拉格朗日平动点之间的转移轨道设计

针对三体问题中平动点转移轨道设计问题,首先以Richardson三阶近似解为初值,采用微分修正法,计算出简单周期轨道;利用单值矩阵法,计算出简单周期轨道附近的不变流形.然后根据Broucke的简单周期轨道分类思想,利用地-月平动点之间月球附近的周期轨道作为中转,设计LL2附近的Lyapunov轨道,LL1附近的Lyap...     

基于不变流形的夸父卫星A轨道设计

介绍了夸父卫星A的轨道特点,分析了圆型限制性三体问题.采用基于不变流形的两脉冲转移方法为夸父卫星A设计出了转移轨道,并比较晕轨道近地点和远地点入轨的两种情况.仿真表明,晕轨道远地点入轨可以大大节省晕轨道入轨代价.     

平动点双脉冲转移轨道的快速计算方法

针对限制性三体问题中的平动点双脉冲转移,提出一种高效的计算方法。通过利用基于二维插值的数值流形近似方法对流形进行近似计算,同时利用二体模型下的圆锥曲线近似流形拼接段,根据经典轨道要素推导得到完成拼接所需的速度增量,避免在优化过程中对流形的重复积分计算,以及在三体模型下对拼接段的迭代计算,从而显著提高计算效率。然后推导得到三体问题下的主矢量理论,可将其用于对优化所得的双脉冲转移轨道进行燃料最优性的验证。最后,以航天器从近地圆轨道到地月系L1点的halo轨道的双脉冲转移为例进行数值仿真,验证数值流形近似算法和二体模型近似脉冲的有效性,并表明该方法在优化过程中具有高效性。     

基于大幅值Lyapunov轨道稳定流形的地月转移方法

针对现有的基于不变流形地月转移轨道设计方法存在的转移时间长、需要额外速度增量的缺点,本文利用平面圆型限制性三体问题下大幅值Lyapunov轨道的稳定流形,提出了一种地月低能转移轨道设计方法。首先计算与给定近月轨道相切的大幅值Lyapunov轨道作为参考轨道;然后根据小偏差值对稳定流形的影响确定Lyapunov轨道初始点的取值范围;再通过最近点截面确定与给定近地轨道相切的Lyapunov轨道的稳定流形;最后根据稳定流形的切点调整近月轨道半径,通过一条稳定流形直接连接近地轨道与近月轨道来实现地月转移。仿真结果表明,该方法仅需要两次速度增量,在能耗较低的前提下大大减少了探测器渐近Lyapunov轨道时的飞行时间,为地月低能转移轨道的设计提供了一种新思路。     

基于不变流形的小推力Halo轨道转移方法研究

利用动力系统理论中的不变流形概念设计向halo轨道转移的小推力轨道。首先,根据小推力发动机是否工作将转移轨道划分为上升段和滑行段。两个轨道段分别采用不同的动力学模型描述;并通过不变流形和Lyapunov反馈控制原理将整段轨道参数化;最后进行参数优化获得最优转移轨道。这种方法通过合理选择坐标系和利用反馈控制的方法,避免了由三体动力学模型以及最优控制问题的共轭方程所具有的极强的非线性带来的求解困难。具有很强的收敛性;优化过程的每一步中不包含迭代过程,计算速度快。并以从地球停泊轨道向日-地L2点halo轨道转移为例验证了此方法的有效性。这种方法对小推力动平衡点任务设计有着重要的实际意义。     

升力式航天器太阳同步冻结回归轨道保持策略

针对超低轨道升力式航天器对地观察的优势及其高机动特性，设计了一种近地点位于临近空间的太阳同步冻结回归轨道，并对气动力辅助与发动机推力相结合的轨道保持策略进行了研究。策略将轨道保持过程分为3个阶段：第1阶段自远地点飞向大气层，不施加控制；第2阶段在大气层内飞行，通过控制攻角和倾侧角调整航天器所受气动力，小幅改变轨道的升交点赤经；第3阶段自跃出大气层到远地点，利用轨控发动机调整轨道参数，回到远地点时除升交点赤经其他轨道参数不变。以燃料最省为性能指标，对轨道保持策略进行了仿真分析，结果表明可以实现14.7天太阳同步冻结回归轨道的在轨运行。     

混合推进最省燃料轨道设计方法

使用混合推进方式设计地-月圆型限制性三体模型下的最省燃料转移轨道。将化学发动机以及电推进发动机的燃料消耗总和作为目标函数进行优化,推导一阶必要条件和雅可比矩阵。选择从近地圆轨道出发到达地-月L1附近Halo轨道的转移轨道为例测试上述方法。仿真结果表明,相比发射脉冲固定的情况,混合推进方式进一步降低了燃料消耗,而且给出了飞行时间和燃料消耗不同的组合方式,给予任务设计更大的灵活性。     

上面级在发射轨道的辐射外热流分析

研究发射轨道的外热流是进行火箭上面级和卫星热控设计的基础。文章给出了基于一组轨道和姿态参数的太阳矢量与地球矢量的计算方法。针对圆柱外形的上面级,分析了其发射轨道外热流的变化规律,利用该计算方法计算了太阳矢量,而太阳矢量在长时间滑行段相对固定,太阳矢量和受晒因子随发射时间而发生大幅度的变化,使得外热流工况变得非常复杂。通过对太阳定姿且绕箭体纵轴慢旋,可改善火箭上面级的飞行热环境,简化卫星和上面级的热控系统设计。     

飞月轨道引力捕获设计方法研究

利用太阳引力摄动与月球绕飞设计的地月转移轨道（飞月轨道），与霍曼转移相比，虽然飞行时间较长（约三、四个月），但可显著节省速度增量（可达１５０米／秒），对无人月球探测器尤为适合。应用平面圆型限制性四体问题动力学模型，选择从月球出发的初始条件。借助“地心距－时间曲线”，从平面圆型限制性四体问题转换为一般的限制性四体问题。通过典型模拟计算，分析负向积分（从月球轨道出发）初始轨道参数及太阳方位对月球探测器     

一种GEO卫星平台电推进轨道转移技术

为解决传统化学推进方式比冲小、燃料携带量大等问题,将化学推进平台改为全电推进平台。全电推进可节省卫星燃料,增加卫星载重比,延长卫星使用寿命,并且支持"一箭双星"发射。通过调研国内外全电推进卫星平台的进展情况,设计出使用电推进的轨道转移方案,并与传统推进方式进行对比。分析结果表明:卫星发射质量为2 700 kg,使用2台300 mN的推力器并联工作,从地球同步转移轨道(GTO)至地球同步静止轨道(GEO)的转移时间约为6个月,消耗燃料约650 kg,可满足任务需求。     

Design of transfer trajectories between resonant orbits in the Earth–Moon restricted problem

The application of dynamical systems techniques to mission design has demonstrated that employing invariant manifolds and resonant flybys enables previously unknown trajectory options and potentially reduces the ΔV$\mathrm{\Delta }V$ requirements. In this investigation, planar and three-dimensional resonant orbits are analyzed and cataloged in the Earth–Moon system and the associated invariant manifold structures are computed and visualized with the aid of higher-dimensional Poincaré maps. The relationship between the manifold trajectories associated with multiple resonant orbits is explored through the maps with the objective of constructing resonant transfer arcs. As a result, planar and three-dimensional homoclinic- and heteroclinic-type trajectories between unstable periodic resonant orbits are identified in the Earth–Moon system. To further illustrate the applicability of 2D and 3D resonant orbits in preliminary trajectory design, planar transfers to the vicinity of L₅ and an out-of-plane transfer to a 3D periodic orbit, one that tours the entire Earth–Moon system, are constructed. The design process exploits the invariant manifolds associated with orbits in resonance with the Moon as transfer mechanisms.     

Low-energy Earth–Moon transfers involving manifolds through isomorphic mapping

Analysis and design of low-energy transfers to the Moon has been a subject of great interest for decades. Exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is concerned with a geometrical approach for low-energy Earth-to-Moon mission analysis, based on isomorphic mapping. The isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows a visual, intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Two types of Earth-to-Moon missions are considered. The first mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a periodic orbit around the Moon. The second mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a capture (non-periodic) orbit around the Moon. In both cases three velocity impulses are needed to perform the transfer: the first at an unknown initial point along the low Earth orbit, the second at injection on the stable manifold, the third at injection in the final (periodic or capture) orbit. The final goal is in finding the optimization parameters, which are represented by the locations, directions, and magnitudes of the velocity impulses such that the overall delta-v of the transfer is minimized. This work proves how isomorphic mapping (in two distinct forms) can be profitably employed to optimize such transfers, by determining in a geometrical fashion the desired optimization parameters that minimize the delta-v budget required to perform the transfer.     

行星际Halo轨道转移的多目标优化设计

研究了星历约束下不同太阳—行星系统Halo轨道间转移的多目标优化设计问题。分析了直接和间接两种转移方式的特点,并引入伪流形技术加快了Halo轨道的逃逸和捕获速度。构建了两种转移机制的多目标优化模型。对于直接转移方式,采用伪流形双向拼接策略实现了转移轨道的构建;对于间接转移方式,通过近拱点庞加莱映射与双曲超速匹配完成了转移轨道的拼接。进一步,采用多项式样条函数对伪流形进行逼近,提高了伪流形的计算效率。两种转移机制的轨道优化设计都可以归结为简单的多变量无约束优化问题,采用非支配快速排序遗传算法NSGA-II求解。对地球—火星Halo轨道间的转移进行了多目标优化设计,校验了本文方法的有效性。     

采用Gauss伪谱法的小推力日-火Halo轨道转移优化设计

针对日-地Halo轨道到日-火Halo轨道的小推力轨道转移问题,给出一种基于不变流形理论和Gauss伪谱法的优化设计方法。首先,在日心惯性坐标系中建立小推力轨道优化模型,并基于不变流形理论给出轨道转移中流形出口和入口的选择原则,应用该原则在日-地系统中选择流形出口,在日-火系统中选择流形入口,并将其作为轨道转移的初末状态;然后基于Gauss伪谱法将最优控制问题离散化为非线性规划(NLP)问题,并采用基于逆多项式的形状算法给出了NLP初值的计算方法;最后对该轨道转移问题进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明：Gauss伪谱法可有效用于小推力日-火Halo轨道转移的优化,且采用逆多项式形状算法得到的初值具有初始误差小,使得NLP收敛速度快的特点。     

A low-thrust transfer between the Earth–Moon and Sun–Earth systems based on invariant manifolds

A low-energy, low-thrust transfer between two halo orbits associated with two coupled three-body systems is studied in this paper. The transfer is composed of a ballistic departure, a ballistic insertion and a powered phase using low-thrust propulsion to connect these two trajectories. The ballistic departure and insertion are computed by constructing the unstable and stable invariant manifolds of the corresponding halo orbits, and a complete low-energy transfer based on the patched invariant manifolds is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the criterion of smallest velocity discontinuity and limited position discontinuity (less than 1 km). Then, the result is expropriated as the boundary conditions for the subsequent low-thrust trajectory design. The fuel-optimal problem is formulated using the calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in a complete four-body dynamical environment. Then, a typical bang–bang control is derived and solved using the indirect method combined with a homotopic technique. The contributions of the present work mainly consist of two points. Firstly, the global search method proposed in this paper is simply handled using the PSO algorithm, a number of feasible solutions in a fairly wide range can be delivered without a priori or perfect knowledge of the transfers. Secondly, the indirect optimization method is used in the low-thrust trajectory design and the derivations of the first-order necessary conditions are simplified with a modified controlled, restricted four-body model.     

Lagrangian coherent structures in various map representations for application to multi-body gravitational regimes

The Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) has been demonstrated as an effective metric for revealing distinct, bounded regions within a flow. The dynamical differential equations derived in multi-body gravitational environments model a flow that governs the motion of a spacecraft. Specific features emerge in an FTLE map, denoted Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS), that define the extent of regions that bound qualitatively different types of behavior. Consequently, LCS supply effective barriers to transport in a generic system, similar to the notion of invariant manifolds in autonomous systems. Unlike traditional invariant manifolds associated with solutions in an autonomous system, LCS evolve with the flow in time-dependent systems while continuing to bound distinct regions of behavior. Moreover, in general, FTLE values supply information describing the relative sensitivity in the neighborhood of a trajectory. Here, different models and variable representations are used to generate maps of FTLE, and the resulting structures are applied to design and analysis within an astrodynamical context. Application of FTLE and LCS to transfers from LEO to the L₁ region in the Earth–Moon system are presented and discussed. In an additional example, an FTLE analysis is offered of a few stationkeeping maneuvers from the Earth–Moon mission ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun).     

地月低能转移轨道设计方法研究

研究地月低能转移轨道的设计方法。这种低能转移轨道利用了弱稳定边界理论，通过太阳的引力摄动，使得探测器能够不经过减速就被月球俘获。与经典的霍曼转移相比，低能转移轨道呵节省约140m／s的速度脉冲。由于设计是基于叫体问题模型进行的，问题具有很强的非线性特性，寻找满足约束条件的转移轨道变得非常困难。常用的两点边值问题的解法在这里都失效。本文在研究地月低能转移轨道特忡的基础上，对一般地月转移轨道搜索的变步长爬山法进行改进，用来设计地月低能转移轨道。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

气动-引力辅助转移轨道研究及在星际探测中的应用

借力飞行是减小星际探测任务发射能量和总的速度增量的有效途径,然而,借力飞行前后,探测器速度矢量转角的变化往往受到借力星体体积、质量等因素的影响,而不能达到理想的要求。若在借力飞行中引入气动辅助变轨,即气动-引力辅助转移(AGA),则这一问题可以得到有效解决。现通过对AGA转移轨道的分析,给出了AGA转移轨道设计的拼接条件,此拼接条件是对AGA转移轨道进行设计和分析的重要准则。同时还以探测Ivar小行星为例,提出了一种将绘制等高线图和圆锥曲线拼接相结合的设计AGA转移轨道的方法,并给出了设计探测Ivar小行星转移轨道的参数。数值计算表明:AGA转移方法不但可以降低远程星际探测任务的发射能量和总的速度增量,而且可以找到更多的探测机会。     

Manifold dynamics in the Earth–Moon system via isomorphic mapping with application to spacecraft end-of-life strategies

Recently, manifold dynamics has assumed an increasing relevance for analysis and design of low-energy missions, both in the Earth–Moon system and in alternative multibody environments. With regard to lunar missions, exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points L₁ and L₂ are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is focused on the definition and use of a special isomorphic mapping for low-energy mission analysis. A convenient set of cylindrical coordinates is employed to describe the spacecraft dynamics (i.e. position and velocity), in the context of the circular restricted three-body problem, used to model the spacecraft motion in the Earth–Moon system. This isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows the identification and intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Heteroclinic connections, i.e. the trajectories that belong to both the stable and the unstable manifolds of two distinct periodic orbits, can be easily detected by means of this representation. This paper illustrates the use of isomorphic mapping for finding (a) periodic orbits, (b) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from two Lyapunov orbits, the first at L₁, and the second at L₂, and (c) heteroclinic connections between trajectories emanating from the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ and from a particular unstable lunar orbit. Heteroclinic trajectories are asymptotic trajectories that travels at zero-propellant cost. In practical situations, a modest delta-v budget is required to perform transfers along the manifolds. This circumstance implies the possibility of performing complex missions, by combining different types of trajectory arcs belonging to the manifolds. This work studies also the possible application of manifold dynamics to defining suitable, convenient end-of-life strategies for spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Seven distinct options are identified, and lead to placing the spacecraft into the final disposal orbit, which is either (a) a lunar capture orbit, (b) a lunar impact trajectory, (c) a stable lunar periodic orbit, or (d) an outer orbit, never approaching the Earth or the Moon. Two remarkable properties that relate the velocity variations with the spacecraft energy are employed for the purpose of identifying the optimal locations, magnitudes, and directions of the velocity impulses needed to perform the seven transfer trajectories. The overall performance of each end-of-life strategy is evaluated in terms of time of flight and propellant budget.     

星历模型下地月自由返回全飞行过程轨道设计

面向载人登月任务需要,针对星历模型下具备自由返回能力的地月转移轨道设计问题进行了研究。在三体模型下对地月三维自由返回轨道进行了求解,得到了地月空间内的自由返回轨道分布情况。在二体模型假设下对近月段的三脉冲变轨进行了求解,给出了变平面机动的计算方法。进一步提出了两轮逐次优化修正策略,分别以高度和再入走廊为主要约束,采用内点法和SQP算法在高精度星历模型下对自由返回轨道初值进行逐次优化修正。之后,采用SQP算法在星历模型下对近月三脉冲变轨进行优化修正,得到了星历模型下的自由返回+近月三脉冲变轨地月转移策略。仿真校验结果表明本文提出的方法能够在给定约束下有效求解星历模型下具备自由返回能力的地月转移轨道,为载人登月任务的转移轨道设计提供参考。