太阳光谱辐射强度变化对地球能量平衡的影响分析

目前太阳对地球能量平衡影响的研究大都是以太阳总辐射通量密度作为输入参数的. 本文以美国航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA）太阳辐射与气候实验项目的卫星实测数据为基础,对太阳上升相（2010年上半年）和下降相（2007年12月）期间太阳光谱变化对地球能量平衡的影响进行了研究. 结果表明,2010年上半年较强的太阳总辐射通量密度主要是由紫外及红外波段的能量增强引起的,其在200～400nm 和760～4000nm波段内的平均能量分别增加了0.11%和0.05%,而在 400～760nm可见光区的能量却呈减小趋势,平均减小量为0.05%. 通过对MLS2.2全球臭氧日数据进行再分析后发现,相对于2007年12月,2010年上半年平流层臭氧浓度也有所增加,其中在太阳紫外辐射呈现较大增强的2月和3月,其臭氧增量也相对较大,最大值分别出现在33km和40km处,值为0.6mL·m-3和0.62mL·m-3. 因此,可见光区能量减弱与平流层臭氧浓度增加的双重削弱作用致使虽然2010年上半年的太阳总辐射通量密度较大,但是到达对流层顶的太阳辐射却有所减小,最大减小量出现在3月,值为0.15W·m-2. 这一结果说明,太阳活动或总辐射通量密度的增强也有可能对地球对流层系统起到冷却作用.      

RCS分析中多次反射的计算及程序实现技术

介绍目标RCS分析计算中多次散射的计算方法,计算多次散射时主要考虑面元-面元之间的相互作用,计算过程采用几何光学法(GO)、物理光学法(PO),在总后向RCS计算中还运用了等效电磁流法.同时,文中讨论计算多次散射的程序实现技术.最后,给出计算例子,考虑多次散射时总的后向RCS计算结果与前人发表的实验结果相吻合.      

SAR图像舰船识别的三维空间逆投影与匹配技术

提出一种合成孔径雷达（SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar）图像舰船识别新技术.首先通过将SAR图像逆投影至三维（3-D,Three-Dimensional）目标空间,提取目标空间3-D逆投影散射图 （BPSI,Back Projection Scattering Image）来表征观测舰船目标的强散射源三维分布;然后采用物理光学法预测各候选舰船目标的3-D热点散射图（HSPI,Hot Scattering Point Image）,进而匹配3-D BPSI与3-D HSPI来识别舰船.为了提高计算效率,采用一种两级分层匹配策略：第1步利用几何特征进行预筛选;少数被选取的候选目标参与第2步的分类判决,同时设计一种便于实现的“模糊”匹配准则,克服了“点对点”准则对计算误差等非理想因素敏感的问题.仿真和实测舰船SAR图像的实验结果,显示了3-D散射特征在目标区分能力和可视化效果方面的优势,证明了该方法的有效性.     

超声提取-离子色谱法测定蜂蜜柚子茶中的可溶性糖

建立超声提取-高效阴离子交换-脉冲安培检测（HPAE-PAD）同时分离并测定蜂蜜柚子茶中可溶性糖的分析方法.采用METROSEP CARB 1（150mm×4.0mm）分离柱,对分离条件进行了优化,确定淋洗液为5.0mmol/L的NaOH溶液,流速为1.0mL/min.蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖的检出限分别为0.2,0.1,1.0μg/mL.混合标准溶液连续6次进样,峰高相对标准偏差为1.56%3.40%,回收率为86.80%98.80%.该方法样品前处理简单,灵敏度高,为蜂蜜柚子茶的质量检测提供了一个简单有效的方法.     

135.6nm夜气辉峰值电子密度反演算法及误差

根据夜间135.6nm大气辉光光强与F₂层峰值电子密度N_mF₂平方成正比的物理机制,在前期夜间135.6nm气辉辐射激发模型研究的基础上建立了峰值电子密度的反演算法,把全球经纬度分成若干格点,每个格点的电离层及中性成分信息分别由IRI2000和MSISE90提供,将电离层及中性成分廓线输入夜气辉辐射激发模型,计算每个格点135.6nm气辉的辐射强度,然后将各个格点的135.6nm气辉辐射强度与电离层廓线输入的N_mF₂平方拟合得到气辉强度与N_mF₂的转换因子.利用此方法可获得不同地方时、季节和太阳活动周期的转换因子组成查算表,进而根据实际探测的135.6nm气辉辐射强度反演相应时空的N_mF₂.最后对该算法的反演误差进行了综合分析,为该算法适用的时空特性提供重要理论支撑.      

二维海面上三维电大尺寸舰船目标电磁散射仿真

目标特征的建模、仿真和分析对于合成孔径雷达（SAR）基于图像的自动识别（ATR）系统具有重要的意义。研究了海面舰船目标的电磁散射计算以及雷达成像仿真。基于矩量法及其并行计算方法,对电大尺寸舰船目标及与海面复合的散射特性进行了研究,给出了不同频带、空间方位、极化的散射特性。在频域对回波数据作离散傅里叶逆变换,得到海面舰船目标的一维距离像。运用极坐标格式成像算法得到其二维聚束SAR成像结果,清晰地重构目标的轮廓。      

CMOS器件单粒子效应电荷收集机理

针对90 nm CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor）工艺,采用三维数值模拟方法,研究了反相器中NMOS（Negative channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor）晶体管与PMOS（Positive channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor）晶体管的单粒子瞬变（SET,Single Event Transient）电流脉冲,深入分析了PMOSFET（Positive channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor）与NMOSFET（Negative channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor）发生单粒子效应时电荷输运过程和电荷收集机理.研究结果表明,由于电路耦合作用,反相器中晶体管的电荷收集与单个晶体管差异显著;反相器中PMOS晶体管电荷收集过程中存在寄生双极放大效应,NMOS晶体管中不存在寄生双极放大效应;由于双极放大效应,90 nm工艺下PMOS晶体管产生的SET电压脉冲比NMOS晶体管产生的电压脉冲持续时间更长,进而导致PMOS晶体管的SET效应更加敏感.研究结果为数字电路SET的精确建模、进行大规模集成电路SET效应模拟提供了参考依据.      

中法海洋卫星微波散射计在轨性能验证

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）微波散射计是国际上第一个旋转扇形波束体制散射计，通过优化雷达观测几何实现对地面目标多角度和多方位的高精度测量，提高海面风场、土壤湿度和海冰面积等地球物理参数的反演精度.根据CFOSAT卫星2018年10月发射以来的在轨测试数据，结合散射计系统特点，分析验证了星上定标数据和后向散射系数反演结果的正确性，并对CFOSAT首批科学数据进行了定量分析和系统评价.结果表明，CFOSAT散射计在轨工作状态良好，实际性能与设计预期一致，风速测量精度优于1.5m·-1，风向测量精度优于15°，空间分辨率可达12.5km，在近岸风场监测、土壤湿度遥感和海冰面积估计等应用领域具有独特的优势.      

基于散射光强度的碳黑团聚体分形结构和粒径分布同时反演

利用散射光信号实现碳黑团聚体分形结构和粒径分布参数的同时反演，在火焰辐射换热模拟和污染物测定方面有着重要应用价值。反演的正问题基于瑞利-德拜-甘斯多分散分形团聚体（RDG-PFA）散射理论，研究了2种信号方案，包括多角度散射及多角度散射-准直透射率。反演前，对比2种信号方案的残余适应度值分布发现，散射与透射信号同时使用有效减弱了反问题的病态性。反演过程基于协方差矩阵自适应的演化策略（CMA-ES）算法，该算法具有很强的局部搜索能力，为快速且稳定地反演各个目标参数提供了保障。反演结果表明了CMA-ES算法较大搜索空间内的可行性和普适性，同时也证明了采用多角度散射-准直透射率的组合信号有效提高了目标参数的反演精度。      

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.