Generalization of experimental data on two-phase critical efflux through axisymmetric channels

The results of studying the characteristics of a two-phase flow being formed during adiabatic water efflux through axisymmetric cylindrical and Laval nozzle channels are presented. Experiments were carried out with saturated water in the range of initial pressures 0.6–4.0 MPa. The fluid efflux was performed into the air with atmospheric pressure. The generalizing relations for calculating thrust pulse and critical flowrate were obtained.     

Visualization Experiments of a Specific Fuel Flow Through Quartz-glass Tubes Under both Sub- and Supercritical Conditions

The present work is a visualization study of a typical kerosene (RP-3) flowing through vertical and horizontal quartz-glass tubes under both suband supercritical conditions by a high speed camera. The experiments are accomplished at temperatures of 300-730 K under pressures from 0.107-5 MPa. Six distinctive two-phase flow patterns are observed in upward flow and the critical point of RP-3 is identified as critical pressure pc=2.33 MPa and critical temperature Tc=645.04 K and it is found that when the fluid pressure exceeds 2.33 MPa the flow can be considered as a single phase flow. The critical opalescence phenomenon of RP-3 is observed when the temperature is between 643.16 K and 648.61 K and the pressure is between 2.308 MPa and 2.366 MPa. The region filled by the critical opalescence in the upward flow is clearly larger than that in the downward flow due to the interaction between the buoyancy force and fluid inertia. Morecover, obvious layered flow phenomenon is observed in horizontal flow under supercritical pressures due to the differences of gravity and density.     

可压缩管流中真实气体效应的理论分析与数值模拟

为研究超燃冲压发动机冷却通道内复杂碳氢燃料的可压缩流动特性及相关影响因素,本文在典型工况条件下讨论了超声速膨胀流中真实气体效应的影响。基于平衡热力学理论,明确了气体动力学基础导数对可压缩流动的关键影响,并从气体动力学基础导数的角度出发考察了多种碳氢燃料在临界点附近的特性。同时,在数值模拟程序中耦合了立方型状态方程以准确描述超临界碳氢燃料的热物性参数。最后,对超临界条件下的二维超声速膨胀流进行了数值模拟,捕捉到了超声速扩张管道流动中马赫数下降的现象并揭示了其相应的物理机制。此外,参考发动机冷却通道内的典型工况条件,系统考察了不同入口马赫数、压力与温度等不同来流条件下真实气体效应的影响规律。     

轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析

为获得轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析计算方法,探究轴承腔油气两相介质流动换热规律。以某发动机轴承腔结构为对象,运用CFD方法分析轴承腔中两相介质流动速度、温度分布、体积分数和传热系数分布。基于试验获取轴承腔内外不同位置局部温度,利用温度梯度法计算热流获得传热系数。结果表明:两相介质的流动速度随径向高度增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,在无量纲径向高度为0.6时流速最大。轴承腔中转子及壁面之间的区域两相介质的温度随径向坐标增大呈现先减小后增大趋势。轴承腔内滑油主要分布在回油池及轴承腔外壁面上,回油池旁边其剪力分量和重力方向一致区域的油膜较薄,局部传热系数较小,其方向相反区域的油膜较厚,局部传热系数较大。      

Numerical simulation of a boiling up fluid flow in the variable cross-section channels

A physical and mathematical model of a boiling-up fluid flow in the variable crosssection channels is proposed. The numerical model is based on the solution of the Navier-Stokes nonstationary equations for compressible fluid by the implicit finite-difference method. We present the results of the numerical modeling for two-phase flow characteristics at the initial stage of the evaporation process and the steady-state quasistationary flow of a two-phase medium.     

固体火箭发动机气动喉部的两相流数值模拟

本文对两相流条件下的环缝式气动喉部方案进行了数值模拟。气-粒两相流动模型采用二维轴对称欧拉-拉格朗日模型。研究了二次流不同喷射位置、角度、流率及喷嘴个数对气动喉部调节有效喉部面积大小的影响规律。模拟得到了两相流条件下气动喉部的流场特征,结果表明使二次流的喷入位置越靠近喉部、增大二次流流量或减小喷射角度都能明显增加气动喉部调节性能;由此归纳出增强气动喉部对主流扼流能力的两种主要机制,即增加挤压和流阻。     

极低压下两相流挤压油膜阻尼器油膜参数特性

针对极低供油压力工况开展实验研究,以考察气液两相流对挤压油膜阻尼器(SFD)油膜参数特性的影响。结果表明:当SFD入口气体体积分数小于0.9时,油膜阻尼随着入口气体体积分数的增加而减小,直至气体体积分数增大到0.9时,油膜阻尼是纯油状态时阻尼的60%;当气体体积分数大于0.9时,油膜阻尼大幅减小至几乎可以忽略不计。现有理论模型并不适用于极低供油压力工况。基于实验结果,找到了最符合SFD两相流动的等效黏度模型,其理论预测的油膜阻尼与不同供油压力下的实验数据吻合较好,为SFD两相流研究的模型选择提供了依据。     

Analysis of oil shedding and ligaments formation on bearing rotary elements

For designing efficient lubrication system of an aeroengine bearing chamber, sufficient knowledge on oil/air two-phase flow characteristics is required. When analyzing bearing chamber two-phase flow, the essential prerequisite is quantifying the oil ligaments, which are detached from bearing rotary elements and shed into the bearing chamber. Related investigations are mainly targeted at liquid shedding on the rotating disk as opposed to the bearing rotary elements. Moreover, the research based on bearing rotary elements is conducted by experiment. Due to the limited operating conditions, experimental studies cannot guide engineering applications. To overcome these limitations, a theoretical model is established in this paper, for revealing the mechanism of oil shedding from bearing rotary elements and quantifying the shedding ligaments. The theoretical model is validated against experimental results from classical studies. In addition, the correlation for shedding ligaments number based on aeroengine bearing structural and operational parameters is obtained via theoretical analysis. The analytical results demonstrate that oil shedding and ligaments formation appear at the edge of bearing inner race outer-periphery. The number of shedding ligaments increases with the rise of shaft rotational speed while decreases with the growth of oil viscosity.     

不同流型下轴承腔中油气介质的流动特征参数

 航空发动机轴承腔两相介质流动状态的理解对于润滑和二次空气流动系统的设计是十分重要的。借助于流型分类进行两相介质流动研究,是揭示轴承腔中两相介质流动物理本质的可行途径。由于航空发动机轴承腔润滑状态的复杂性,难以从物理试验直观判断流型类别,通过流动特征参数的差异性判断流型类别是值得探索的方法。发动机轴承腔可能出现的流型有均相流动、分层流动和油膜/空气（含油滴颗粒相）流动。针对这3种流型类别,分析了润滑介质压力和速度相对于不同流型表现出的差异性及其分布特点,同时探讨了转子转速、供油量和密封进气量等工况条件对这种差异性的影响。研究工作表明：轴承腔中润滑介质的压力和速度可以作为判别两相介质流型的特征参数,并且这一判别技术具有较好的鲁棒性。     

考虑汽化的喷嘴高温气流注水两相流动规律

针对某火箭发动机考虑汽化的注水气液两相流问题,研究了液态水的汽化机理。根据不同环境压力下水的饱和温度建立了汽化模型,编制适合于液态水的专用汽化相变求解程序,并通过添加汽化组分源项及热源项的方法将汽化相变计算嵌入到多相流场控制方程中,实现了考虑液态水汽化相变的三维多相流场求解。结合经典算例进行了对比,特征点的两相流场温度计算值和试验的误差控制在8.5%以内,验证了程序三维计算的可靠性。距火箭喷嘴不同距离横截面的两相质量转化率曲线显示,质量转化率从最低值上升到最高值,然后降低到最低值,揭示了考虑相变的气液两相相间反应转化机理。该方法可为运载火箭发射平台发射起始阶段水室的汽化降温提供参考。      

轴承腔油气两相流数值模拟的试验验证

为探索一种适于模拟轴承腔油气两相流流动特性的数值计算模型,建立了一套简化结构的轴承腔试验装置,通过试验研究获得了不同工况对轴承腔通风口出气比例和回油口滑油温升的影响规律.应用Fluent软件,采用Mixture多相流模型和Eulerian多相流模型分别搭配标准k-ε湍流模型和RNG(renormalization group) k-ε湍流模型对选定试验工况进行数值模拟.对比结果表明:当转速为2200r/min时,使用Mixture多相流模型搭配RNG k-ε湍流模型计算的滑油温升与试验值的相对误差仅为2.72%,体现了该计算模型在高转速时的精确性,并在此基础上获得了油气两相流速度场、压力场和温度场的分布特征.      

Numerical and experimental study of twin-fluid two-phase internal-mixing atomizer to develop maximum entropy method

This paper presents an analytical, numerical, and experimental study on atomization characteristics and droplet distribution of a twin-fluid two-phase internal mixing atomizer to develop a Maximum Entropy Method (MEM). A two-phase Eulerian-Lagrangian method is utilized for atomization modeling of the inside and outside atomizer. In order to modify energy and momentum sources in the MEM, parametric studies are performed, and experimental tests are carried out to verify the results by applying the shadowgraph method. An advanced test stand is developed to prepare a wide range of changes in atomization characteristics and mixing ratios. A high degree of consistency is found between numerical results from the developed MEM and experimental tests with different gas-phase pressures and liquid flow rates. The droplet diameter and velocity distribution are reviewed based on various Weber numbers, sources of energy, and momentum. Turbulence modeling assists to estimate the breakup length and time scale precisely in the developed MEM, and distribution ranges with mean values are achieved. With reference to a strong correlation between upstream turbulence flow and the developed MEM verified by experimental tests, an ideal droplet size and velocity distribution prediction is observed.     

Simulation of low-pressure water flow through the Laval nozzle taking into account evaporation on the basis of a two-temperature model of two-phase flow

A water flow through the Laval nozzle is studied using the model of the one-velocity two-temperature two-phase medium motion written on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. As an equation of state for the carrying phase, Tait??s equation is used. The vapor phase dynamics is described by the conservation equation for the concentration of bubbles having the critical radius, the Rayleigh-Lamb equation, and the equation of vapor pressure inside a bubble. The equations for the one-velocity two-temperature medium dynamics are solved by the Beam-Warming method. The explicit contraflow scheme is used to solve the Rayleigh-Lamb equation and the conservation equation for the bubble concentration. The solutions of the quasistationary type obtained for the plane Laval nozzle make it possible to estimate the local flow parameters and the rate of evaporation at with different values of counterpressure. We compare the solutions for the models of independent phase motion and those taking into account the interphase exchange of mass, impulse, and energy.     

管内流动的临界热流研究

本文是对管内流动的临界热流进行试验研究和理论分析.从沸腾机理分析和应用两相流的相似原理进行处理,我们推导了表达临界热流计算的准则方程.用6种不同的冷却剂,355个实验数据进行修正处理求得了常数A和指数h,m,n的数值.引入一个考虑冷却套缝隙高度变化影响的无因次修正项,上述方程成为计算管内流动临界热流的通用方程     

泛结构条件下轴承腔油气两相流动的模化方法

首先根据热力学、流体力学的基本定理对航空发动机轴承腔油气两相流动的相似性进行了数学推导,获得了弗劳德数、欧拉数、雷诺数、普朗特数和埃克特数等相似准则数,遵循系统几何相似和动力相似等相似准则建立了航空发动机泛结构及工况条件下轴承腔油气两相流动的模化模型;并对实际轴承腔及模化轴承腔的油气两相流场进行了数值求解,模化轴承腔与实际轴承腔无量纲速度、温度和压力分布一致性较好,支持了提出的轴承腔油气两相流动相似准则和模化方法的可靠性.泛结构条件下轴承腔油气两相流动模化方法对于指导轴承腔油气两相流动试验设计及推进理论分析向航空发动机工程设计转化都有一定的参考价值.     

空钻井筒二维流场的数值模拟及井口压力分析

空气钻井井口压力是控制井筒内气固两相流场的重要参数,本文基于有限体积法,采用多块结构化网格,对川渝地区相关井空气钻进时的井筒二维流场进行了数值模拟,得到了速度、压强沿井深的分布情况。结合最小携岩速度与冲蚀临界速度准则,比选了合理的井口压力值范围,与实际钻井操作参数吻合较好。     

Structure of low-head two-phase flow in flat nozzles during outflow of the liquid into rarefied medium

Outcomes of experimental researches of the low-pressure adiabatic flow of the boiling liquid through two-dimensional Laval nozzles in a vacuum atmosphere were adduced. Requirements of critical conditions of flow were determined. Structural forms of a stream were investigated and their connection with crisis of flow was shown. It was established periodic non-stationary macrostructures of a stream which was stipulated by the rotational gear of origin of a vapor phase.      

超临界碳氢燃料的射流特性研究

针对未来先进航空发动机的超临界燃油喷射混合问题,采用纹影法对超临界正十烷(n-decane)/正戊烷(n-pent ane)混合物在静止环境中的射流激波结构进行试验,同时采用理论分析的方法研究了射流的相变途径和流量特性。纹影照片显示,在试验工况下射流在喷口附近呈现出马赫波等激波结构,燃料的压力是激波结构的主要影响因素。理论分析表明:在混合物的临界点附近,燃料压力较高时更有可能导致相变。由于物性的不同,大分子与小分子碳氢燃料的相变途径存在一定的差异,小分子燃料在喷射过程中更容易发生冷凝。采用1维等熵计算方法可以较精确地计算高温高压碳氢燃料的流量。     

超高转速离心通风器性能仿真分析

以某型航空发动机的超高转速离心通风器为研究对象,应用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对其内部两相流场进行数值模拟.针对不同转速、入口质量流量进行了数值计算,分析其对超高转速离心通风器压降与分离效率的影响.计算表明:超高转速下,优化旋转空心轴结构可以减小离心通风器压降,提高分离效率.      

基于EEMD气液两相流差压信号时频分析

为研究气液两相流流动过程的动态特性,采用V形内锥作为测量装置,通过高频差压变送器获得不同流型下的动态信号,提出了一种基于总体平均经验模式分解（EEMD）的气液两相流时频分析方法。通过对不同流型下的气液两相流的差压信号进行分析,研究了气液两相流的流动机理,为气液两相流流型及流量的准确测量奠定理论基础。分析发现EEMD的抗混分解能力很好,可以准确地提取两相流差压信号的频率成分及其时变情况,为今后两相流的识别提供理论基础,具有较高的工程应用价值。