大扫描视场飞行器共形光学系统设计

共形光学窗口外表面与飞行器轮廓相同,可以显著提升飞行器的整体性能,但在大扫描视场应用时,引入大量非对称动态像差,严重影响成像质量。针对大扫描视场的共形光学系统,提出了基于共形窗口内表面优化,以及分视场单元透镜阵列的动态像差校正方法,实现动态像差的静态化校正。在84°扫描视场范围内,对共形光学系统进行仿真验证,结果表明：该方法使共形光学系统在全扫描视场范围内的Zernike多项式系数绝对值从0~10.82λ减小到0~1λ（λ为波长）,同时各通道单元透镜阵列保持固定状态。与目前已有方法相比,本文显著提升了大扫描视场共形光学系统的成像质量和系统稳定性,有效简化了系统结构。本文的研究对实现大扫描视场、高成像质量和高稳定性的共形光学系统有重要意义。     

像元尺寸对空间光学探测系统性能的影响

针对空间光学探测系统的组成和特点,采用调制传递函数(MTF)作为系统性能指标,通过建立光学系统、探测器系统、离焦和像移调制传递函数模型,仿真分析了像元尺寸对系统成像性能的影响.结果表明,随着像元尺寸减小,探测器系统MTF值增大,光学系统、离焦、像移等的MTF值都变小,从而为像元尺寸的确定提供了参考依据.     

带摆镜的制冷型中波红外像方扫描光学系统设计

基本形式的像方扫描光学系统依然需要复杂的二维回转机构带动成像镜组做二维扫描,所以二维回转机构需要承担较大载荷。分析了基本形式的像方扫描光学系统形式,并在基本形式基础上加入摆镜,只通过二维摆镜的旋转达到扫描像面的目的,大大减小二维回转机构载荷,提高扫描速度,简化了系统结构,减小了系统体积。加入摆镜后的光学系统除具有基本形式像方扫描光学系统的性质外,还有了新的限制条件,对带摆镜的像方扫描光学系统进行了分析,提出了设计条件及设计方法,并设计出具有较大视场的像方扫描光学系统。     

CCD星敏感器光学系统设计

介绍ＣＣＤ星敏感器用光学系统设计的参数选择,光学系统的设计光谱范围０．４８、０．８５μｍ;焦距为７５ｍｍ,Ｆ／１．４４,视场８．５°。该系统为复杂化的Ｐｅｔｚｖａｌ结构形式;以点列图能量集中度和能量重心偏评价光学系统的成像质量。所选用的ＣＣＤ芯片像元尺寸为２３μｍ×２３μｍ,像元数３８４×２８８,全视场内混色光点列图能量重心偏最大值１．６μｍ,对应于４．３９角秒。     

基于波前编码的红外光学系统低成本无热化设计

波前编码技术通过特殊面型的相位板对光束进行编码，拓展系统焦深，使之对热离焦不敏感，再结合数字图像处理，解码获得清晰图像，实现无热化设计。将波前编码技术应用在某一长波红外光学系统无热化设计中，对比了原光学系统和波前编码系统的点扩散函数、光学传递函数、模拟成像质量及公差分析。结果表明，波前编码技术可以为红外成像系统提供具有价格竞争力的无热化方案，可使红外光学系统在-40℃至60℃范围内获得良好且稳定的工作性能。     

米级高性能氧氟红外玻璃

氧氟玻璃具有良好的透红外性能，且可实现低成本、短周期和大尺寸制备，是高端红外窗口的优质候选材料。随着红外技术的不断革新和光学系统技术的不断进步，对超大尺寸、高性能的红外窗口玻璃提出了更高的要求。基于此，中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所研究团队经过十余年技术积累，通过精密温场控制技术和脱羟除铂技术，首次突破了国内米级高性能镓酸盐氧氟红外玻璃及大尺寸半球整流罩的制备，此材料可作为红外窗口应用于新一代红外探测等多个领域。     

H波段折反式星敏感器光学系统设计

面向短波红外星敏感器在机载平台、弹载平台以及舰载平台的应用需求,设计了H波段折反式星敏感器光学系统。该折反式镜头总长为232mm、焦距为704.3mm、全视场为2°、F数为3.9、探测极限星等为6。结果表明：调制传递函数值接近衍射极限,在奈奎斯特采样频率处大于0.5;各视场径向能量趋于一致,弥散斑可覆盖2~3像元;相对畸变小于0.1%,满足指标要求。本文可为近地空间短波红外星敏感器的工程应用提供理论基础与技术支持。     

红外动态目标模拟器光学系统的设计

设计了一种用于红外导引头性能测试的红外动态目标模拟器,利用数字微镜阵列(DMD)对黑体红外辐射进行反射调制,并由光学准直系统实现红外场景生成系统与红外导引头的光学耦合。用光学设计软件（ZEMAX）对准直光学系统进行了设计和优化,准直光学系统成像质量良好,接近衍射极限,点列图直径小于艾里斑直径,畸变小于0.1%。结果表明该系统环境适应性强,能很好地用于红外导引头动态图像的校准。     

在小卫星上实现高分辨率观测可能吗？

为了降低空间成像的成本，需要减小卫星各部分的尺寸，包括望远镜、探测器、数字化、图像压缩、存储器、遥测，当然还有卫星平台，都必须有所改进。就成像仪器而言，通过新的Rty规范、新的光学设计和新的探测系练，可以获得明来的效果。在探测器和光学系统调制传递函数（MTF）Z阎，可以实现较好的协调。国营在解决过程中，会出现后g电平的问题，但这可以利用肘延积分（TDI）探测采解决。本文将介绍仪器的选择、光学系统研究以及法国国氛空阎研究中心（CNES）如何将上述技术用于下一代SPOT】星的研制，从而说明减轻重量的目标是可以达…     

灵巧型大孔径四反星敏感器镜头设计

星敏感器镜头是星敏感器姿态轨道控制系统的重要组成部分，具有相对孔径大、工作谱段宽、绝对畸变低的特点，针对这些特点，在四反射镜初始结构的基础上，分析了镜头探测能力和相对孔径的关系，明确了镜头设计指标，利用非球面反射镜强大的像差校正能力，优化设计得到了全反射4反星敏感器镜头。镜头焦距170mm，轴向长度50mm，镜头F数2，等效入瞳直径51.2mm，圆视场±2.25°。镜头工作波段可由膜系决定，无色差，空间频率35lp/mm处传递函数优于0.6，畸变优于0.01%，弥散斑直径优于13μm，系统15μm范围内能量集中度优于80%，渐晕系数小于0.95，该镜头可用于亚像素精度的飞船姿态轨道控制系统，为星敏感器导航光学系统设计提供了参考。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.