Solar and Heliospheric Phenomena in October–November 2003: Causes and Effects

We present new observational data on the phenomena of extremely high activity on the Sun and in the heliosphere that took place in October–November 2003. A large variety of solar and heliospheric parameters give evidence that the interval under consideration is unique over the entire observation time. Based on these data, comparing them with similar situations in the past and using available theoretical concepts, we discuss possible cause-and-effect connections between the processes observed. The paper includes the first results and conclusions derived by the collaboration Solar Extreme Events-2003 organized in Russia for detailed investigations of these events. As a result of our consideration, it is beyond question that the physical causes of solar and heliospheric phenomena in October–November 2003 are not exclusively local and do not belong only to the active regions and solar atmosphere above them. The energy reservoirs and driving forces of these processes have a more global nature. In general, they are hidden from an observer, since ultimately their sources lie in the subphotospheric layers of the Sun, where changes that are fast and difficult to predict can sometimes take place (and indeed they do). Solar flares can serve as sufficiently good tracers of these sudden changes and reconstructions on the Sun, although one can still find other diagnostic indicators among the parameters of magnetic fields, motions of matter, and emission characteristics.     

National Policies and Programs on Space Technology Development and Applications for Sustainable Development

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ChinaStar-1 and China Orient

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China's Communications and Broadcasting Satellites

China is a developing countrywith a large population and the e-conomic development level in theprovinces and the autonomous re-gions is quite different.On theother hand,the transmission ofthe broadcasting and TV pro-grams via satellites has the follow-ing advantages:large coverage,high transmission quality and rea-sonable cost-effectiveness.There-fore,the satellite communicationsis the most advanced and effectiveway to realize full territory coverage of broadcasting and TV pro-grams in China. China began to develop com-munications satellites immediatelyafter it successfully launched its     

The Development and Application of Ground Systems and Derived Systems of Space Technology

In this paper,the development ofsatellite ground systems and non-satellite equipments and systems de-rived from satellite technology inthe Chinese Academy of SpaceTechnology is reviewed.Satelliteground systems include those fortracking,monitoring and controlfor the launch and operation ofsatellites as well as transmitting andreceiving system for dedicated andindividual users.Derived systemsand equipment include some ofspinoff from satellite technologies,such as computer measurement andcontrol,attitude control,thermalcontrol,radio electronic technique,vacuum technique and new materi-als.They are related to the eco-nomic and social benefits derivedfrom the development of space tech-nology.     

Research and Development of China''''s Space Industry: Strategy, Policy and Sino-EU Cooperation

To celebrate the 30th anniversaryof Ch i na -EU d i p l o m a t i crelations, the China-EU High-level Forum on Science andTechnology Policy and Strategy washeld in Beijing on May 12-13, 2005.China-EU high-level forum on S&T strategyThe Forum aims to exchange views onglobal science and technologydevelopment trends, promote mutualunderstanding, share experiences inscience and technology developmentstrategy, provide inputs to the formula-tion and implementation of scienceand technology dev…     

The MUSES-C mission for the sample and return—its technology development status and readiness

The MUSES-C mission is a technology demonstration project, which at the same time aims at sample and return from extra-terrestrial object, an asteroid to the Earth. It is scheduled to be launched in 2002 and the flight model hardware is being fabricated currently. This paper presents the latest hardware readiness of the spacecraft which has completed both the mechanical environment and thermal vacuum tests. This paper also describes the mission requirement and scenario showing the pictures of some components.     

Bilateral Meeting Between Malaysia and China

On September 18, 2003, a Chinese space delegation led by senior adviser of CNSA Sun Jiadong visited Malaysia and met with Prime Minister of Malaysia Dr. Mahather for a briefing on China's space activities and future possible cooperation. The delegation was joined by China National Space Administration and the Chinese Embassy in Malaysia.     

China's Communications Satellites and Their Benefits

Since 1984 China has launched 2 experimental and 4 operational communications satellites which have played an important role in the national e-conomic construction. TV transmission, TV education, long distance telephone and telegraph, data transfer in finance and railway traffic, etc.. This paper describes the status and features of these satellites in detail. Now, a new communications satellite with medium capacity , designated Dong-fanghong-3 (DFH-3), is under development and scheduled to be launched later 1993. It is also the first satellite that will be under commercial management in China.     

Successful Cooperation Between China and Brazil

The cooperation in space technol ogy between China and Brazil is fruitful.The second Sino-Brazilian earth resources satellite, CBERS-1B, was successfully launched from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on a LM-4B launch vehicle on Oct. 21, 2003, and the first CCD image was received soon after the launch, indicating that CBERS-1 B is working well.     

Mitigation and Avoidance of Space Debris

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China's Application Satellites and Their Utilization

By the end of 1990, 32 satellites had been successfully launched by China, including 2 foreign satellites. Most of them belong to application ones. They have been used in the fields of communications, broadcasting and TV transmission, weather forecast, territorial survey , environment monitoring, etc.. Also, in this article some recommendations are made in the further development of satellite applications.     

The Swedish Interplanetary Society (1950–1969) and the formation of IAF and IAA

With a growing interest for rocket technology and space travel after WW II a number of new “space societies” were formed in the period 1948–1951 in addition to the ones already existing in Germany, the UK and the US since before WW II. Soon came the need for a common international platform for exchange of information and experience, and the concept of an international federation of astronautical societies emerged.Sweden was one of the 8 countries to sign the original declaration to create an International Astronautical Federation on October 2, 1950 in Paris at the 1st International Astronautical Congress. The Swedish Society for Space Research (Svenska Sällskapet för Rymdforskning) was formed a few days after the historical event in Paris. The name was soon to be changed to the Swedish Interplanetary Society (Svenska Interplanetariska Sällskapet, SIS). Sweden was one of the 10 countries to sign the IAF foundation in 1951 in London and in the following year the first Constitution of IAF in Stuttgart.The SIS quickly grow to a membership of several hundred persons and its membership in IAF promoted an intensive exchange of journals, and the annual participation at the IAC gave growth to start study projects on spacecraft and sounding rockets, and the publication of astronautical journals in Swedish. In 1957 the first Swede was elected vice-president of IAF.Not too long after the IAF foundation the idea of an international body of distinguished individuals emerged, in addition to the body of "member societies" (IAF). Upon the initiative of Theodor von Karman, Eugen Sänger and Andrew Haley the IAF council approval of an International Academy of Astronautical was given on August 15, 1960 during the 11th IAC in Stockholm. This IAC in Stockholm gave a large publicity to space research and astronautics in Sweden, and put the activities of the SIS in the focus of the general public.This paper presents the Swedish involvement in the foundation of IAF and IAA. It also gives an overview on the positive influence of these two organisations on the work and progress of the Swedish Interplanetary Society and the diffusion of astronautics to the general public in Sweden.     

China's Meteorological Satellite Development and Its Application

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Achievements and Prospects of China's Space Technology

The exploration and peace-ful uses of outer space are thecommon aspiration of the peopleall over the world.Adhering tothe aim of “exploration of outerspace to benefit the people”,China devotes itself to the devel-opment of space technology withlimited funds,mainly developingapplication satellites and satel-lite applications in order to servethe implementation of strategiesof developing the country by re-lying on science and educationand achieving sustainable devl-opment of economy and society,     

China's Meteorological Satellite Development and Its Application

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Group dynamics training for manned spaceflight and the CAPSULS mission: prophylactic against incompatibility and its consequences?

On February 7, 1994, four Canadian Astronauts were sealed off in a hyperbaric chamber at the Canadian Government's Defense and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada. This space lab training mission lasted seven days and was the first to be conducted with astronauts outside of Russia.

The objective of this mission was to give Canadian astronauts, space scientists and the staff of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the opportunity to gain first hand experience on preparational and operational aspects of a typical space mission. Twenty-one scientific experiments involving six countries from several disciplines were involved in this mission.

This paper describes the goals and preliminary results of a psychological experiment/training program that used the CAPSULS mission as a test bed for its application in the manned space flight environment. The objective of this project was to enhance the understanding of small group behaviour with a view to maximizing team effectiveness and task accomplishment in teams living and working in isolation under difficult and confined conditions. The application of this model in the light of future missions is a key thesis in this paper.     

China and Brazil to Continue Cooperation in CBERS

With the roaring of the Long March 4 on the morning of October 21 2003, the CBERS-02 was placed into the predetermined orbit and so far two satellites have been launched under the joint effort of two largest developing countries, China and Brazil.