Aura/MLS与TIMED/SABER观测全球重力波特性

大气重力波是临近空间环境主要大气波动之一,对全球环流具有重要影响。卫星上搭载的临边探测器能够探测临近空间大气温度,可用于临近空间大气重力波研究。利用2012－2014年Aura的微波临边探测器（MLS）和TIMED的红外临边探测器（SABER）的探测数据,对20~50 km高度的大气重力波扰动分布特征开展了分析研究,两种观测重力波活动基本一致,重力波随季节、纬度及高度的变化显著。冬季半球高纬度重力波扰动较强,赤道和夏季半球近赤道地区上空也存在明显重力波活动区域,夏季半球高纬度重力波扰动最弱。重力波扰动强度随高度增加。TIMED/SABER重力波扰动强度数值比 Aura/MLS略强。      

基于CO2测量数据的大气辐射传输模型LBLRTM优化

根据TIMED/SABER 2002—2018年的CO₂观测数据,分析CO₂浓度的变化特征.依据变化特征给出了CO₂浓度随时间、高度、纬度变化的月平均拟合公式,利用非线性最小二乘拟合法,对不同高度和不同纬度的CO₂浓度数据分别进行拟合,生成相应的拟合参数.然后,将所有拟合参数汇总并生成拟合参数文件,结合拟合公式构建全球CO₂浓度经验计算模块,并将该模块应用到大气辐射传输模型LBLRTM中,对该模型进行优化.将优化前与优化后的LBLRTM模型模拟结果分别与TIMED/SABER观测数据进行比较发现,优化前的LBLRTM模型模拟结果与观测值的均方根误差为15.4%,而优化后的LBLRTM模型模拟结果与观测值的均方根误差由15.4%下降至8.91%.结果表明该优化方法可以提高LBLRTM模型在红外波段的辐射模拟精度.      

临近空间大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器气动热环境的影响

基于TIMED/SABER 2002—2018年大气密度观测数据，统计分析了20~80 km大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器飞行热环境的影响。根据驻点热流估算方法给出的大气密度变化量与热流变化量之间的关系，定性和定量分析了不同月份大气密度相对变化量引起的热流变化量在垂直和水平方向的分布特征。研究表明:SABER大气密度月年均值计算的热流相对USSA76在夏季半球中高纬度地区偏高，在冬季半球偏低。在夏季半球高纬度地区约80 km附近存在热流增量的极大值，南半球夏季的极大值高于北半球夏季，尤其在南半球1月份，热流偏高可达32.2%。在经度方向，热流分布在夏季半球差异较小，冬季半球差异较大；考虑真实大气中存在的扰动时，在南半球和北半球夏季80 km附近，SABER大气密度预测的热流分别比USSA76偏高可达40.7%和36.6%。在经度方向，大气扰动引起的热流经向分布差异显著。在飞行器设计时，大气扰动的影响不能忽略；高超声速飞行器飞行应避免在夏季穿越南半球和北半球，规避热流增加带来的风险。      

一种全球临近空间大气密度建模方法及应用

基于TIMED/SABER卫星2002—2018年观测的20~100 km大气密度数据，统计获得多年月平均值和标准偏差的全球网格数据。利用网格数据，分析了大气密度的变化特征。以网格数据为基准，计算了USSA76的相对偏差，分析了USSA76相对偏差的分布特征。以网格数据为驱动，将大气密度表征为平均值与大尺度扰动量和小尺度扰动量的加和，大尺度扰动和小尺度扰动分别采用余弦函数和一阶自回归模型表征，初步建立了全球临近空间大气密度模型。通过对比模型仿真值与激光雷达观测值，表明模型仿真值与观测值具有较好的吻合度，验证了建模方法的可行性。利用蒙特卡罗方法可再现给定轨迹上所有可能的大气状态。      

利用Aura卫星资料计算全球中层大气背景风场

利用2005年第二代地球观测卫星系统(EOS)的Aura卫星上MLS观测的压强、温度、密度等数据,推算出全球中层大气的平均背景风场,分析了中层大气风场随时间和高度变化的特点.与武汉流星雷达及澳大利亚Adelaide台站观测的比较结果显示,用Aura数据推算出来的风场与实际观测比较符合.与HWM-93模式的比较显示,Aura风场随时间和空间变化的总体趋势与HWM-93基本吻合.特别是在80km以下的高度范围内Aura数据与HWM-93数据符合得比较好;在80 km以上的高度,Aura所算得的风值与HWM-93风值的差别逐渐增大,Aura风值普遍比HWM-93的要大.      

南大西洋异常区高能质子通量南北向差异

利用2012年8月NOAA N15,N16,N17,N18卫星中能质子和电子探测器（MEPED）>6.9MeV质子能档的数据,研究了800km高度处南大西洋异常区（SAA）质子分布的南北方向差异.数据显示,质子计数率沿经线随纬度的变化近似满足高斯分布,且向南运动的质子多于向北运动的质子.MEPED具有0°和90°两个探测方向,可对质子投掷角分布进行估算,从而消除在探测南向和北向质子时探测器方向角偏差所造成的影响.结果表明,在经度40°W、纬度13°S至23°S位置上,仍然存在南向质子比北向质子多20%~30%的现象.其原因可能与地磁异常使南向质子镜像点更低,更多质子散射进入大气层沉降有关.分析还发现,南大西洋异常区质子通量存在地方时变化.日侧比夜侧强约20%,这可能是由于地磁场日变化引起的.      

中国上空平流层准零风层的特征分析

利用ECMWF提供的ERA-40再分析风场资料首次分析了中国上空平流层准零风层的特点及其随季节和地理位置的变化特征.结果表明,准零风层一般处于18～25 km高度范围内,零风线所在的高度随时间和地理位置的不同稍有变化.根据准零风层随纬度的变化特征,中国上空可以分成三个区域:低纬地区(5°N～20°N)、中低纬过渡区域(20°N～32.5°N)和中高纬地区(32.5°N～55°N).低纬地区一般在冬季和初春有准零风层结构存在;中高纬地区一般在春末和夏季存在准零风层结构;而中低纬过渡区域是否有准零风层结构存在还与准两年震荡(QBO)有关,在QBO东风相位时,过渡区域呈现的特性偏向于中纬特性,在QBO西风相位时,过渡区域呈现的特性偏向于低纬特性.准零风层随经度变化非常小,零风线所在高度随经度的变化幅度一般不超过2 km,过渡区域的变化幅度相对大些.      

基于DTW的HJ-1B卫星地表温度产品质量检验

HJ-1B卫星热红外数据应用广泛,但其地表温度反演产品的质量检验工作尚不完善。以黑河流域为研究区,利用普适性单通道算法得到HJ 1B地表温度,基于7个地面站点（下垫面为荒漠、沙漠、植被、农作物、雪地和湿地）同步观测资料和MODIS地表温度产品（MOD11A1）,引入动态时间规整方法（DTW）对站点处HJ 1B地表温度进行验证。试验结果表明：HJ 1B地表温度反演产品与地面观测值的偏差值在沙漠和荒漠站点为1K以内,均方根误差在05K左右;对于植被和农作物站点的偏差在2K以内,均方根误差为1~2K;基于DTW的验证对时序不匹配的数据评价结果与现有指标表现一致。HJ-1B地表温度反演产品与地面站点的相对偏差均低于其与MODIS地表温度反演产品的相对偏差。     

北京地区大气温度及重力波活动的季节变化

利用瑞利激光雷达观测数据,分析了北京地区35~70km高度范围内大气温度和重力波活动的季节变化.发现北京地区30~70km高度范围内的大气温度有明显的年周期变化:平流层顶最高温度出现在6,7月份,大约为270K;中间层70km高度最低温度也出现在6,7月份,大约为200K.以2014年10月14日晚数据为例,分析重力波势能密度,发现50km以下重力波势能存在耗散,而在50km以上重力波近乎无耗散地向上传播.通过对比35~50km高度范围内的平均势能密度,对北京地区重力波活动强弱的季节变化进行了研究.研究结果表明,北京上空重力波活动强度具有明显的年周期变化,冬季平均势能密度为18J·kg-1,夏季为8J·kg-1,且冬季重力波活动强度约为夏季的两倍.此外,还分析了春夏秋冬四个季节重力波势能密度随高度的变化.结果表明,不同季节和不同高度的重力波势能密度不同.      

Temperature comparison between CHAMP radio occultation and TIMED/SABER measurements in the lower stratosphere

Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver on the CHAllenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, provide middle atmosphere temperature profiles by Radio Occultation (RO) and limb viewing infrared emission measurements, respectively. These temperature profiles retrieved by two different techniques in the stratosphere are compared with each other using more than 1300 correlative profiles in March, September and December 2005. The over-all mean differences averaged over 15 and 35 km are approximately −2 K and standard deviation is less than 3 K. Below 20 km of altitude, relatively small mean temperature differences ∼1 K are observed in wide latitudinal range except for June (during the SABER nighttime observation). In the middle to low latitudes, between 30°S and 30°N, the temperature difference increases with height from ∼0–1 K at 15 km, to ∼−4 K at 35 km of altitude. Large temperature differences about −4 to −6 K are observed between 60°S and 30°N and 31–35 km of altitude for all months and between 0° and 30°N below 16 km during June (nighttime).     

Boundary of nighttime ozone chemical equilibrium in the mesopause region: Improved criterion of determining the boundary from satellite data

A modified derivation of the criterion of nighttime ozone chemical equilibrium (NOCE) in the mesopause region is presented. According to 3D model calculations, the improved criterion reproduces the lower boundary of the equilibrium much better than its earlier version. Processing of the SABER/TIMED data of 2021 has shown that the modified criterion elevates the NOCE boundary by ～ 0.1–1.7 km, depending on latitude and season. The proposed method of determining the condition of chemical equilibrium can be used to analyse the equilibrium of many trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere important for different practical applications.     

Kinetic temperature and carbon dioxide from broadband infrared limb emission measurements taken from the TIMED/SABER instrument

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment is one of four instruments on NASA’s Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. SABER measures broadband infrared limb emission and derives vertical profiles of kinetic temperature (Tk) from the lower stratosphere to approximately 120 km, and vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO₂) volume mixing ratio (vmr) from approximately 70 km to 120 km. In this paper we report on SABER Tk/CO₂ data in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region from the version 1.06 dataset. The continuous SABER measurements provide an excellent dataset to understand the evolution and mechanisms responsible for the global two-level structure of the mesopause altitude. SABER MLT Tk comparisons with ground-based sodium lidar and rocket falling sphere Tk measurements are generally in good agreement. However, SABER CO₂ data differs significantly from TIME-GCM model simulations. Indirect CO₂ validation through SABER-lidar MLT Tk comparisons and SABER-radiation transfer comparisons of nighttime 4.3 μm limb emission suggest the SABER-derived CO₂ data is a better representation of the true atmospheric MLT CO₂ abundance compared to model simulations of CO₂ vmr.     

Long-period meteor radar temperature variations over Collm (51°N, 13°E) and Kazan (56°N, 49°E)

We have estimated temperatures from meteor radar measurements using the gradient method and the full width at half maximum method over Kazan (56°N 49°E) and Collm (51°N, 13°E). The time series cover the period 2016–2019. The temperature gradient model is constructed from SABER temperature observations. We demonstrate that annual mean, amplitudes and phases of the annual and semiannual oscillations of the radar temperatures are close to those of the MLS and SABER temperatures. The annual mean temperatures over Kazan and Collm differ non-significantly. The seasonal variability of the radar temperature is mostly due to the annual cycle which tends to grow with latitude. The gradient method produces temperatures which agree with the SABER temperatures better than with the MLS ones. The harmonics of the annual oscillations from periods of 73 days up to periods of about 40 days are the most significant day-to-day temperature oscillations and have zonal wavenumber zero. Their periods and phases are in good correspondence with those of the MLS and SABER ones. We also show some results which demonstrate that at 56°N the FWHM method is not as robust as the gradient method.     

Seasonal Variations of Mesospheric Densities Observed by Rayleigh Lidar at Golmud,Qinghai

From Aug. 2013 to Oct. 2015, a Rayleigh lidar has been used to study the middle atmosphere at Golmud (36.25°N, 94.54°E), Qinghai, located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Mesospheric density profiles from 50 to 90 km were retrieved based on 205 nights of lidar observation, with a total of 1616 hours of operation. We compared our lidar density measurements with SABER observations onboard TIMED satellite and MSIS-00 model data. The results showed that the annual mean density measured by lidar agreed well with SABER data, but both were lower than that of MSIS-00. All datasets exhibited dominant annual oscillation in the mesosphere. From 63 to 85 km, the annual amplitude of lidar density is larger than those of SABER and MSIS-00. PDD (Percentage of Density Difference) was calculated to investigate the mesospheric density climatology. The largest density variations of lidar, MSIS-00, and SABER occurred at around 72 km. Both lidar and SABER PDD reached their maximum in May, about one month earlier than the MSIS-00; while the minimum PDD appeared in late December for all datasets.