烟气覆盖表面红外温度测量的实验分析

为了研究辐射参与性烟气对红外测温法金属壁面温度测量的影响,首先根据实验中红外探测器测量得到的表面温度分布的特点,建立了一维表面红外测温模型;然后根据红外热成像测温原理及辐射传输理论,利用源项多流法分析模型计算了烟气覆盖表面在不同烟气厚度和不同表面温度下红外探测器获得的温度;最后利用马弗炉模拟不同温度的表面,振动筛模拟不同浓度和厚度的烟气环境,在实验室条件下设计搭建了模拟烟气覆盖表面的红外测温实验系统,实验验证了源项多流法分析模型,实验测量得到的温度与分析模型预测的温度吻合较好,并提出了利用反演方法修正红外测温的设想。     

红外窗口材料的热辐射特性测量方法

飞行器在大气层内高超声速飞行时,高温窗口迅速成为气动热辐射效应的主要因素,气动热辐射效应会降低甚至破坏红外(IR)探测系统的性能.通过分析红外探测窗口热辐射传输特性,提出一种红外窗口材料的热辐射特性测量方法,并测量了应用于中波红外(MWIR)探测系统的某蓝宝石红外窗口材料在高温状态下的透过率和自身辐射等热辐射数据.结果表明:在100~350℃范围内,0.1mm厚蓝宝石材料薄层在中波红外3.7~4.8μm波段的热辐射特性与温度近似呈3次方关系,温度越高,蓝宝石透过率越小,自身辐射越大.强烈的自身辐射极易导致红外探测器局部饱和现象,对探测系统造成的影响比透过率引起的信噪比(SNR)下降要大得多.      

空间目标红外特征仿真模型

建立了一种基于三维场景的空间目标红外辐射特征计算模型.模型对多层介质目标进行几何建模与三维剖分,考虑目标微动时太阳和地球对目标加热的影响,计算了目标外表面的辐射散热及内腔壁面元间的辐射换热,在此基础上完成目标的三维导热计算,利用Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解微元体的温度,进而计算了中长波和长波红外波段目标自身的辐射、对外热源的反射以及总的辐射亮度图像和辐射强度曲线.研究表明,无自旋的目标在圆周方向受太阳加热不均,温差显著;自旋使目标圆周方向温差减小,温度分布趋于均匀.     

空间飞行器再入大气层的防热问题

空间再入飞行器再入星球大气层时,周围空气由于受到压缩和摩擦,温度可高达一万度以上,炽热高温气体以对流和辐射两种方式向飞行器蒙皮传递大量的热量。因此,如果没有完善的防热措施保护,舱内有效载荷必将化为灰烬。对于防热问题来说,至关重要的是要充分了解再入飞行器周围的热环境,即搞清高温气流的流动状态(层流或是湍流),准确予计飞行器表面压力分布和剪切力,计算高温气体对蒙皮的辐射加热率、对流加热率以及再入飞行的总加热量。凭借多年的理论研究和反复实践,目前人们对这种再入物理现象已有相当程度的认识,利用高速电子计算机     

升力体飞行器能量近似最优倾斜转弯飞行策略

升力体飞行器返回地球大气层内时受到热流、动压及过载等约束条件,为使得飞行器在倾斜转弯飞行过程中能量损失最小,需要研究一种能量最优的倾斜转弯机动飞行策略。本文的主要研究内容包括:从再入动力学模型出发,分析了升力体飞行器倾斜转弯的弹道特性,推导了终端速度与倾斜转弯幅度相关的解析解,提出了一种多约束条件下能量近似最优的倾斜转弯飞行策略;为进一步验证飞行策略的能量近似最优性,建立了能量最优的非线性轨迹优化模型,通过高斯伪谱法进行求解,获得能量最优的飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,该飞行策略与优化方法获得的结果高度一致,并且该方法求解效率更高,工程应用性更强。      

基于气动导数的类X-37B飞行器纵向稳定性分析

为了定量地研究跨大气层轨道飞行器在不同飞行条件下俯仰方向的动态特性，在Etkin气动力模型的基础上，详细研究了飞行马赫数、减缩频率、振动幅值、平均迎角等因素对此类飞行器纵向动态特性的影响规律。研究结果表明，平均迎角和飞行马赫数决定了流场的基本特性，所以对气动导数的影响很大；而减缩频率和振动幅值决定了非定常扰动的强弱，影响非定常气动力的大小，决定非定常迟滞效应的强弱。对类似X-37B的跨大气层轨道飞行器来说，平均迎角越大，机身后方背风区的涡流作用越强，纵向稳定性越强。在亚声速范围内，随着飞行马赫数增加，纵向稳定性增强，在超声速范围内，随着飞行马赫数增大，纵向稳定性减弱。振动幅值大小虽然影响了流场的形态，但对气动导数的数值大小没有明显影响。振动频率对动态特性的影响也不明显。希望研究结果可为中国未来类似飞行器的研究和发展提供相应的参考和技术储备。      

高超声速巡航飞行器在线自适应反馈控制设计

由于飞行器模型的强非线性,各种建模不确定性以及飞行环境的复杂性,高超声速飞行器控制成为一个研究难点.针对某类具有参数不确定性的非线性系统,提出了一种反馈线性化与自适应估计相结合的方法,对非线性系统的输入输出动态应用反馈线性化处理以得到拟线性模型,并设计反馈控制律;对不确定参数采用自适应在线估计,利用Lyapunov方法分析稳定性;针对选择不同输出的情况,对如何消除内动态进行了讨论.为了验证该方法的可行性,将其应用于某高超声速飞行器巡航段纵向非线性模型,对速度和高度通道进行跟踪控制仿真,由于飞行器和大气环境存在建模不确定性,利用自适应控制对不确定参数进行在线估计.仿真结果显示该方法能够快速收敛,并且具有良好的在线自适应能力.     

基于有限体积法和SNBCK模型的红外辐射特性计算

耦合求解流场、组分浓度场、基于SNBCK模型的气体辐射传输/能量方程以求准确模拟飞行器排气系统气动热力及红外特性.窄带模型参数由HITEMP逐线计算数据库计算得到.通过CO₂4.3μm波段吸收率计算,圆柱炉膛辐射换热特性计算两个算例验证了所采用程序求解辐射传输/能量方程的准确性.最后计算了两种二元喷管的红外特性,结果表明大宽高比二元喷管地面和空中状态红外辐射特性差异巨大.     

深空再入返回飞行仿真及工程应用分析

深空高速再入对返回技术提出了许多新的挑战.采用传统弹道式返回,将使返回器面临残酷的气动热环境,同时需要解决落点偏差大的问题;采用新的预测制导返回技术需要解决返回过程的航迹规划、制导和姿态控制问题.根据球冠倒锥外形飞行器在大气层内再入飞行时的受力情况建立飞行器的动力学模型,然后对弹道式返回和预测制导返回两种飞行方案进行仿真,最后围绕返回飞行总体特性参数和返回方式的技术要求等进行工程应用分析,为深空返回的工程实践提供指导.     

巡航导弹红外辐射及大气衰减计算模型

对巡航导弹3个主要辐射源:蒙皮、尾喷管及羽流进行了深入分析,建立了巡航导弹红外辐射计算模型.此外,在红外辐射的大气传输理论基础上,综合考虑高度、倾斜及气象条件等各种因素,分析了大气衰减对红外辐射的影响,建立了大气透过率的理论模型与计算方法.最后,以某型号巡航导弹为例,利用此模型计算了3~5μm和8~12μm两个波段的红外辐射强度、大气光谱透过率和平均透过率,以及经过大气衰减后的红外辐射强度,并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,这是一种计算巡航导弹红外辐射的简单方法.      

Research on the Relation Between the Seeker's Handover and the Geometrical Position of the Missile and the Target

 研究了雷达导引头的交班误差以及截获概率与交班时刻弹目几何位置的关系,提出了单个误差角的导引头天线指向角误差模型,它与两个误差角的导引头指向角误差模型相比可以更好地分析天线指向角误差,并得到使指向角误差最小的弹目几何位置;然后进一步得到使多普勒频率误差最小的弹目几何位置;给出了最终的截获概率的表达式,截获概率由目标处于导引头天线主波束的概率、目标回波多普勒频率落入接收机频带内的概率和目标的检测概率组成的;最后分析了一种典型的中末交班情况.     

Comparison of the magnetic field before the subsolar magnetopause with the magnetic field in the solar wind before the bow shock

Crossings of the magnetopause near the subsolar point are analyzed using data of THEMIS mission. Variations of the magnetic field near magnetopause measured by one of THEMIS satellites are studied and compared with simultaneous measurements in the solar wind by another THEMIS satellite. The time delay of the solar wind arrival at the subsolar point of the magnetopause is taken into account. 30 and 90 s averaging of the magnetic field in the magnetosheath is produced. The results of averaging are compared with the results of measurements in the solar wind before the bow shock and foreshock. It is shown, that _Bx$B_x$ component of the magnetic field near magnetopause is near to zero, which supports the possibility to consider the magnetopause as the tangential discontinuity. Comparatively good correlation of _By$B_y$ component in the solar wind and near the magnetopause is observed. The correlation of _Bz$B_z$ component near the magnetopause and IMF is practically absent, the sign of the _Bz$B_z$ near the subsolar point does not coincide with the sign of IMF _Bz$B_z$ in ∼$\sim$30% cases.     

Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station

This paper describes a methodology for assessing the pre-mission exposure of space crew aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in terms of an effective dose equivalent. In this approach, the PHITS Monte Carlo code was used to assess the particle transport of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and trapped radiation for solar maximum and minimum conditions through an aluminum shield thickness. From these predicted spectra, and using fluence-to-dose conversion factors, a scaling ratio of the effective dose equivalent rate to the ICRU ambient dose equivalent rate at a 10 mm depth was determined. Only contributions from secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles were considered in this analysis.     

Consequences of the application of the streamer fluid model to the study of the sprite inception mechanism

We present the results of a streamer-fluid model used to investigate the electrodynamical coupling between the troposphere and upper atmosphere due to the penetration of lightning electric fields into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere, generating sprites. The model solves the continuity equation for electrons and ions coupled to Poisson equation. The dominant physical response of the atmosphere is the formation of a screening-ionization wave. The wave shields the atmosphere above it from the action of the lightning field and, together with the conductivity reduction below it due to attachment, the wave amplifies the total field below it, allowing for the penetration of intense electric fields in the mesosphere as it propagates downwards into regions of higher density that compress the wave. This is the key physical mechanism for sprite inception. We evaluated the effects of the thundercloud charge geometry, lightning current waveshape, atmospheric conductivity, via different electron density profiles, and the effect of ionization, attachment and electron mobility coefficients in the electrical breakdown process, related to halo production, and sprite streamer initiation. The results showed that electrons with higher mobility are more efficient in shielding the lightning electric field before breakdown, causing delay, and they contribute to the formation of the streamer seed after breakdown, anticipating the sprite streamer inception. Similarly, a higher effective ionization rate, produced by modifications in the attachment and ionization coefficients, anticipates sprite inception. The simulations with 6 different electron density profiles, and therefore conductivities, spanning 4 orders of magnitude, showed that the altitude of breakdown and sprite initiation, as well as their time delays from the lightning discharge are directly related to atmospheric conductivity: higher conductivities produce halo and sprite inception at lower altitudes with longer delays and may hinder sprite formation. We document that variations of 30 times in the lightning current leads to sprite initiation altitudes in the range 66.0–73.5 km, with delays between 1.550 and 34.500 ms, while variations of 4 orders of magnitude in the conductivity profile lead to initiation altitudes 61.0–70.6 km, with delays in the range 3.825–9.825 ms. Consequently, we suggest that lightning characteristics dominate over atmospheric parameters in determining sprites’ initiation altitude and delay. The simulation of a −CG, with a constant current of 30 kA, did not produce a sprite seed, confirming an asymmetry in the response of the atmosphere to positive and negative lightning. This is due to the free electron drift direction that is away from the screening ionization wave, preventing the formation of the streamer seed for the great majority of −CGs. The same does not apply to halos, which depend on the occurrence of breakdown and can be produced by discharges of both polarities.     

Possible physical properties of the flow in the vicinity of the heliopause

An interface between the fully ionized hydrogen plasma of the solar wind (SW) and the partially ionized hydrogen gas flow of the local interstellar medium (LISM) is formed as a region where there is a strong interaction between these two flows. The interface is bounded by the solar wind termination shock (TS) and the LISM bow shock (BS) and is separated on two regions by the heliopause (HP) separating the solar wind and charged component of the LISM (plasma component below). The BS is formed due to the deceleration of the supersonic LISM flow relative to the solar system. Regions of the interface between the TS and HP and between the HP and BS were in literature named as the inner and outer heliosheaths, respectively. An investigation of the structure and physical properties of the heliosheath is at present especially interested due to the fact that Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 have crossed the TS in December 2004 (Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Acuna, M.Y., et al. Crossing the termination shock into the the heliosheath. Magnetic fields. Science 309, 2027–2029, 2005; Fisk, L.A. Journey into the unknown beyond. Science 309, 2016–2017, 2005; Decker, R.B., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., et al. Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock and heliosheath. Science 309, 2020–2024, 2005; Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., et al. Voyager 1 explores the termination shock region and the heliosheath beyond. Science 309, 2017–2020, 2005) and in September 2007 (Jokipii, J.R. A shock for Voyager 2. Nature 454, 38–39, 2008; Gurnett, D.A., Kurth, W.S. Intense plasma waves at and near the solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 78–80, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07023; Wang, L., Lin, R.P., Larson, D.E., Luhmann, J.G. Domination of heliosheath pressure by shock-accelerated pickup ions from observations of neutral atoms. Nature 454, 81–83, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07068.14; Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Acuna, M.H., et al. Magnetic fields at the solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 75–77, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07029; Richardson, J.D., Kasper, J.C., Wang, C., et al. Cool heliosheath plasma and deceleration of the upstream solar wind at the termination shock. Nature 454, 63–66, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07024; Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., et al. An asymmetric solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 71–74, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07022; Decker, R.B., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., et al. Mediation of the solar wind termination shock by non-thermal ions. Nature 454, 67–70, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature 07030), respectively, and entered to the inner heliosheath.     

On the correlation of the solar wind observed at the L5 point and at the Earth

The L5 point is a promising location for forecasting co-rotating high-speed streams in the solar wind arriving at the Earth. We correlated the solar wind data obtained by the Nozomi spacecraft in interplanetary space and by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at the L1 point, and found that the correlation is significantly improved from that of the 27-day recurrence of ACE data. Based on the correlation between the two spacecraft observations, we estimated the correlation of the solar wind velocity between the L5 point and at the Earth, and found that the correlation coefficient was about 0.78 in late 1999, while that of the 27-day recurrence was 0.51. Eighty-eight percent of the velocity difference falls within 100 km/s between the L5 point and the Earth. This demonstrates the potential capability of solar wind monitoring at the L5 point to forecast the geomagnetic disturbances 4.5 days in advance.     

太阳风——磁层相互作用的磁流体力学数值模拟研究

磁层位于地球空间的最外层, 太阳风与磁层的相互作用是空间天气变化因果链中承上启下的关键环节, 是揭示地球空间天气基本规律的关键科学课题. 地球空间由于时变、多成分、多自由度的关联相互作用,使得传统的理论分析变得非常困难. 数值模拟作为近几十年发展起来的一个新的研究手段,对地球空间的理论和应用研究产生了深刻的影响. 国际上磁层的全球MHD数值模拟工作开始于20世纪70年代末, 最初的研究局限于二维空间. 由于磁层内在的三维特性, 20世纪80年代三维MHD数值模拟工作兴起. 本文简要说明了三维全球磁层MHD (磁流体力学)研究的特点及现状, 给出了三维全球磁层模型的基本框架, 综述了行星际激波与磁层相互作用、大尺度电流体系、重联电压和越极电位、磁层顶K-H不稳定性等方面的太阳风--磁层相互作用的MHD数值模拟的研究进展.      

Influence of the Ionosphere on the Observation of the Mid-Latitude Pi2 Pulsations at the Global Scale

Results of our investigation showed that occurrence frequency of Pi2 over a 24 hour period undergoes seasonal variations in time coincidence with foF2. In the winter months, at sunrise and sunset (when foF2gradients are the largest) the observation probability of these oscillations is minimal. At periods of summer solstice when the F2-layer persists almost round the clock, no effect of Pi2 pulsation attenuation is observed at sunrise and sunset. The pulsation amplitudes behave in a similar manner. Results of this study suggest the conclusion that the propagation of signal from the Pi2 sourse into the mid-latitudes, and also the parameters of these pulsations are essentially affected by electron density in the ionospheric F2-layer.      

辐射变色薄膜剂量计性能测试及加速器应用

本课题的目的是建立用于辐射加工高剂量水平吸收剂量测量的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。通过系统研究,批量制备了以尼龙为基材,副品红氰化物为染料的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。为了验证批制辐射变色薄膜剂量测量的可靠性,选择了国际上应用较广的FWT-60膜及丙氨酸薄膜剂量计与本实验室批制的辐射变色薄膜开展实验室内剂量比对,比对结果均在±4%内符合,归一化偏差En绝对值均小于1。通过在加速器上进一步应用实验表明批制辐射变色薄膜可用于电子束辐照参数测量。     

落塔微重力水平激光干涉测量方法中的干扰因素分析

落塔是获得微重力环境的重要设施,落塔微重力水平的测量对微重力科学实验的研究至关重要. 激光干涉是测量落塔微重力水平的一种新方法,这种方法的基本原理是让一个参考落体在落舱中自由下落,落舱由于受到服外空气阻力的作用将与自由落体运动略有差异,1 11. 肫内的参考落体则更接近理想的自由落体运动,这就使得落舱与参考落体之间存在着加速度差,这种加速度差便反映了落服的微重力水平,其所导致的相对运动则可通过激光干涉的方法测量出来. 本文对落塔微重力水平的激光干涉测量方法中将会遇到的一些主要干扰因素进行了分析,计算结果表明,这些干扰网素所造成的总误差约为 1.2 x 10-7g,低于微重力水平的预测值 10-4~lO-6 g,因此该方法是一种比较可行的测量方法.