X射线天文卫星观测需求分析与控制总体设计

对X射线天文卫星观测需求进行了分析,提炼了观测任务对观测模式、源的高精度定位与对准、轨道、热控、测控数传等多项需求与约束;针对X射线观测的多需求、多约束难点,设计了集巡天观测、定点观测与小天区扫描观测于一体的观测模式,解决了一颗卫星同时实现全天扫描、银道面深度扫描、重要惯性区域扫描、重要及机遇目标深度观测以及伽马暴全天监测的多种观测需求的难题,该技术已在我国硬X射线调制望远镜卫星上得到应用.     

HXMT卫星长期任务规划算法

硬X射线调制望远镜（HXMT）卫星是中国首颗空间X射线天文卫星.为充分利用卫星资源,使科学产出最大化,需要进行长期任务规划.长期任务规划是一个复杂的多目标优化问题.通过分析HXMT观测特点和约束条件,建立了HXMT长期任务规划问题模型,并采用贪婪算法加遗传算法对模型进行求解.实例分析结果表明该方法能够有效解决HXMT长期任务规划问题.      

天空中最亮的闪光

2004年12月27日，包括地球轨道卫星和星际探测器在内的十余个人造航天器，都探测到了来自太阳系外的一次超级伽玛射线爆发事件。这是迄今为止人类观测到的最剧烈的一次伽玛射线暴，堪称百年难遇的天文奇观。假如这次爆发离我们只有10光年，地球上空的大气臭氧层就会被完全破坏，我们的星球将赤裸地暴露在各种射线之下，包括人类在内的所有生命将荡然无存。     

透视宇宙的眼睛——“硬X射线调制望远镜”

中国“硬X射线调制望远镜”（Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,简称HXMT）天文卫星将是国际上已知计划中唯一一台既可以实现宽波段、高灵敏度X射线巡天成像,又能够研究黑洞、中子星等高能天体的短时标光变和宽波段能谱的空间X射线天文观测设备。作为我国第1颗天文卫星,HXMT已被明确列入国家《“十一五”空间科学发展规划》和《航天发展“十一五”规划》。HXMT上天后,不仅将使我国的高能天体物理观测研究达到国际先进水平,还可为提升我国在深空探测等方面的能力作出重要贡献。     

SVOM卫星星载VHF系统设计

星载VHF系统是中法天文卫星SVOM（Space Variable Objects Monitor）的重要组成部分,为科学目标位置信息及重要数据提供VHF频段的准实时信息下传通道.本文介绍了SVOM卫星星载VHF系统的设计方案,对单机设计、软件设计和调制算法设计等进行了详细描述.SVOM卫星VHF系统是中国首个采用4CPFSK调制方式设计的VHF频段星载数据传输系统.测试和试验表明,星载VHF系统的工程实现满足卫星应用需求,为空间科学卫星重要数据实时传输提供了解决方案.      

即将发射的"雨燕"天文观测卫星

2004年11月，“雨燕”(Swift)卫星计划由德尔他-2火箭发射升空，进入到低地球轨道(LEO)。Swift是观测γ射线暴(GRB)快速反应的天文卫星，用于对GRB进行研究。它可观测GRB及其在γ射线、X射线、紫外线和可见光波段中的余辉。     

天区机遇目标空间探测任务规划算法

针对中法合作SVOM卫星的天区范围内机遇目标规划问题（ToO-MM），对其中的约束条件和优化目标进行抽象，建立了规划问题数学模型，设计实现了基于启发式规则的机遇目标规划算法TMHPA。以最大化卫星科学观测收益和最大化应急任务响应度为优化目标，考虑卫星姿态调整时间的影响，对观测任务和数传任务进行规划。通过仿真实验验证算法的有效性，结果表明该方法能够在保证算法收敛性和时效性同时，给出卫星在天区范围内的网格单元（tile）目标观测序列以及执行数传任务的时段安排，实现对ToO目标观测的快速响应，并及时下传机遇目标科学观测数据，满足规划算法的设计需求。     

一种面向动态需求的多优先级天文观测卫星任务重规划方法

针对多优先级天文观测卫星任务动态规划问题，分析了高优先级任务动态插入以及未知事件中断原任务规划方案执行的情况，研究了原任务规划方案相应的动态规划问题.在关于SVOM （Space multi-band Variable Object Monitor）卫星任务规划系统的研究中，针对单星机遇目标任务重规划问题，提出一种基于滚动优化策略的任务重规划求解方案.在每个滚动周期内，优先安排高优先级动态到达任务，回滚处理原方案中受未知事件和高优先级机遇目标影响的任务，或者删除原方案中受影响的任务.目标函数综合考虑了全年卫星任务规划总时长和机遇目标的规划总时长.仿真验证结果表明，本文设计方法对于快速响应高优先级机遇目标以及提高服务质量具有一定意义.      

日本发射X射线天文卫星

日本宇宙航空研究戌机构6月10日利用M-5火箭发射了一颗X射线天文卫星，该卫星的任务是探测宇宙中的黑洞及星系活动等。     

伽玛射线看宇宙--新一代高能望远镜发射升空

莫斯科时间10月17日8时41分(北京时间同日12时41分),新一代高能望远镜“积分”(Integral)搭乘俄“质子K”火箭,从哈萨克斯坦的拜科努尔发射场顺利升空。约92分钟后,火箭将望远镜送入预定轨道。“积分”是欧空局有史以来最灵敏的伽玛射线望远镜,总重约两吨。“积分”能够在太空中捕捉伽俐玛射线、X射线,观测黑洞、射电脉冲星等高能天体。它获得的图像、遥感信息可被传至地面站,供深入研究。     

Progress on SVOM Satellite Development

SVOM (Space-based multiband astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) is a Chinese-French space mission dedicated to studying Gamma-Ray Bursts. The satellite has four instruments to detect and localize the prompt GRB emission and measure the evolution of the afterglow in the visible band and in X-rays, and a VHF communication system enabling the fast transmission of SVOM alerts to the ground. The ground segment includes an array of wide-angle cameras and two follow-up telescopes. It was planned to be in orbit in 2021, and now has to be delayed about six months because of COVID-19 epidemic.      

基于遗传算法的Tiling覆盖策略天文卫星任务规划

天文卫星机遇目标任务规划是一个复杂的多目标优化问题.针对Tiling覆盖策略的机遇目标任务规划要求及其约束条件进行抽象,建立任务规划问题模型,在规划模型基础上设计基于遗传算法的多目标优化任务规划算法TPA,并通过实例数据验证了不同参数条件下的求解.在解决Tiling覆盖策略的天文卫星机遇目标多目标任务规划问题时,所提方...     

Brief Introduction about the SVOM Mission

SVOM is a mission dedicated for studying γ-Ray Bursts, and will also be a powerful target-ofopportunity observatory for the whole astronomy community. The mission has been approved jointly by both Chinese and French space agencies. It is planned to be in the orbit in 2021 with an altitude ≤ 600 km and an inclination ≤ 30°.      

Real-time clock comparison and monitoring with multi-GNSS precise point positioning: GPS,GLONASS and Galileo

The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is widely used in time and frequency applications. Because of the real-time service (RTS) project of the International GNSS Service, we can use the PPP technique for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. As a participant in the RTS, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) implements the PPPWIZARD (Precise Point Positioning with Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) project to validate carrier phase ambiguity resolution. Unlike the Integer-PPP (IPPP) of the CNES, fixing ambiguities in the post-processing mode, the PPPWIZARD operates in the real-time mode, which is also called real-time IPPP (RT-IPPP). This paper focuses on applying the RT-IPPP for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. We review the principle of real-time clock comparison and monitoring, and introduce the methodology of the RT-IPPP technique. The observations of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo were processed for the experiments. Five processing modes were provided in the experiment to analyze the benefits of ambiguity resolution and multi-GNSS. In the clock comparison experiment, the average reduction ratios of standard deviations with respect to the G PPP mode range from 9.7% to 35.0%. In the clock monitoring experiment, G PPP mode can detect clock jumps whose magnitudes are larger than 0.9 ns. The RT-IPPP technique with GRE PPP AR (G) mode allows for the detection of any clock jumps larger than 0.6 ns. For frequency monitoring, G PPP mode allows detection of frequency changes larger than 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴. When the RT-IPPP technique is applied, monitoring with GRE PPP AR (G) mode can detect frequency changes larger than 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁵.     

Analysis of CNES’ scientific production in aerospace research: 60 years of commitment with the future

CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales) acts, since its creation in 1961, as the French Space Agency and is a key leader in space research, and scientific and technical developments. Its involvement in a broad range of programs has positioned CNES as one of the most relevant national research agencies, leading efforts and initiatives in both European and international contexts. This article provides a review and analysis of the scientific and technical production of CNES, using as input the papers written by CNES staff referenced in the Scopus database. The period under study dates to 1964 and includes more than 10.000 documents. The study analyses measurable characteristics of CNES documents’ production: productivity, collaboration, and impact through citations. This paper provides a contribution aimed to gain a better understanding and characterisation of the scientific activity completed by Space agencies.     

Time-dependent thermal X-ray afterglows from GRBS

Time-dependent thermal X-ray spectra are calculated from physically plausible conditions around GRB. It is shown that account for time-dependent ionization processes strongly affects the observed spectra of hot rarefied plasma. These calculations may provide an alternative explanation to the observed X-ray lines of early GRBs afterglows (such as GRB 011211). Our technique will allow one to obtain independent constraints on the GRB collimation angle and on the clumpiness of circumstellar matter.     

Progress on Space Solar Telescope in 2004 - 2006

The progress on Chinese Space Solar Telescope (SST) in 2004-2006 is introduced. The scientific objectives are further clarified and the ground operation system has been planned. The 7 key technical problems of SST satellite platform and payloads have been tackled, which lay solid scientific and technological foundations for engineering prototype phase of the SST project. At present the SST project undergoes evaluation by CNSA and CAS so as to enter the engineering prototype phase of the SST project if it is finally approved.     

Spot 1 end of life disposition manoeuvres

The Earth observation satellites of the SPOT family are on a Sun-synchronous orbit at 822 km altitude. The on-orbit lifetime of objects at this altitude is about two centuries, which represents an important risk to the other satellites.The space debris issue has caused the main Agencies to adopt mitigation guidelines with the objective to reduce the population of objects orbiting the Earth. In 1999, CNES published its own standard presenting the management, design and operation rules. This document is fully compliant with the Inter Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) mitigation guidelines approved in 2002 by 11 Space Agencies and submitted to United Nations – Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in February 2003.The space debris mitigation requirements expressed in the CNES standard and in the IADC mitigation guidelines limit the orbital lifetime in LEO to less than 25 years. Although not applicable to Spot 1, launched earlier in 1986, this rule was voluntarily applied and the decision to deorbit Spot 1 was taken.The corresponding operations, performed in November 2003, were complex due to a large number of constraints such as the unusual flight domain, the on-board sensors, the short ground station visibilities or the uncertainties in the estimation of the remaining fuel in the tanks. In the preliminary phase, the orbit was lowered 15 km below the operational orbit to avoid any collision risk with the other Spot satellites. Then, in a second phase, a series of eight apogee boosts lowered progressively the perigee altitude to 619 km. Finally, a large last manoeuvre was performed to empty the tanks and to reduce the perigee altitude the maximum amount. A succession of four ground stations visibilities allowed a real time monitoring of this manoeuvre. In particular the effect of gas bubbles in the propulsion system was observed through telemetry confirming the fuel depletion. The batteries were then disconnected and the telemetry emitter was switched off. According to the obtained perigee altitude, the on-orbit lifetime of Spot 1 should be about 18 years, which meets the space debris mitigation requirements.