网电空间认知电子战技术

首先探讨了网电空间与认知电子战的内涵与联系,阐述了认知电子战属于网电对抗领域的观点,即认知电子战通过学习、评估、决策的融合,构建信息对抗的闭环,进而引导网电空间内的感知与攻防;随后,结合认知电子战技术发展现状、趋势以及闭环的特点,提出了一种适用于战场网电认知的信息对抗平台架构,分析了平台功能需求与关键技术;最后,展望了研究成果在网电对抗中的应用前景。     

网电空间战对未来防空体系的影响研究

网电一体战的作战目标是破坏和控制敌方的信息基础和战略命脉,摧毁和致瘫敌方的作战指挥控制系统.分析了网电空间战的一般特点和军事特点,并结合网电攻击的案例分析了其对未来防空战争的影响,其影响主要表现在：作战空间由“地表维”和“垂直维”延伸至“网电维”,利用和控制网电空间将成为未来防空作战的主题,网电空间对抗成为提升未来防空作战能力的核心.     

电推进航天器的特殊环境及其影响

文章介绍了应用离子和霍耳电推进系统在航天器周围产生的等离子体和电磁场等特殊环境,讨论了这些特殊环境对航天器各分系统或部件产生的溅射腐蚀、沉积污染、充放电、等离子体干扰、碰撞动力学扰动等影响效应,探讨了研究电推进与航天器相互作用效应的地面试验技术、空间飞行试验技术和模型分析技术,介绍了离子电推进系统与航天器相容性分析评价的技术要点。     

美国的空间对抗装备技术（上）

按照美国空军近期颁布的《2006财年及以后战略主规划》、《国家安全空间力量发展路线图》和《空间对抗作战》等报告条令，空间作战任务可以概括归纳为空间对抗，空间支援，空间力量增强和空间力量运用四个方面，其中空间对抗是空间作战最基本的核心任务。空间对抗对于完成战略，战术的作战能力具有至关重要的作用，空间对抗有防御性空间对抗（DCS）和进攻性空间对抗（OCS）两种作战样式，它们都依赖于强大的态势感知能力。空间对抗是指通过允许乙方部队利用空间能力，同时遏制对手拥有同样的能力，获得和维持理想的空间优势。美国希望通过发展空间对抗武器装备，进一步提高美军的作战能力，拉大与其他国家在军事上的差距，从而建立一支不受任何挑战，具备攻防兼备能力的军事力量。     

航天器安全防护保障探讨

把对航天器安全的威胁分为硬和软两大类，分析了对航天器产生威胁的类别，以及为保证航天器安全而需要采取的措施。介绍了研究的内容，需要建设的空间信息对抗系统和空间信息探测网。     

支持航天员操作的电连接器设计与验证

针对空间站建造期间在轨维修、航天员出舱等关键功能和任务技术难度大、空间环境复杂,常规电连接器在轨操作性、安全性及环境适应性不能满足系统功能需求的问题,文章提出了一种覆盖全系统研制阶段的航天员操作的电连接器设计与验证方法,以为复杂航天器关键功能器件的系统设计与应用提供参考。经空间站在轨验证,结果表明：运用该设计技术及验证方法的电连接器能够高效、可靠、安全地支持航天员开展在轨维修活动,可为载人航天器系统维修性设计提供技术支撑。     

对航天器仿真技术发展趋势的思考

航天仿真技术是指系统仿真技术与航天工程技术的结合,为航天器、航天运输系统和导弹武器系统的设计分析、性能评估、体系对抗、指控及作战训练、故障诊断、运行管理等提供数学或半实物的验证手段和模拟平台.航天器仿真技术主要包括航天工程仿真和航天器系统仿真,涉及分系统仿真与建模技术、多物理场耦合的总体仿真技术以及高效协同的仿真技术.本文在总结航天器仿真技术发展的基础上,提出基于航天器仿真技术的航天工程研制全过程、全系统的多学科多场耦合的总体级仿真体系架构思想,论述了航天器仿真技术体系的需求与构想,阐述了航天器仿真技术涉及的关键技术,并对现代信息技术在航天器仿真技术中的应用进行了展望.     

一种具有复合侦察定位功能的雷达对抗系统

复合侦察定位系统是采用有源/无源多手段侦察、定位技术,集情报、监视、侦察、干扰、定位多种功能于一体的新型雷达对抗装备.重点讨论了该系统的功能、结构、工作原理及数据融合处理等问题,并对其在作战、训练方面的应用进行了分析探讨.     

一种航天器综合电子系统业务及协议体系架构设计

对航天器综合电子系统的通用功能需求进行分析,设计了基于空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)标准和欧洲空间标准化合作组织(ECSS)标准的综合电子系统业务及协议体系架构。体系架构包含应用层、应用支持层、传送层和亚网层,可通过各层的业务及协议组合实现系统功能。从标准业务及协议的选择过程、业务及协议体系架构设计、解决的关键技术问题等方面进行详细阐述。该体系架构可为航天器的智能化和网络化提供技术支撑,实现器载接口及协议的标准化,促进航天器设备和软件的通用化,并为航天器提供更为灵活、强大的功能。     

下一代卫星导航系统运行控制系统网电安全构想

基于下一代卫星导航系统卫星智能化、链路网络化、天地一体化、对抗实战化等发展趋势,文章构想和设计了下一代卫星导航系统运行控制系统网电安全体系。首先,论证了下一代导航系统运行控制系统的天地一体化特征及其网电安全的内涵;然后,从链路、网络、信息等方面进行运行控制系统网电安全威胁分析,论证了集检测、防护、评估和升级于一体的网电安全分层防护需求;最后,基于安全防护需求,构建了由技术层、基础层、流程层和目标层组成的网电安全体系架构,重点明确了网电安全技术措施及其防护作用。此外,对干扰自动探测防护微波空间链路、空间网络安全协议、卫星在轨自主安全运行等重点技术进行了分析和展望。     

Physical Prerequisites of the Antimeteoric Net Protection for Spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft protection against the impact effect of meteorites and man-made (technogenous) particles has become especially topical in connection with the necessity of long-duration flights in space. The probability of spacecraft collision with meteoric and technogenous particles has already considerably increased on the widely used, but strongly contaminated near-Earth orbits. Russian specialists (the author included) proposed to use multilayer spaced barriers for spacecraft protection as early as the beginning of the 1960s. However, further studies on decreasing the mass of antimeteoric shields are required nowadays. The safety net application is one promising approach in this respect. This paper outlines the physical prerequisites for using a net (a system of strings) as one of a package of antimeteoric shields. The simplest models of meteoric particle destruction at impact on the safety net are presented. The hydrodynamic models, as most suitable for modeling the process, are mainly analyzed. The role of the interaction of shock waves and of cumulative effects upon meteorite impact with the net is emphasized. The net is shown to play an important part in forming the nonuniform field of stresses in a meteorite even at high impact velocities, which are accompanied by phase transitions and by the generation of plasma. The role of a safety net for retaining and absorbing the momentum of a plasma cloud, formed upon the impact of meteoric particles, is considered. The advisability of applying two (or several) net barriers is substantiated. It is noted that the safety net can also be useful as a means for mitigating the action of shock waves from explosions.     

Optimization of the trajectory of the spacecraft insertion into the system of heliocentric orbits

The possibility of the spacecraft insertion into the system of operational heliocentric orbits has been analyzed. It has been proposed to use a system of several operational heliocentric orbits. On each orbit, the spacecraft makes one or more revolutions around the Sun. These orbits are characterized by a relatively small perihelion radius and relatively high inclination, which allows one to investigate the polar regions of the Sun. The transition of the spacecraft from one orbit to another has been performed using an unpowered gravity assist maneuver near Venus and does not require the cruise propulsion operation. Each maneuver transfers the spacecraft into the sequence of operational heliocentric orbits. We have analyzed several systems of operational heliocentric orbits into which the spacecraft can be inserted by means of the considered transportation system with electric propulsion (EP). The mass of the spacecraft delivered to these systems of operational orbits has been estimated.     

总装工艺成熟度模型的建立及应用

文章综合分析了现有航天器总装工艺过程的现状,提炼了总装工艺成熟过程,在研究目前已经成熟的软件能力成熟度模型和组织项目管理成熟度模型以及航天器产品成熟度模型的基础上,建立了总装工艺成熟度模型,介绍了总装工艺成熟度的评估方法。     

Experimental investigation of the modes of operation of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Progress spacecraft

Results of in-flight tests of three modes of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Progress spacecraft are described. These proposed modes of experiments related to microgravity are as follows: (1) triaxial gravitational orientation, (2) gravitational orientation of the rotating satellite, and (3) spin-up in the plane of the orbit around the axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The tests were carried out from May 24 to June 1, 2004 onboard the spacecraft Progress M1-11. The actual motion of this spacecraft with respect to its center of mass, in the above-mentioned modes, was determined by telemetric information about an electric current tapped off from solar batteries. The values of the current obtained during a time interval of several hours were processed jointly using the least squares method by integration of the equations of the spacecraft’s attitude motion. The processing resulted in estimation of the initial conditions of motion and of the parameters of mathematical models used. For the obtained motions the quasi-static component of microaccelerations was computed at a point onboard, where installation of experimental equipment is possible.     

无缆化互连技术发展趋势探究

随着新一代航天器的飞速发展,航天器装备多功能化、高度集成化、一体化、微小型化、轻量化趋势不可逆转,电气互连技术将成为影响和制约新研航天器技术迭代的关键因素之一。文章以传统电缆网互连的现状引出航天器互连系统无缆化的需求,总结归纳国内外互连技术实现无缆化的有效途径及措施,并针对现有无缆化互连技术存在的固有缺陷进行分析,从而推论出无缆化互连技术未来将朝着立体柔性光纤传输互连、非接触高效传输互连、MEMS一体化集成互连、组网多维互连等方向发展的趋势,为先进互连技术的发展提供一定的指导意义。     

The Electric Potential of a Spacecraft Injecting an Electron Beam into the Earth's Ionosphere

The problem of the electric potential value for the spacecraft injecting an electron beam into the Earth's ionosphere is considered. The formulas defining the spacecraft's electric potential in the equilibrium state as a function of experimental parameters are derived. It is shown that the presented theoretical results are in a good agreement with both the results of numerical modeling and experimental data. A comparison of different models of spacecraft charge neutralization is performed. An explanation is given for the facts related to the difficulties of interpretation of the mechanisms of spacecraft charge neutralization within a period less than the time of ionization of neutral particles and plasma heating by the injected beam.     

动态环路法磁矩测量技术研究

文章提出了一种新的航天器磁矩测量方法——动态环路法。首先,利用高斯电势级数公式建立了航天器的磁性偶极-四极模型。然后,针对模型中的8个磁矩分量,基于动态环路法的基本测量原理,设计了5组磁通感应线圈;根据8个磁矩分量的磁感应强度分布以及5组线圈的具体形状和位置,给出了各磁矩分量的磁通量表达式和利用积分法计算各个磁矩分量的公式。最后,对在推导过程中由于简化带来的近似误差和利用积分法计算公式理论计算误差进行了初步分析。当线圈间隔L为半径r的5%时,近似误差和积分法理论计算误差分别不超过2%和0.17%。结果表明,该方法不但能够获得航天器的磁矩大小并计算出其磁心坐标,而且还具有测量过程简单、测量速度较快以及测量精度高的优点。     

Optimization of passive orbit with the use of gravity maneuver

A high-precision method of calculating gravitational interactions is applied in order to determine optimal trajectories. A number of problems, necessary for determination of optimal parameters at a launch of a spacecraft and during its flyby near celestial bodies, are considered. The spacecraft trajectory was determined by numerical integration of the equations of passive motion of the spacecraft and of the equations of motion for planets, the Sun, and the Moon. The optimal trajectory of the spacecraft approaching the Sun is determined by fitting its initial conditions.     

电推进飞行试验在轨诊断技术

文章介绍了国外在电推进空间飞行试验或型号应用中采用在轨诊断技术的情况,结合电推进系统飞行性能测量和电推进系统与应用航天器之间相互作用的研究,讨论和评价了电推进在轨诊断技术。     

Influence of disturbances on the angular motion of a spacecraft in the powered section of its descent

The motion of a variable-mass spacecraft is considered in the powered section of a descending trajectory. Approximate analytical solutions are obtained for the angles of spatial orientation of the spacecraft, which allows one to analyze the nutation motion and to develop recommendations on the spacecraft’s mass configuration, providing the smallest possible deviations of the longitudinal axis and thrust vector from specified directions. The errors of stabilization of the spacecraft’s longitudinal axis are calculated by means of numerical integration of complete models and using the obtained analytical solutions, the results being in good agreement.