双麦克斯韦分布下极区中层尘埃粒子带电研究

在大功率微波照射下，极区中层夏季回波（PMSE）会立刻消失，该现象被称为极区中层加热现象.在大功率微波照射极区中层时，电子在微波电场加速下产生的定向运动速度与热运动速度可以比拟，极区中层的尘埃等离子体服从双麦克斯韦分布.基于双麦克斯韦分布下尘埃粒子充电理论给出极区中层尘埃粒子的电荷分布，比较了大功率微波对极区中层加热前和加热时，尘埃粒子电荷以及极区中层电子浓度的变化.结果表明，采用大功率微波装置加热极区中层会影响电子对尘埃粒子的充电进而导致电子浓度变化，这对解释极区中层加热现象具有重要意义.      

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron resonance heating in the VASIMR

Plasma physics has found an increasing range of practical industrial applications, including the development of electric spacecraft propulsion systems. One of these systems, the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) engine, both applies several important physical processes occurring in the magnetosphere. These processes include the mechanisms involved in the ion acceleration and heating that occur in the Birkeland currents of an auroral arc system. Auroral current region processes that are simulated in VASIMR include lower hybrid heating, parallel electric field acceleration and ion cyclotron acceleration. This paper will focus on using a physics demonstration model VASIMR to study ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). The major purpose is to provide a VASIMR status report to the COSPAR community. The VASIMR uses a helicon antenna with up to 20 kW of power to generate plasma. This plasma is energized by an RF booster stage that uses left hand polarized slow mode waves launched from the high field side of the ion cyclotron resonance. The present setup for the booster uses 2–4 MHz waves with up to 20 kW of power. This process is similar to the ion cyclotron heating in tokamaks, but in the VASIMR the ions only pass through the resonance region once. The rapid absorption of ion cyclotron waves has been predicted in recent theoretical studies. These theoretical predictions have been supported with several independent measurements in this paper. The ICRH produced a substantial increase in ion velocity. Pitch angle distribution studies show that this increase takes place in the resonance region where the ion cyclotron frequency is equal to the frequency on the injected RF waves. Downstream of the resonance region the perpendicular velocity boost should be converted to axial flow velocity through the conservation of the first adiabatic invariant as the magnetic field decreases in the exhaust region of the VASIMR. In deuterium plasma, 80% efficient absorption of 20 kW of ICRH input power has been achieved. No evidence for power limiting instabilities in the exhaust beam has been observed.     

赤道反向电射流中不均匀性的对流放大特性及对某些观测特性的解释

本文分析了反向赤道电射流条件下的不均匀性的对流放大特性。根据电射流不稳定性的线性理论,对一个分层均匀的电射流的模式的数值计算表明:在反向电射流条件下,电射流不均匀性有如下的特性:在波的传播过程中,在上电射流区内,波矢向下旋转,在下电射流区内,波矢向上旋转;在驱动电场E_D数值相同的情况下,反向电射流条件下的射线路径积分增长率r比正常电射流情况的要小得多。这是由于波的群速度方向是向下的,而电子密度梯度起稳定化作用。对于电子密度的特征长度L_N=6km和│E_D│=0.8mV/m,波长λ=10m,高度h≥105km,有r<20。在这一高度范围,波可能是不饱和的,增大L_N,使波在h=105km饱和的临界电场│E_D│值减小。上述计算结果可解释某些在反向电射流条件下,在Addis-Ababa观测到的10m波长雷达回波的特性。      

基于一维模型的高频电波加热电离层F层数值研究

基于电离层一维仿真加热模型,详细介绍了模型中电子的动量方程、连续性方程、能量方程和各类参量表达式,利用对角矩阵追赶法数值求解电离层F层加热过程,分析了不同时次电子数密度和电子温度的变化,讨论了不同频率和不同功率电波加热的情形.结果表明:当高频电波加热高电离层时,电子温度迅速增加,并很快趋近于饱和状态;电子密度的变化较为迟缓,但在加热过程中其变化幅度却越来越大;电子密度变化量在沿磁场方向上形成空洞和上下稠团两峰一谷构型;频率越大、功率越高的电波加热时,电子密度的变化也越大,但存在一适值频率的电波对电子温度的影响最小.      

暴时极光区热层大气焦耳加热与F区电离耗空的EISCAT雷达观测

利用ＥＩＳＣＡＴ雷达探测数据，分析计算了太阳活动高年夏季发生的一次强磁暴期间，极光区电离层对流电场、电导率以及焦耳加热速率等着重考察了Ｅ区热怪大气焦耳加热和Ｆ区离子摩擦增温与Ｆ区电子密度耗空的关系发现在下午东向极光电集流期间，电子密度最大耗空出现在Ｆ区３００－３２５ｋｍ高度，时间恰在积分的Ｅ区大气焦耳加热量大值和Ｆ区最大离子增温之后５－１０ｍｉｎ，耗空率达７０％。     

Effects of variations of geomagnetic field on VLF waves induced by beating of two HF waves

Beat wave (BW) high frequency (HF) ionospheric heating experiments were conducted to generate very low frequency (VLF) waves. The VLF waves were registered with a VLF receiver located ～15?km east of the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) heating facility in Tromsø, Norway. A fluxgate magnetometer was used to monitor auroral electrojet current, and ionospheric conditions were measured using a Dynasonde. Correlation coefficients between VLF amplitudes and the deviation of geomagnetic north–south components were calculated. Experimental results show that strong and positive correlation exists the majority of the time, but sometimes no correlation or even a negative correlation occurred. This is consistent with similar past experiments that took place with exclusively AM generation. These results therefore support the conclusion that BW generation of VLF waves is no different than with AM, likely occurring in the D or lower E ionospheric region.     

Particle and Joule heating of the neutral polar thermosphere in cusp region using Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite measurements

Simultaneous measurements taken by instruments on the Atmosphere Explorer - C satellite were used to compare electron and proton particle energy deposition, Joule heating, and neutral density perturbations in the region of the cusp.Altitude profiles of Joule heating, electron energy deposition, and electron density are derived using measurements taken by the satellite as input to a computer model. Electric fields are calculated using ion drift measurements. Figures are presented for a representative orbital pass.A peak Joule heating rate of 0.059 Wm^?2 occurred in the cusp region with a peak of 0.025 Wm^?2 in the evening auroral electrojet. Peak volume heating rates corresponding to these regions were 1.4 × 10^?6Wm^?3 and 7.10^?7 Wm^?3, both occurring at an altitude of 115 km. Particle energy deposition was about an order of magnitude less than Joule heating. Large neutral density perturbations are related to regions of heating.     

大温升速率加热器的全补偿复合控制

开发了接触式电加热器,用于对高温材料同时加热和加压的性能实验,重点研究大温升速率加热工况下的温度控制问题.分析了该工况下加热器数学模型的特殊性,据此开发了基于给定值的近似全补偿顺馈-反馈复合控制方法（简称全补偿复合控制）.通过相应的实验验证了数学模型的正确性,进而对这种全补偿复合控制与经典PID方法进行了温控性能对比实验,结果表明全补偿复合控制具有更好的温度曲线跟踪性能和加热平稳性,并且能有效地抑制加热电源的死区效应.由于所推导的数学模型适用于一般加热器,因而这种全补偿复合控制方法对一般加热器的大温升速率工况具有通用性.     

南京地区斜向加热电离层效应数值模拟

与垂直加热相比,斜向加热电离层具有灵活性高、影响范围广和便于实际操作等优势.在非偏区考虑欧姆吸收,基于电子能量方程和连续性方程构建电波斜向加热低电离层的物理模型,并利用IRI-2007和NRLMSISE-00经验模型提供的背景参数对南京地区斜向加热低电离层进行数值模拟,对比不同加热条件下电子温度和电子密度的扰动情况.研究结果表明:电波加热效果随入射仰角和有效辐射功率的增大而增大;电子温度和电子密度增幅随电波频率增大而减小;X波模比O波模造成的电子温度扰动幅度和电子密度扰动幅度更大,同时X波模比O波模能更快地使电子温度和电子密度达到稳定状态;一定范围内较小仰角、较低频率、较大有效辐射功率的电波能使电子密度更快达到稳定,后两者还能加快电子温度达到稳定的过程;电子温度达到稳定所需时间随入射电波仰角呈单峰变化,仰角为62°时达到最大.      

从空间飞行器入射进电离层的调制电子束产生的高频波辐射

在主动束-等离子体试验中,调制电子束从空间飞行器入射进电离层等离子体将会产生电磁波辐射,在不同试验条件下电磁波辐射机理也不一样,由电子束纵向约束性产生电磁波辐射是其中之一.对半无界稀薄调制电子束从空间飞行器入射进电离层等离子体时所产生的波现象进行了理论分析和数值计算.结果表明,当调制电子束沿磁力线入射时,会在电离层等离子体中产生高频电磁波辐射,该辐射主要集中在垂直于入射电子束运动方向的平面内.      

微阴极电弧推力器羽流探针诊断研究

微阴极电弧推力器（micro-cathode arc thruster,μCAT）具备功率低和结构简单的特点,能够满足微纳卫星的任务需求,具有良好的发展前景。μCAT羽流的诊断可以揭示推力器的加速机理,对提高其性能具有重要意义。利用朗缪尔三探针对μCAT羽流进行诊断,得到了μCAT羽流不同位置的电子温度、电子密度和离子速度等羽流特性,研究了外加磁场、充电时间和阴极材料对羽流特性的影响。研究结果表明,μCAT放电初期产生的等离子体电子温度较高,密度较大;随着等离子体向下游运动,电子温度和电子密度降低,离子速度增大;外加磁场的磁感应强度越强,电子温度和离子速度越高,电子密度有所降低;磁场位置适当向推力器下游平移,能够有效提高推力器中轴线的电子密度;μCAT充电时间越长,电子温度、电子密度和离子速度越大;相比于CuW和AgW阴极,Ti阴极羽流的电子温度更高,电子密度更低。     

Auroral Electrojet Event Associated With Magnetospheric Substorms

The auroral electrojet index is an important index in monitoring and predicting substorms. A substorms usually includes auroral breakup, auroral electrojet event marked by AE increase, energetic particle injection at geosynchronous orbit, mid-low latitude Pi2, etc. However the question whether an auroral electrojet event corresponds to a substorm remains unanswered. Using the auroral electrojet index in 2004, we analyzed five auroral electrojet events and studied their relation with substorms. The results show that there are three kinds of auroral electrojet events: (1) simultaneous rapid increase of westward auroral electrojet and eastward auroral electrojet; (2) rapid increase of westward auroral electrojet and almost unchangeable eastward auroral electrojet; (3) rapid increase of eastward auroral electrojet and almost unchangeable westward auroral electrojet. Most of auroral electrojet events correspond to substorms. However a few auroral electrojet events are not accompanied by substorms. This situation most often occurs for the auroral electrojet event in which eastward auroral electrojet dominates.      

维持夜间E层的诸因素分析

对维持夜间E层的诸种因素,如地冕谐振散射、粒子沉降、中性风引起的等离子体输运以及赤道电激流焦耳加热的作用进行了分析和讨论。指出它们各自的特点和不同时间、不同纬度各自所起的作用。      

Modeling the meteoric dust effect on the equatorial electrojet

Dust particles of meteoric origin in the lower E-region can affect the conductivity parameters by varying the effective collision frequency and by causing electron bite outs through the capture of ambient electrons. In magnetized plasma, neutral dust particles can alter the effective collision frequency parameters and thus affect the Pedersen and Hall conductivities in the electrojet region. The Cowling conductivity profile is determined by the height profiles of the Hall and Pedersen conductivities. The collision parameters altered by the neutral dust particles can be considerably different from those estimated from atmospheric models, in the lower E-region heights where dust particles of meteoric origin are known to exist in large numbers. A significant fraction of these dust particles may capture free electrons from the ambient medium and get charged negatively. This can result in reduction in the number density of free electrons especially below the electrojet peak where the dust particles can be present in large numbers, at least on days of large meteor showers. This, in turn, can once again alter the vertical profile of the east–west Hall current driven by the vertical Hall polarization field and under favorable conditions, can even account for the reversal of the electrojet currents below the current peak. Assuming a realistic model for the distribution of neutral dust particles, the conductivity parameters are estimated here. Conditions under which the dust particles can cause partial reversals in the electrojet currents are critically examined here.     

磁场重联的二维粒子模拟研究

利用二维全粒子模拟方法研究了无碰撞等离子体中的磁场重联过程，得到了不同区域的离子和电子速度分布．计算结果表明，电子和离子在扩散区中的不同动力学特性产生的Hall电流使磁场的y分量By呈现四极形分布．离子和电子的速度分布偏离了初态时的Maxwell分布，呈现非局域的多重分布．同时由于磁场重联而产生的电场使电子在X点附近得到加速和加热，因而在电子的能谱分布中形成-高能尾。     

空间与地面炉内压力和加热功率对炉内温场的影响

天宫二号空间综合材料实验装置的炉内压力和加热功率均影响炉内温场.针对空间与地面对比实验,分析了炉内压力和温场相同时炉丝加热功率的变化,以及炉内温场和炉丝加热功率相同时炉内压力的变化.地面实验时,炉内气体被炉丝加热后,由于重力作用产生对流,从而影响炉膛温度.炉内压力为1atm时,空间与地面实验的加热功率比约为97.5%.空间实验时,由于对流效应减弱,炉内压力变化对其最高温度影响减小.空间与地面的对比实验结果表明,地面炉内压力为空间炉内压力（1atm）的50%时,空间与地面实验的加热功率和温场等参数接近一致.这对于空间高温材料实验装置设计具有重要指导和参考意义.      

Climatology of extreme upper atmospheric heating events

We use a trio of empirical models to estimate the relative contributions of solar extreme ultraviolet heating, Joule heating and particle heating to the global energy budget of the earth’s upper atmosphere. Daily power values are derived from the models for the three heat sources. The SOLAR2000 solar irradiance specification model provides estimates of the daily extreme EUV solar power input. Geomagnetic power comes from a combination of satellite-derived electron precipitation power and an empirical model of Joule power derived from hemispherically integrated estimates of high-latitude heating, which we discuss in this paper. From 1975 to mid-2002, the average daily contributions were electrons: 51 GW, Joule: 95 GW and solar: 784 GW. Joule and particle heating combine to provide more than 17% of the total global upper atmospheric heating. For the top 10% and 1% of heating events, contributions rise to 20% and 25%, respectively. In the top 15 heating events, geomagnetic power contributed more than 50% of the total power budget. During three events, the Joule power alone exceeded solar power.     

用于铯光泵磁强计的无磁恒温控制系统设计

针对铯光泵磁强计对原子气室温度高稳定性及无磁干扰的要求，设计了一种用于铯光泵磁强计的无磁恒温控制系统。该系统主要包括无磁加热器件与无磁恒温控制电路。无磁加热器件采用微机电系统工艺的双层对称四线结构，可有效抑制电流产生的磁场；无磁恒温控制电路通过交流加热进一步减小恒定磁场干扰，以现场可编程门阵列为核心，使用直接数字式频率合成技术产生高频加热信号，再经功率放大进行无磁恒温控制，减少硬件电路资源。测试结果表明，气室恒温控制的温度噪声峰峰值可达到0.02 ℃，满足光泵磁强计的性能要求。     

热流效应对场向电流确定的影响

给出了任意速度分布函数条件下复频率的介电函数和色散关系的求解方法. 讨论了16矩近似条件下, 场向热流对电子速度分布函数, 介电函数实部与虚部, 以及离子与电子谐振频率和阻尼率的影响, 并与平衡态时麦克斯韦分布等离子体的计算结果进行了比较. 忽略场向热流效应, 正向电子漂移速度条件下, 上行等离子线探测, 会过高估计场向电流; 负向电子漂移速度条件下, 上行等离子线探测会过低估计场向电流. 对上下行等离子线同时探测情况, 忽略热流效应同样会过高估计场向电流.      

原子磁强计原子气室无磁加热温控系统设计

介绍一种用于原子磁强计原子气室的无磁加热温控系统设计。针对温控系统加热电流产生的磁场干扰，设计了双层加热丝加热膜结构的加热器件，该加热器件利用同层平行反向电流和层间平行反向电流产生的磁场相互抵消以减小加热电流磁场噪声；设计了滑动平均滤波器对采集的温度信号实施滤波以减小随机噪声的干扰；结合设计的高频加热信号的产生电路、幅度控制电路和功率放大电路开展了实验测试。测试结果表明，研制的双层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件相比单层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件的电流磁场噪声抑制能力提高了约16倍，实现的无磁加热温控系统的温控能力达到1.2‰。