航天火工装置可靠性设计、试验、评估实用方法与程序

鉴于火工装置研制现在缺少一套完整的可靠性设计、试验、评估方法与程序，文章从实际使用角度出发，总结了一套方法和程序，主要介绍火工装置可靠性模型，各个环节的可靠性设计、试验方法，并叙述了现型号使用的可靠性评估方法和程序。     

组织、组织质量——存活性E、可靠性R(安全性S)、成长性G

以产品、人体、企业、国家作为典型代表，提出组织的定义。组织的目标是满足利益相关者（stakeholder）的需要。这种需要大体可分为3类：1）存活需要；2）可靠性（或安全性）需要；3）成长需要。组织对利益相关者提供的利益X满足利益相关者需要的程度叫“效用U（Utility），是利益相关者对组织质量的度量。可靠性需要又分为内部可靠性和外部可靠性。内外部可靠性很多可能与利益分配的内外部和谐度Hj=f（k;μx,μx;σx,σx）,H0=g（k1,k2,k3,k4）有关。要预防为主，通过加强广泛监督来提高和谐度。由于一个组织与其他组织的竞争是优胜劣汰，因此要成长，要可持续发展，在技术上和管理上需要不断创新、进步，提高能力。创新进步要有“八荣八耻”约束下的自由、宽容及适当的条件。     

航天高技术产业发展趋势、机遇与挑战

从战略高度分析了航天技术与航天产业的发展与趋势，分析了航天技术与航天产业的特点，并为中国航天产业化的发展提出了建议。     

用ICP—AES法分析铝合金中Cu、Ti、Mn、Fe、Si、Zn元素

介绍采用ICP－AES法对铝合金中Cu、Ti、Mn、Fe、Si、Zn元素的分析。根据仪器的特点，最大限度避开基体铝及共存元素间的干扰。改变了铝合金用碱溶的传统方法。改用盐酸，硝酸溶样，用该方法分析六元素均能获得好的准确度，方法快捷，简便。     

如何实现天地通话、太空上网？

其实这些都是通过由卫星和地面测控站等组成的天地通信网络实现的。在我国，为实现指挥中心与航天员的直接对话，成功建立了二级通信网络，由庞大的地面测控网和飞船测控与通信分系统组成。各地面站通过位于太平洋上空的同步通信卫星，     

英国有源相控阵、数据融合技术、民机航电研发动态

1 英国高度重视机载雷达发展 英国国防部在2006年10月17日发布了《国防技术战略》（Defense Technology Strategy，DTS）报告的公开版，从国家的层次和角度描绘了未来20年内国防技术研究与开发（R＆D）的需求和目标。该DTS报告的焦点是推动对前沿国防能力的研究，表明英国国防部希望拥有能够更快地投入使用的有用装备。在这份DTS报告中，无人机系统（UAS）、电子战设备和机载雷达被列为关键技术。     

美国天基定位、导航与授时政策

2004年12月8日，美国布什总统批准了一项新的天基定位、导航与授时服务国家政策。该政策旨在为国家与国土的安全，以及民用、科学和商业应用制订天基定位、导航与授时计划、增强系统及其活动的指导与执行指南。新政策替代1996年3月28日发布的美国克林顿总统指令／国家科学技术委员会-6文件，即《美国6PS政策》。     

MINISAR：一种体积小、重量轻、成本低、可扩展的合成孔径系统

TNO-FEL正在开发一种称作“MiniSAR”的体积小、重量轻、成本低、可扩展的SAR／MTI系统。该小型合成孔径系统的体积和构造都很独特。最初，要将验证系统安装在一个两座滑翔机平台上。该雷达将尽可能使用商用货架产品（COTS）。本文阐述了TNO-FEL及其合作者在2002年制造的小型合成孔径雷达样机的概念和设计。 前端是一个有源相控阵天线。该天线由三堤含有波束形成网络、T／R模块和天线单元的平板组成。平板是一块将所有功能都集成在一块板上的多层微波板。每块平板集成有8个T／R模块。T／R模块的基础是TNO-FEL（TNO物理与电子实验室）开发的单片微波集成电路。天线结构大小可变，可扩展至在MiniSAR系统中安装更大的天线或多个天线。 该系统将安装在滑翔机平台机翼下的一个COTS吊舱中。TNO-FEL开发的这一平台既用于遥感，也用作无人机工作时的TNO—FEL教练台。该平台将在运行调试中为检验新概念和各项技术提供极好的机会。 雷达工作在X波段，中心频率约为9．75GHz。样机系统的设计目标是达到500MHz的带宽。系统将在高分辨率模式下覆盖至少1千米的地带，而在条带图像模式下覆盖大约4千米的地带。此外，MiniSAR将有一个三通道动目标显示模式。为了机上质量控制和运行支持，将为系统开发一种快视合成孔径雷达处理器。近期，有望扩展MiniSAR系统，使其包含交叉轨迹干涉仪和极化测定仪的更多能力。这个MiniSAR系统是TNO-FEL及其合作伙伴联合设计的。     

从习惯、协作、精力入手严防管制工作“错、忘、漏”

分析近几年空管原因发生的飞行冲突事件，原因多是管制员“错、忘、漏”问题，管制员“错、忘、漏”问题的原因是多方面的：从心理学上讲，人是会犯错误的；其次，航班量的持续增长和管制员数量相对较少之间的矛盾日益突出，在相当多的地区，真正的“双岗制”还很难实现；第三，民航可使用空域的限制以及大量军航活动增加了调配飞行冲突的难度和管制员的工作负荷。     

质量工作长效机制中的“识、适、实、时”

从质量工作的现状出发，结合当前质量工作中存在的问题，揭示了质量工作长效机制中“识，适，实，时”的重要性。“识”是质量工作的基础；“适”是质量工作的前提；“实”是质量工作的保证；“时”是质量工作的持续改进。     

Responsibility,capability, and Active SETI: Policy,law, ethics,and communication with extraterrestrial intelligence

With recently growing interest in the Active Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), in which humankind would send intentional signals to extraterrestrial civilizations, there have been increased concerns about appropriate policy, as well as the role of space law and ethics in guiding such activities. Implicit in these discussions are notions of responsibility and capability that affect judgments about whether humans or other civilizations should initiate transmissions. Existing protocols that guide SETI research address transmissions from Earth, but there is debate over whether these guidelines should inform de novo transmissions as well. Relevant responsibilities to address include (1) looking out for the interests of humankind as a whole, (2) being truthful in interstellar messages, and (3) benefiting extraterrestrial civilizations. Our capabilities as a species and a civilization affect how well we can fulfill responsibilities, as seen when we consider whether we will be able to reach consensus about message contents (and whether that would be desirable), and whether we have the capacity to decode messages from beings that rely on different sensory modalities. The interplay of these responsibilities and capabilities suggests that humankind should place increased emphasis on Active SETI.     

Isolation,confinement, and sensory deprivation

Long-duration space flight involves sensory monotony, isolation, and confinement. Obviously, data from other such environments are relevant to our concerns; and the application of the concept of arousal both to interpersonal relations and to task performance in space can point to appropriate selection, training, and spacecraft design features. In the context of space flight, all of these leads remain conjectural--simulation as well as laboratory research and initiation of long-duration flights will be the crucial test of the hypotheses.     

Suboptimal,two-burn,midlevel thrust,LEO-GEO transfer: Practical control schemes

This paper presentes the results of an algorithm developed at INTELSAT to (1) synthesize suboptimal, two-burn midlevel thrust, LEO-GEO transfer trajectories; (2) define practical steering laws to approximate the nominal trajectories; and (3) simulate their performance. Capabilities of the algorithm include: independently selectable constant thrust levels for the two burns, constant acceleration, staging, fixing the mass at either ends of the transfer. Figures of inefficiency versus ideally impulsive transfer are plotted for a reference constant thrust case over a range of initial accelerations. The diagram indicates that acceptable inefficiencies are attainable in the initial acceleration range above 0.1 g. A comparison with an optimal two-burn low-thrust transfer indicates negligible degradation in efficiency. The results of an application to INTELSAT VI are included.     

Statistical Relationships between Solar, Interplanetary, and Geomagnetospheric Disturbances, 1976–2000

Within the framework of the Space Weather program, 25-year data sets for solar X-ray observations, measurements of plasma and magnetic field parameters in the solar wind, and D _st index variations are analyzed to reveal the factors that have had the greatest influence on the development of magnetospheric storms. The correlation between solar flares and magnetic storms practically does not exceed a level of correlation for random processes. In particular, no relation was found between the importance of solar flares and the minimum of the D _st index for storms that could be connected with considered flares by their time delay. The coronal mass ejections (CME; data on these phenomena cover a small part of the interval) result in storms with D _st < –60 nT only in half of the cases. The most geoeffective interplanetary phenomena are the magnetic clouds (MC), which many believe to be interplanetary manifestations of CMEs, and compressions in the region of interaction of slow and fast streams in the solar wind (the so-called Corotating Interaction Region, CIR). They correspond to about two-thirds of all observed magnetic storms. For storms with –100 < D _st < –60 nT, the frequencies of storms from MC and CIR being approximately equal. For strong storms with D _st < – 100 nT, the fraction of storms from MC is considerably higher. The problems of reliable prediction of geomagnetic disturbances from observations of the Sun and conditions in interplanetary space are discussed.     

Announcement - GIScience 2000, First International Conference on Geographic Information Science,Savannah Marriott River Front,Savannah, Georgia,USA, October 28–31, 2000

Spatial Cognition and Computation -     

International space programmes and policies : N. Jasentuliyana and Ralph Chipman, eds North Holland, Amsterdam and New York, 1984, 552 pp, $65.00

The Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ( 82) identified crucial problems and made recommendations on strategies for developing countries to bridge the gap with advanced nations in the area of space technology. This article addresses some issues which, although implicit in the Report, are not discussed in detail therein. The role of space science and related scientific research is particularly emphasized. Close attention is paid to the role of human factors, such as the motivation to conduct research, the motivation to engage in international cooperation, and the motivation to utilize and exploit space. Possible opportunities for space research for developing countries, as well as relevant issues concerning management of space, are briefly discussed.     

Perception,object kind,and object naming

Spatial Cognition and Computation - We investigated whether certain perceptual properties of objects could support children's and adults' judgments of the range of shape changes permissible...     

Statistical Relationships between Solar,Interplanetary, and Geomagnetic Disturbances, 1976–2000: 3

In this paper we continue the analysis of the influence of solar and interplanetary events on magnetic storms of the Earth that was started in [9, 10]. Different experimental results on solar-terrestrial physics are analyzed in the study and the effects are determined that arise due to differences in the methods used to analyze the data. The classifications of magnetic storms by the K _p and D _st indices, the solar flare classifications by optical and X-ray observations, and the classifications of different geoeffective interplanetary events are compared and discussed. It is demonstrated that quantitative estimations of the relationships between two types of events often depend on the direction in which the events are compared. In particular, it was demonstrated that the geoeffectiveness of halo CMEs (that is, the percentage of Earth-directed coronal mass ejections that result in geomagnetic storms) is 40–50%. Higher values given in some papers were obtained by another method, in which they were defined as the probability of finding candidates for a source of geomagnetic storms among CMEs, and, strictly speaking, these values are not true estimates of the geoeffectiveness. The latter results are also in contrast with the results of the two-stage tracing of the events: first a storm—an interplanetary disturbance, and then an interplanetary disturbance—a CME.     

Magnetism, iron minerals, and life on Mars

A short critical review is provided on two questions linking magnetism and possible early life on Mars: (1) Did Mars have an Earth-like internal magnetic field, and, if so, during which period and was it a requisite for life? (2) Is there a connection between iron minerals in the martian regolith and life? We also discuss the possible astrobiological implications of magnetic measurements at the surface of Mars using two proposed instruments. A magnetic remanence device based on magnetic field measurements can be used to identify Noachian age rocks and lightning impacts. A contact magnetic susceptibility probe can be used to investigate weathering rinds on martian rocks and identify meteorites among the small regolith rocks. Both materials are considered possible specific niches for microorganisms and, thus, potential astrobiological targets. Experimental results on analogues are presented to support the suitability of such in situ measurements.     

Cave biosignature suites: microbes,minerals, and Mars

Earth's subsurface offers one of the best possible sites to search for microbial life and the characteristic lithologies that life leaves behind. The subterrain may be equally valuable for astrobiology. Where surface conditions are particularly hostile, like on Mars, the subsurface may offer the only habitat for extant lifeforms and access to recognizable biosignatures. We have identified numerous unequivocally biogenic macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical/geochemical cave biosignatures. However, to be especially useful for astrobiology, we are looking for suites of characteristics. Ideally, "biosignature suites" should be both macroscopically and microscopically detectable, independently verifiable by nonmorphological means, and as independent as possible of specific details of life chemistries--demanding (and sometimes conflicting) criteria. Working in fragile, legally protected environments, we developed noninvasive and minimal impact techniques for life and biosignature detection/characterization analogous to Planetary Protection Protocols. Our difficult field conditions have shared limitations common to extraterrestrial robotic and human missions. Thus, the cave/subsurface astrobiology model addresses the most important goals from both scientific and operational points of view. We present details of cave biosignature suites involving manganese and iron oxides, calcite, and sulfur minerals. Suites include morphological fossils, mineral-coated filaments, living microbial mats and preserved biofabrics, 13C and 34S values consistent with microbial metabolism, genetic data, unusual elemental abundances and ratios, and crystallographic mineral forms.