基于改进CO-RS的平流层飞艇总体设计与优化

为改进响应面协同优化(CO-RS,Collaborative Optimization based on Response Surface)方法的工程实用性,提出改进的CO-RS方法.在响应面建立中应用广义乘子法和信赖域法,取消响应面更新对梯度的依赖性.针对平流层飞艇的总体设计与优化问题,基于改进的CO-RS框架,进行了系统任务分析和学科耦合分析.对气动与推进子系统、结构子系统和能源子系统进行了学科分析,以最小化平流层飞艇的质量为目标,建立基于改进CO-RS框架的多学科设计优化(MDO,Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)模型和相应的学科分析模型.利用iSIGHT软件搭建求解平台,采用改进的CO-RS算法进行仿真计算,并得到合理结果,验证了所建立的MDO模型的合理性和改进的CO-RS算法在平流层飞艇总体设计优化中的有效性.     

基于响应面法的月球着陆器软着陆性能优化

为了提高月球着陆器软着陆性能,建立了月球着陆器的多体动力学参数化模型.对某典型恶劣工况进行了优化拉丁超立方实验设计,辨识关键实验因子.利用参数化模型和实验设计获取样本点构造了响应面模型,并检验了响应面的拟合精度.以多个动力学性能作为优化目标,用响应面计算结果构造目标函数和约束条件,对响应面参数做多目标优化.将优化所得参数代入动力学模型中进行仿真,优化效果明显,验证了基于响应面法的软着陆性能优化方法的可行性,为今后的仿真实验提供参考.      

神经网络在飞翼布局飞机主动涡流控制中的应用

以小展弦比飞翼布局飞机为研究对象,其本体的优化增稳控制器由3个气动舵面(连续控制面)构成.为增加操纵能力,基于神经网络设计了主动涡流(bang-bang型控制面)优化控制器.为加快网络的训练速度和收敛精度,采用三层反馈神经网络,通过改变每层网络权重和隐层神经元单元个数对网络进行优化.最后给出了增加主动涡流控制器的飞机闭环系统的响应结果.与仅采用气动舵面闭环响应结果的对比仿真表明,增加主动涡流控制器后闭环系统可获得更好的响应特性,系统达到稳态的时间和所需气动舵面的控制量均明显减小.      

起竖系统的优化设计

对起竖系统的优化设计从快速性、受力情况等 方面进行了分析,确定了优化目标.对每个目 标函数进行无量纲化处理,采用传统的线性加权法进行了多目标优化求解.采用均匀试验设 计确定样本点,基于协同仿真获得样本数据,建立了多项式响应面模型,对某起竖系统关键 支点的位置进行了多学科优化.通过构造的评价函数,同传统的多目标优化方法得到的结果 进行比较,分析了2种方法的差异,表明了多项式响应面方法的有效性,为起竖系统的进一 步开发和设计提供了有利的工具.      

改进的重要度抽样法在机构可靠性中的应用

在对响应面法和重要度抽样法研究的基础上,针对机构可靠性分析的特点,研究了将重要度抽样和响应面法相结合的机构可靠性分析方法,同时根据以上方法开发了相应的计算仿真软件,并对某型飞机升降舵操纵机构在规定时间内下偏到位的可靠性进行了分析计算.结果表明:该方法可显著提高机构可靠度计算的效率,是一种较好的机构可靠性分析方法.      

基于响应面优化的结构有限元模型修正

针对结构有限元分析中模型精度低的问题,提出了响应面优化的模型修正方法.利用优化拉丁方试验设计样本点,F值检验筛选出修正参数构造不完全4阶多项式响应面并检验响应面有效性.引入遗传算法以响应面计算值与试验值的残差为目标来优化修正参数,将修正值代入初始模型中得到修正模型.三自由度系统数值算例,验证了模型中参数准确、参数不存在和参数有误差3种工况下,响应面优化方法的模型修正能力.以GARTEUR飞机模型为对象,筛选显著性参数进行模型修正,结果表明修正后模型不但在修正频段和预测频段具有良好的复现和预测能力,还能预测结构局部修改后的频率,证实了经过参数筛选后响应面优化的模型修正有效性.     

基于径向基函数响应面的机翼有限元模型修正

用ANSYS三维实体单元SOLID45建立机翼基准有限元模型并计算其自由振动的前6阶模态频率.用均匀设计方法将结构参数分组并分别计算各组结构参数对应的模态频率,建立高斯径向基函数响应面模型.用最小二乘法则拟合系数并检验响应面拟合精度,对基准模型的结构参数施加摄动量建立待修正有限元模型.用响应面模型和基准模型计算所得模态频率的相对误差建立适应度函数的表达式,将混沌搜索机制引入粒子群算法对结构参数的摄动量进行寻优计算,搜索所得优化解代入即得修正后模型,将修正后模型与基准模型在测试频段内段外的模态频率近似度进行比较,证实了修正后模型的有效性.      

基于神经网络遗传算法的CFRP拉挤工艺优化

根据固化动力学和传热学理论,建立了碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CFRP,Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)拉挤成型非稳态温度场与固化动力学数学模型.采用有限元与有限差分相结合的方法,结合ANSYS求解耦合场的间接耦合法,对CFRP拉挤过程非稳态温度场和固化度进行数值模拟.使用特殊设计制作的铝毛细管封装的布拉格光栅光纤(FBG,Fiber Bragg Gratings)传感器,对温度场进行实时检测;并采用索氏萃取实验测定CFRP制品固化度.模拟与实验结果基本吻合.以数值模拟结果为样本建立反向传播神经网络,训练得到固化炉温度与CFRP固化度之间的非线性相关关系.采用神经网络与遗传算法相结合的方法,优化得出拉挤固化炉三段最佳温度值,结果表明神经网络结合遗传算法优化拉挤工艺参数快捷有效.     

基于改进加权响应面的结构可靠度计算方法

在结构可靠度分析中，响应面法由于具有良好的适用性和可操作性，是目前广泛使用的基于代理模型的分析方法。针对响应面法的计算效率和精度难以平衡兼顾等难点问题，提出一种基于改进加权响应面的结构可靠度计算方法。首先，在迭代过程中，同时考虑样本点与验算点距离、极限状态函数值、联合概率密度函数值3个权重因子对样本点进行赋权，采用加权回归并重复利用已有样本点更新不含交叉项的二次多项式响应面函数。其次，在迭代收敛后，选取已有样本点中权重较大的样本点加权拟合含有交叉项的二次多项式响应面函数。最后，结合数值算例和工程案例，通过与传统抽样方法和其他响应面法进行对比，验证了改进加权响应面法的可行性。结果表明所提方法具有较高效率的同时也保证了精度。      

飞机飞行控制律/操纵效率器多学科优化设计

基于近似模型和遗传算法,针对多操纵面布局飞机提出一种对全包线飞行控制律和操纵效率器几何形状与位置进行多学科优化的设计方法.该方法采用力矩控制方式进行控制,应用鲁棒增益调参方法设计全包线飞行控制系统,利用试验设计方法和径向基神经网络响应面获取近似的气动学科模型和控制学科模型,在近似模型基础上由遗传算法获得优化的设计参数并最终获得优化的控制律和操纵效率器.以某多操纵面布局无尾飞机为例进行计算机飞行仿真验证,结果表明该方法具有可行性.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.