关于飞行器进入行星大气层的问题

宇宙飞行器再入地球大气层或进入行星大气层是航天飞行的一个重要阶段。从空间返回地球大气层的飞行器叫做再入地球大气层飞行器,简称为再入飞行器;进入其它行星大气层并不返回地球的飞行器称为进入行星大气层的飞行器,我们不妨把这两类飞行器都简称为进入飞行器。     

美国国家航天政策要点

据报道,对美国商业通信卫星的发展产生重大影响的美国国家航天政策包括以下几项主要内容: 1.政府鼓励而不是限制对空间的商业性开发; 2.政府首次把商业航天活动从民用和军用部门独立出来并予以正式承认;     

NASA正调整工作重点(降低载人航天的份量)

华盛顿消息,4月8日,美国航宇局(NASA)局长丹尼尔·戈尔丁在记者招待会上说:“今后5年,载人航天飞行在NASA财政支出的百分比要减少,而不载人的航天飞行和大气层中的航空飞行的百分比要增加。” NASA雄心勃勃的探索空间计划,即把美国人再次送往月球和火星载人的飞行要暂停,戈尔丁说:“我们先把这些计划放一放,待一切工作准备就绪,国家财政又能支付得起时再搞。”     

提高线阵采样式光学遥感器图像空间分辨率的新方法研究

介绍了提高采样式光学遥感器图像空间分辨率的国内外发展现状,以任意两维周期采样理论为基础,探索了一种通过把线阵探测器倾斜θ度而非常规线阵推扫的0°,同时把推扫方向的采样间距缩短为P/m,而非常规线阵推扫的P的新焦平面采样方法。该方法相对于常规线阵推扫采样,可以增加采样密度,提高图像空间分辨率。在原理研究的基础上,设计了一套实验验证系统,通过实验系统对该方法进行了物理及其可行性验证。试验结果表明:如果探测器阵列旋转45°并且推扫方向采样间距减半,相对常规线阵推扫采样,图像的空间分辨率可以提高1.64倍左右。相对于高模式采样技术和超模式采样技术,该方法避开了两排错位排列探测器的难题,因此工程实现上要简单。     

空间细胞生物学研究的新进展

空间环境对细胞的影响,对于人类进行长时间探索太空,研究揭示生命的秘密有着重要的意义。而先进的空间细胞培养技术及先进的细胞智能传感技术为我们提供了新的研究手段。文章总结了世界各国近期空间及地面的细胞生物学技术突破及成果,归纳了我国进行空间细胞生物学的研究现状,指出了未来空间细胞生物学的研究热点,给出了空间细胞仪器的设计策略。     

太空全家福

<正>照合影是我们每个人都很熟悉的事情,大家站成一排,或坐或站,人多时排成几排,个子小的在前,个子高的在后,为的是不挡住后面人的脸。而在太空失重环境下,照合影则有更多的创意空间,因为人可以漂     

中国空间技术的二次开发与应用

中国在空间技术方面已取得了举世瞩目的成就。同时,空间技术也经二次开发而应用于我们称之为“民用工程”的工业、农业、地质、医学等各个方面。由此,产生了许多新的产品和高级技术,它们都大大有利于中国的社会与经济发展。中国空间技术研究院多年来一直致力于把电子技术、测量技术、控制技术、温控技术、真空技术等从空间事业向民用工程的转化工作,有效地推动了二次开发。本文重点介绍该院空间技术二次开发所获得的某些成果。     

缅怀邓小平同志的谆谆教导 沿着他指引的方向开拓前进

1997年2月19日,一代伟人邓小平同志与世长辞,在我们心中引起无限哀思。我们为失去一位卓越的领导人而悲痛欲绝,也为失去空间事业的一位掌舵人而遗憾万分。此时此刻,我们不禁回忆起小平同志关怀我国空间事业的历历往事。 早在1958年当我国掀起搞人造卫星第一波热潮时,是小平同志及时地纠正了在基本条件不具备的情况下急于发射人造卫星的偏向。他指出,现在放(发射)卫星与国力不相称,要调整     

基于改进的Toeplitz化处理的相干源非均匀线阵自适应波束形成算法

针对相干源非均匀线阵的波束形成,提出了Toeplitz化的基于特征空间的线性约束最小方差自适应波束形成算法(TELCMV)。该算法利用阵列接收信号的相关性进行Toeplitz化处理、把期望信号方向向量向信号子空间投影、进行线性约束最小方差波束形成来得到TELCMV权向量;TELCMV权向量没有包含噪声子空间的分量,而期望信号和干扰信号的输出不变,所以提高了输出信干噪比(SINR),收敛速度也快,在低信噪比和小快拍数下能取得较好的波束形成性能。仿真试验结果证明了TELCMV算法的优越性能。     

机器的挑战——我看《变形金刚2》

在千变万化,甚至瞬息万变的地球生存空间里,人们的好奇之心得不14充分的满足、探索脚步也不会止步,这样，我们就把眼光投向了无边无际的宇宙之中,并且设想着有天能听到来自太空其他生命的友好之声,我们航天、出舱、探月、遥步像更深的空间迈进是的，地球人不愿独享宇宙,我们一直在努力、一直在进步。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.