80～345K连续调温腔型黑体

介绍一种工作在低压低温环境下(低压1.1×10~(-7)Pa,低温77K)的黑体标准辐射源装置。该装置采用先进的圆柱内锥加锥口的几何腔型,采用辐射式温控的恒温方式,具有80～345K连续可调的温度范围,温控稳定性优于土0.02K/30min,在腔体内锥底部(系统有效利用面),温度均匀性优于±0.02K,积分发射率达到0.9999±0.0001。该黑体已经成功地用于卫星多光谱扫描仪地面辐射定标。     

温控涂层发射率的快速检测装置

本工作设计并建立了一台温控涂层发射率的快速检测装置。所建装置的工作原理是基于测定待检测涂层的定向一半球向全反射率,从而再确定半球向全发射率。由于采用了辐射调制器,使待测的反射辐射和待测涂层的本身发射分开,故毋需知道待测涂层的温度。实际测定表明,此装置测试结果可靠,发射率的分辨力优于0.01。利用这台装置已测定了一些温控涂层的半球向发射率。本文给出了包铝铝合金光亮阳极氧化涂层的ε_h的检测结果。     

热真空试验

热真空试验(Thermal Vacuum Test)是在真空与一定温度条件下验证航天器及其组件各种性能与功能的试验,由冷浸、热浸与变温过程组成。其环境条件为真空度优于6.5×10-3Pa;具有冷黑背景,半球法向发射率大于     

高发射率水浴黑体腔优化设计与测试

针对卫星红外载荷高精度定标试验需求,研制高发射率水浴黑体腔。基于Gouffe理论设计黑体腔结构参数,对比两种腔体内表面处理方法,选择喷涂高发射率涂层的工艺;采取分体式圆锥嵌合结构解决传统构型锥尖加工困难、涂层堆积的问题;并通过理论计算、光线追迹仿真和实验测量评价黑体腔的有效发射率。结果表明,所研制的黑体腔有效发射率达0.997,满足高精度红外载荷定标试验需求。     

美国新型热电材料性能跨越重要里程碑

据中国科技部网站2012年10月30日消息，热电材料把热能直接转化为电能，是人类梦寐以求的理想材料。理想的热电材料应具有较高的热电势、电导率和较低的热传导系数。由这三个指标加上热源温度形成了衡量热电材料品质的热电优值（ZT）。一般认为ZT达到2．0以上方有实际应用价值，但过去热电材料的最高ZT只有1．6～1．8。     

与黑体有关的三个术语

太阳吸收比(solar absorptance):吸收与入射的太阳辐射能通量之比值。发射率(emissivity):热辐射体的辐射出射度与处于相同温度的全辐射体(黑体)的辐射出射度之比。辐[射]     

低温点源黑体关键技术及国内外发展现状

文章分析了低温点源黑体设备研制中的几项关键技术,包括3种常见发射腔腔形的特点,腔体发射率的计算方法,以及热管,恒温浴和液氮电加热3种恒温方式的原理和技术特性;比较了国内外典型低温黑体设备、产品的性能指标;并简述低温点源黑体设备在红外定标试验中的原理和应用.最后总结出现阶段低温点源黑体的发展水平以及未来的研究重点.     

热防护材料表面发射率测试研究

提出了一种基于热流反演方法的表面发射率测试方法,并应用该方法对火箭发动机用热防护材料镀铝薄膜表面发射率进行了测量。试验在真空舱中进行,利用石英灯对试片进行加热,建立了由石英灯和试片组成的热交换系统,根据传热理论推导出了包含试片表面发射率的传热方程。依靠热电偶测量试片温度变化,反演得到表面热流,代入传热方程,获得试验用镀铝薄膜表面发射率约为0.12。此外,还采用集总参数法对镀铝薄膜表面发射率进行了计算,两者结果相差小于1.5%。提出的发射率测试方法虽然不能得到光谱发射率,但已经可以满足工程应用,且简单易行。     

核电站堆内热电偶焊接工艺

核电站堆内装置热电倡传感器的密封接头与铠装传感器集束钎焊,选用氩气保护下的高频钎焊工艺,高频电源GH100-H9 100kW 25～450kHz。钎料Au—Ni合金,其钎焊温度恰与集束件材料OCr18Ni9Ti的热处理温度相同。钎料为φ0.8mm丝材,辅以定量细屑状钎料,焊前准备工作镀镍、清洗,采用中间停电的三工步加热法,使集束件受热均匀,焊后检验,24.52MPa下无渗漏;剖切镜检,焊透率及热影响区合格;热电偶的电性能,包括线电阻、绝缘电阻、热电势的变动均在允许范围内。     

基于半导体制冷的星载CCD测试用低温环境装置设计

文章设计了一种基于半导体制冷的星载CCD测试用低温环境装置。该装置结合热电制冷器和抗积分饱和PID控制算法,以ARM内核的微控制器作为主控芯片,采用温度传感器采集温度信息,以脉冲宽度调制(PWM)技术控制热电制冷器的制冷功率,利用水冷散热装置散发热电制冷器发出的热量,实现制冷温度的精确控制。该装置低温箱小巧轻便,可装配于CCD测试暗箱内,利用暗箱壁上的通光孔设计,可实现低温环境下CCD明、暗场全参数测试,满足了宇航用CCD测试的高可靠需求。     

Land surface temperature retrievals from satellite measurements

This paper discusses the importance of considering both atmospheric absorption and surface emittance in an accurate assessment of land surface temperature. This is obtained by combining the measurements in two spectrally close radiometric channels of NOAA-AVHRR/2 instruments (Split Window Channels), accurately simulated for different atmospheric and terrestrial conditions.

The approach, that usually takes into account the atmospheric effects, has been improved, with the addition of a term depending only upon surface emittance. The proposed algorithm, that provides an estimate of land surface temperature within ±1°C if spectral surface emittance is known, has been applied to AVHRR/2 data to obtain surface temperature maps of the Northern Italy.     

热控涂层红外发射率对GEO卫星蓄电池温度波动的影响

在东方红一3卫星平台的基础上,将合理简化后的南蓄电池舱作为热分析模型。根据影响蓄电池温度波动的机理,提出服务舱舱板内表面常用热控涂层（白漆、镀铝膜、碳蒙皮）的5种组合方案,并量化分析了热控涂层红外发射率对蓄电池温度波动的影响。分析结果表明：降低蓄电池舱舱板内表面热控涂层红外发射率,尤其是降低蓄电池安装舱板表面的热控涂层红外发射率,可有效减小蓄电池温度波动幅度。与基准方案相比,最优组合方案能使蓄电池温度波动幅度降低50％。     

Parameterization of surface temperature retrieval for remote sensing experiments

A simple parameterization has been developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature measured radiometrically in the 11 μm window region. This algorithm allows the computation of atmospheric correction without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Correction due to atmospheric water vapor is represented in terms of the integrated water vapor burden. Correction due to variation of surface emittance is represented in terms of its deviation from unity. Parameteric representation has also been developed for simultaneous variation of both parameters. The parameterization is based on model calculations performed with a line-by-line radiative transfer program. Sensitivity of the retrieved surface temperature to uncertainties of water vapor burden and surface emittance have also been examined.     

碲化铋基温差发电模块输出功率优化试验研究

同位素温差发电器在深空探测活动中具有广泛的应用背景。为优选温差发电模块构型、提高输出功率,制备了具有不同热电元件厚度的碲化铋基温差发电模块;并通过建立的试验测试系统,测量了不同温差条件下发电模块的输出功率和匹配负载随热电元件厚度的变化。试验结果表明,在所研究的热电元件厚度范围内,随着热电元件厚度的减小,模块的输出功率呈线性增大趋势,而匹配负载则呈线性减小趋势。在热源温度478 K、热沉温度300 K的条件下,测得热电元件厚度为1.0 mm的模块的最大输出功率达到约8.2 W,最大功率面积比约为0.52 W·cm-2。     

Multipole Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field

To develop a mathematical model of rotational motion of an artificial satellite about its center of mass under the action of various forces (magnetic, Lorentz, etc.) caused by the geomagnetic field, it is necessary to know the induction of the Earth's magnetic field (EMF) as a function of the radius vector of a given point in the near-Earth space. Because the EMF possesses a complex structure and the above-mentioned functional dependence is unavailable in explicit analytic form, a set of approximate models of the EMF should be used. The simplest such model—a right dipole (aligned with the axis of rotation)—does not enable one to reveal in detail the influence of diurnal EMF rotation on the rotational motion of a satellite. The next EMF approximation—an inclined magnetic dipole—does not suffer from the above-mentioned drawback. However, it is shown that not all corrections to the magnetic induction of the EMF of the same order of magnitude are taken into account in the course of transformation from the model of aligned dipole to the model of inclined dipole. So, to develop the EMF model accurately accounting for the absence of axial symmetry of the EMF with respect to the axis of diurnal rotation of the Earth, in general, the effect of the quadrupole component of the geomagnetic potential on the EMF induction (and, probably, even the components of higher orders) must be taken into consideration. By using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field IGRF-2000, the multipole models of the EMF, corresponding to quadrupole, octupole, and higher-order approximations, were constructed and studied in this work. The EMF potential is expressed in terms of its multipole tensors. As a result, projections of the induction and induction gradient of EMF in the center of mass of the satellite onto the axes of the orbital coordinate system can be written in convenient and concise form. The expressions for the first four multipole tensors through the known geomagnetic constants are found. A method for estimating the reliability of these models is put forward, and the regions of applicability of the quadrupole and octupole models are drawn on the plane of orbital parameters.     

布雷顿循环和半导体温差联合发电技术在飞行器上的应用

文章针对飞行器燃烧室高温壁面提出了初步的闭式布雷顿循环和半导体温差联合发电方案。首先,建立了简化的理论计算模型,开展了温度场计算分析;然后,根据布雷顿循环发电系统的关键节点温度和半导体温差电材料冷热端温差计算结果,给出联合发电系统的整体发电量和基本性能参数。研究结果为布雷顿循环和半导体温差联合发电系统在飞行器上的应用提供了指导和借鉴。     

聚集状态对固体火箭发动机颗粒粒度分布的影响

开展了聚集状态下颗粒的收集实验和粒度分析,研究了聚集度和压强对粒度分布的影响规律.聚集状态的颗粒利用收缩管装置产生,采用一种颗粒收集方法对颗粒进行收集,并冻结其形态,对收集到的颗粒采用激光粒度分析仪进行了粒度分析.研究结果表明,聚集状态下颗粒平均粒度比常规条件下大很多,分布范围也较常规条件下宽得多,粒度分布曲线呈双峰或多峰分布,主峰比重很大;颗粒聚集度增大,颗粒粒度平均值增大,大粒度颗粒比重增加;颗粒粒度随燃烧室压强增大而增大.     

低温黑体自动控温新技术

工作在真空低温环境下的黑体控温系统是一种非线性、大滞后、数学模型很难建立的系统。文章通过分析系统的结构、组成和原理,选择了模糊控制和智能PID控制相结合的算法。通过分析多次的试验数据,建立并完善了模糊控制规则表。基于该算法的控温软件,实现了系统的自动控制,已服务于某型号辐射定标试验。文章最后给出的试验数据验证了控制算法的合理性,该算法加快了系统升温速度,提高了系统稳定性,取得了良好的控温效果。     

月球坑内空间环境热流的分布研究

文章推导获得了月面阳光矢量和月球坑内探测器表面关系的表达式,采用蒙特卡罗法数值计算探测器各表面的辐射热流,分析了月球坑内环境辐射热流的分布特征。讨论了月面纬度、月球坑尺寸、月面发射率等参数对探测器表面热流的影响。计算表明:月面纬度增加及月球坑坑口半径的减小均会导致某些时刻阳光无法照射到坑底,从而与其他工况有较大的计算差别,两参数对探测器各面热流的影响规律不同;月面发射率对探测器表面热流的影响作用较大,增加月面发射率能明显降低探测器某些表面的辐射热流。