分割得到运动目标.该算法在640×480大小的两帧连续图片上验证,取得了较好的效果.在PC上的实验证明,设置适当的参数,本算法可以应用于12.5Hz或25Hz的图像采集频率.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.