利用卫星两行轨道根数反演热层密度

两行轨道根数（TLEs）是基于一般摄动理论产生的用于预报地球轨道飞行器位置和速度的一组轨道参数,通过求解大气阻力微分方程,可反演出热层大气密度. 本文选取近圆轨道CHAMP卫星和椭圆轨道Explorer8卫星,以两行轨道根数数据为基础,计算反弹道系数,并根据不同轨道特征采用两种不同反演方法对热层大气密度进行研究. 结果表明,这两种方法反演得到的大气密度与实测值均符合较好,其中CHAMP卫星的反演结果和经验模式值相对于实测值的误差分别为7.94%和13.94%,Explorer8卫星的误差分别为9.04%和14.32%. 相比模式值,利用两行轨道根数数据反演的热层大气密度更接近于实测值,说明该方法可以作为获取大量可靠大气密度数据的一种有效途径.      

世界空间高能天文发展展望

1引言 空间高能天文是空间天文中最先发展起来的、至今仍然非常活跃的一门学科。它研究涉及宇宙中最极端的一类天体——致密天体（包括白矮星、中子星和黑洞）的形成及其结构,星系中心超大质量黑洞的增长及其与星系的共同增长,高度相对论喷流、高能宇宙线粒子加速、宇宙中最高密度、最强压力、最强磁场、最强引力、最高真空等最极端状态下的物理规律,     

柔性系绳平衡状态临界绳长研究

为了确定柔性系绳系统在平衡状态下的临界绳长,在考虑大气阻力、系绳伸展性、系绳质量等因素的情况下,基于系绳系统轨道运动建立了系绳平衡状态方程.为确定求解系绳平衡方程所需初值条件,分析了载荷受力情况并建立其平衡状态方程,进而分析给出了系绳长度达到临界值的条件以及临界绳长的计算方法.仿真计算了不同载荷质量、系绳直径和载荷弹道系数这三种情况下系绳的临界绳长,分别拟合得到这三种情况下临界绳长的计算方程,并分析了不同载荷质量、系绳直径和载荷弹道系数对系绳临界绳长的影响.      

极区顶部电离层离子上行的太阳活动依赖性研究

利用第23太阳活动周DMSP F12,F13和F15卫星数据,分别对南北半球极区顶部电离层离子上行的太阳活动依赖性进行了研究.结果表明,南北半球上行事件对太阳活动的响应特征基本一致,即高（低）太阳活动时,离子上行通量以及上行数密度较大（小）,但是上行速度及上行发生率较低（高）.以南半球高纬为例,计算得到离子上行通量、数密度、速度及发生率在高低太阳活动条件下的比值分别约为2.26,3.35,0.71,0.51.对离子上行太阳活动依赖性的可能原因进行了分析.不同太阳活动水平下,光致电离及高能粒子沉降的差异会导致电离层离子密度的不同,而电离层离子密度的变化会改变离子elax-elax中性大气之间的碰撞频率,这是影响离子上行发生率的一个重要原因.      

发射系下的SINS/CNS/GNSS组合导航UKF滤波算法

弹载系统的组合导航系统模型常建立在发射惯性坐标系下,且捷联惯性/天文导航/卫星导航（SINS/CNS/GNSS）是一种目前研究较多的组合模式。该组合导航系统的状态方程具有强非线性的特点,常用的滤波方法为扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）。为了提高组合导航系统的精度及可靠性,对该组合导航系统的无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）模型进行了设计,直接将姿态、位置与速度参数作为状态的一部分,利用CNS及GNSS提供的姿态与位置构成量测方程,并详细给出了姿态样本点的生成、均值及方差的生成过程。仿真结果表明,相对于EKF算法,采用UKF算法后各导航参数的精度可提高约20%~30%,并且系统的实时性也可以得到保证。     

多组SIMU误差系数验前分布的融合建模方法

基于Bootstrap方法、随机加权法和数据融合理论,对某型捷联惯组误差系数的多组测试数据进行概率统计分析.首先,对33个误差系数的多组验前总体和当前总体分别进行方差和均值的齐性检验,结果发现有一些参数通过了方差齐性检验,但均值基本上都不能通过齐性检验.为此,针对这种异源总体验前分布的建模问题,定义了验前信息的质量权重;其次,提出一种多组小样本数据参数的Bootstrap和随机加权融合估计方法,得到某型惯组多组误差系数的融合验前分布密度;最后结合对不同批次、不同使用单位惯组的多组动态数据的初步统计分析,给出一些结论与建议.     

小天体动能撞击防御中动量传递因子敏感参数分析

动量传递因子β是评估动能撞击效果的重要参量。根据动能撞击过程中动量传递因子的理论模型,分析了撞击器特性参数和小天体结构特性参数对动量传递因子取值的影响,并对不同动能撞击方案以及不同材料特性小天体的成坑效应和动量传递因子进行分析。研究表明：标度律参数μ对β影响较大,μ是地面实验拟合得到的系数,与材料强度特性相关;当小天体为单体岩石结构时,撞击器速度及密度、小天体密度及表面强度对β影响较大,而撞击器半径和小天体引力对β影响较小;当小天体为碎石堆结构时,β对撞击器特性参数和小天体特性参数不敏感,且数值较小。对三种不同动能撞击方案的成坑效应与动量传递因子形成规律进行研究,发现撞击器初始动能对β影响较大。当小天体为单体岩石结构时,其对应的动量传递因子取值较大,而当小天体为碎石堆结构时,其对应的β取值较小且基本不变。对相同动能撞击方案下不同材料特性小天体（C型、S型和X型小行星）产生的撞击效应进行分析,发现在引力主导时,βC>βS>βX,而在强度主导时β取值较小且基本相同。     

利用支持向量机预测大磁暴期间Dst指数的变化

利用支持向量机（SVM）模型对大磁暴期间Dst指数进行预报研究.以1995-2014年期间的80次大磁暴（Dst≤-100nT）事件共2662组观测数据为研究对象,以对应时间的太阳风参数为模型输入参数,同时建立了神经网络模型和线性机模型进行对比,并利用交叉验证提高预测结果的可靠性.为比较不同模型的预测效果,选用相关系数（CC）、均方根误差（RMS）、磁暴期间Dst指数最小值预测结果的平均绝对误差以及Dst指数最小值出现时间预测结果的平均绝对误差等统计量作为对比参数.结果显示SVM模型的预测效果最好,其中相关系数为0.89,均方根误差为24.27nT,所有磁暴事件的最小Dst值预测平均绝对误差为17.35nT,最小Dst值出现时间的预测平均绝对误差为3.2h.为进一步检验模型对不同活动水平磁暴预报效果的可能差异,将所有磁暴事件分为大磁暴（-200 相似文献   

自由涡数值计算的参数影响分析

介绍了自由涡方法中多个参数的影响,包括桨叶离散段数、有弯度翼型的涡网格密度、尾迹的长度.从桨叶根部到桨尖采用分区离散,内段区域离散稀疏,桨尖区域离散细密,根部区域的离散密度对计算结果影响不大,桨尖区域的离散密度对计算结果影响较大;采用涡网格模拟有弯度的翼型,涡网格的密度对计算结果有较大影响,但密度过大对于计算精度提高影响不大.悬停和小速度前飞状态,取9圈自由涡尾迹就能够得到较好的计算结果,爬升和大速度前飞状态下,取7圈自由涡就能够得到足够的计算精度.在上述参数中,自由涡圈数对计算时间的影响最大.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.