SIS/LPB/PAn导电橡胶复合物

采用原位聚合法,在SIS(苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物)/LPB(液体聚丁二烯)橡胶基体中合成PAn(聚苯胺),形成单面导电的导电橡胶复合物.研究了基体聚合物交联度、苯胺、氧化剂用量和聚合反应时间等几种主要反应条件对复合物导电性的影响.导电层中PAn含量只有6.1%,导电面电导率就可达5.5S/m.该复合物的电导率:①随基体聚合物的交联度的增大而减小;②随苯胺用量的增大而增大;③随氧化剂用量的增大先增大后减小.      

Assessment of plant vitality detection through fluorescence and reflectance imagery

Recent studies of the vegetation fluorescence show that it can be successfully used as an intrinsic indicator of plant photosynthetic activity. With respect to the vegetation spectral reflectance, the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence is more specific as an observable of basic biophysical processes in the plant cells. Laser induced fluorescence is widely used in near range remote sensing, but it is not suitable for the global monitoring of vegetation. Decades of active fluorometry studies have collected useful information of leaf reaction to natural and anthropogenic stress. Still the passive fluorescence, the one that could be registered from satellite orbit has still to prove its advantage over widely used reflectance signature. The weakness of the signal and the lack of experience with passive fluorescence measurements require extensive technical, theoretical and experimental studies. New imaging fluorometres are to be designed for measuring steady state fluorescence in controlled and natural conditions.

In order to compare reflectance and steady state fluorescence sensitivity to stress impact, a set of experiments have been conducted under controlled illumination conditions in a bio-chamber, designed by the author’s team. The equipment allows plant vitality to be monitored both by passive fluorescence and spectral reflectance imaging. Different types of stress factors (heat and drought stress, acid impact) were investigated to demonstrate equipments ability in monitoring changes of fluorescence signal. Selected fluorescence images of foliage illustrate an early detection of plant dysfunction and the temporal and spatial spreading of the stress impact. Analysis shows that fluorescence imaging of green plants can be developed as a highly effective early warning remote sensing method, which could have application for an ecosystems’ monitoring along with high-spectral reflectance imagery.     

Biochemical,photosynthetic and productive parameters of Chinese cabbage grown under blue–red LED assembly designed for space agriculture

Currently light emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered to be most preferable source for space plant growth facilities. We performed a complex study of growth and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage plants (Brassica chinensis L.) grown with continuous LED lighting based on red (650 nm) and blue (470 nm) LEDs with a red to blue photon ratio of 7:1. Plants grown with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were used as a control. PPF levels used were about 100 μmol/(m² s) (PPF 100) and nearly 400 μmol/(m² s) (PPF 400). One group of plants was grown with PPF 100 and transferred to PPF 400 at the age of 12 days. Plants were studied at the age of 15 and 28 days (harvest age); some plants were left to naturally end their life cycle. We studied a number of parameters reflecting different stages of photosynthesis: photosynthetic pigment content; chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (photosystem II quantum yield, photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching); electron transport rate, proton gradient on thylakoid membranes (ΔpH), and photophosphorylation rate in isolated chloroplasts. We also tested parameters reflecting plant growth and productivity: shoot and root fresh and dry weight, sugar content and ascorbic acid content in shoots. Our results had shown that at PPF 100, plants grown with LEDs did not differ from control plants in shoot fresh weight, but showed substantial differences in photophosphorylation rate and sugar content. Differences observed in plants grown with PPF 100 become more pronounced in plants grown with PPF 400. Most parameters characterizing the plant photosynthetic performance, such as photosynthetic pigment content, electron transport rate, and ΔpH did not react strongly to light spectrum. Photophosphorylation rate differed strongly in plants grown with different spectrum and PPF level, but did not always reflect final plant yield. Results of the present work suggest that narrow-band LED lighting caused changes in Chinese cabbage plants on levels of the photosynthetic apparatus and the whole plant, concerning its development and adaptation to a varying PPF level.     

Plant cell plasma membrane structure and properties under clinostatting.

Structural-functional organization of plasma membrane of pea roots seedling was investigated by methods of chemiluminescence, fluorescence probes, chromatography and freeze-fracture studies under normal conditions and clinostatting. Phase character of lipid peroxidation intensity was fixed. The initial phase of this process is characterized by lipid peroxidation decreasing with its next induction. The primary changes depending on free-radical mechanisms of lipid peroxidation were excellently revealed by chemiluminescence. Plasmalemma microviscosity increased on the average of 15-20% under microgravity at the initial stages of its phenomenon. There were major changes of phosphatidilcholine and phosphatidilethanolamine contents. The total quantity of phospholipids remained rather stable. Changes of phosphatide acid concentration point to degradation and phospholipids biosynthesis. There were increases of unsaturated fatty acids mainly at the expense of linoleic and linolenic acids and also a decrease of saturated fatty acid content at the expense of palmitic and stearic acids. Unsaturation index of fatty acids increased as well. On the whole fatty acid composition was variable in comparison with phospholipids. Probably it is one of mechanisms of maintaining of microviscosity within definite limits. Considerable structural changes in organization of plasmalemma protein-lipid complex were not revealed by the freeze-fracture studies.     

Influence of microgravity on mitogen binding and cytoskeleton in Jurkat cells.

The effects of microgravity on Jurkat cells--a T-lymphoid cell line--was studied on a sounding rocket flight. An automated pre-programmed instrument permitted the injection of fluorescent labelled concanavalin A (Con A), culture medium and/or fixative at given times. An in-flight 1 g centrifuge allowed the comparison of the data obtained in microgravity with a 1 g control having the same history related to launch and re-entry. After flight, the cells fixed either at the onset of microgravity or after a or 12 minute incubation time with fluorescent concanavalin A were labelled for vimentin and actin and analysed by fluorescence microscopy. Binding of Con A to Jurkat cells is not influenced by microgravity, whereas patching of the Con A receptors is significantly lower. A significant higher number of cells show changes in the structure of vimentin in microgravity. Most evident is the appearance of large bundles, significantly increased in the microgravity samples. No changes are found in the structure of actin and in the colocalisation of actin on the inner side of the cell membrane with the Con A receptors after binding of the mitogen.     

Anthropogenic trigger of substorms and energetic particles precipitations

The high-frequency (HF) emission in near-Earth space from various powerful transmitters (radio communications, radars, broadcasting, universal time and navigation stations, etc.) form an integral part of the modern world that it cannot do without. In particular, special-purpose research facilities equipped with powerful HF transmitters are used successfully for plasma experiments and local modification of the ionosphere. In this work, we are using the results of a complex space-ground experiment to show that exposure of the subauroral region to HF emission can not only cause local changes in the ionosphere, but can also trigger processes in the magnetosphere–ionosphere system that result in intensive substorm activity (precipitations of high-energy particles, aurorae, significant variations in the ionospheric parameters and, as a consequence, in radio propagation conditions).     

Assessing ecohydrological factors variations and their relationships at different spatio-temporal scales in semiarid area,northwestern China

As a typical semiarid farming-pastoral ecotone sensitive to the environmennt, the Plain of West Liaohe Basin (WLBP) is currently experiencing drastic environmental changes. To identify how environmental change affect vegetation in the WLBP, we analysed spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Ecological environment factors based on monthly and annual air temperature (T), precipitation (P) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 to 2015. And the correlations between them were investigated by correlation analysis (Simple correlation, partial correlation and complex correlation) at temporal and spatial scale. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation growth of the WLBP showed ameliorated trend, with a change rate of 0.004/yr.; (2) P was more sensitive to NDVI than T; (3) and the influence of hydrothermal changes on vegetation growth was more significant than that of the change of single climate factors at time scales; (4) the effects of anthropogenic factors on vegetation change were 75.07% (1982–1993) and 98.08% (1994–2015), respectively. At the temp-special scales, P&T and land use type change (LUCC) were the main climatic and anthropogenic factors that affect vegetation changes, respectively.     

2012年7月海口与北京大气钠层观测

2012年7月海南激光雷达站（20°N,110°E）和北京激光雷达站（40°N,116°E）同时进行观测,对比低纬和中纬度中高层大气钠层分布及密度变化特性.两地使用相同的Nd:YAG激光器和泵浦染料激光器产生589nm激光,设定相同的激光参数,使用相同的直径1000mm的望远镜接收钠层的光子回波.两地均观测到突发钠层和双钠层事件.其中:海口观测到突发钠层事件9个,双钠层事件1个;北京观测到突发钠层事件1个,双钠层事件4个.分析海口和北京同一天夜间观测的大气钠层特性,对比两地同时观测到的钠层高度与密度的不同变化,发现当天夜间低纬度地区海口市上空钠层出现双钠层结构,持续时间123min,但是北京上空钠层没有发现该结构.      

Lipid peroxidation of plants under microgravity and its simulation.

In series of space experiments aboard the biosatellites "Cosmos 1887", "Bion 9", the orbital stations "Salut", "Mir" and under clinostating, changes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidation activity (AOA) of Chlorella, Haplopappus tissue culture, wheat and pea roots were determined. The changes had a complex fluctuation character; three steps of response were established: LPO decreasing accompanied by AOA increase; stabilization LPO <==> AOA balance; secondary LPO activation. Most early and highly amplitude decreasing of LPO were fixed in mitochondria. The rate of response have been increased on multicellular level of plants organization.     

Calcium-tracers disclose the site of biomineralization in inner ear otoliths of fish.

Since changing gravity (concerning direction and amplitude) strongly affects inner ear otolith growth and otolithic calcium incorporation in developing fish, it was the aim of the present study to locate the site of mineralization in order to gain cues and insights into the provenance of the otoliths inorganic compounds. Therefore, larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) were incubated in the calcium-tracer alizarin complexone (AC; red fluorescence). After maintenance in aquarium water for various periods (1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h; 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 15, 29, 36 and 87 d), the animals were incubated in the calcium-tracer calcein (CAL; green fluorescence). AC thus labeled calcium being incorporated at the beginning of the experiment and would subsequently accompany calcium in the course of a possible dislocation, whereas CAL visualized calcium being deposited right at the end of the test. Subsequently, the otoliths were analyzed using a laser scanning microscope and it was shown that the initial site of calcium incorporation was located directly adjacent to the sensory epithelium and the otolithic membrane. Later, calcium deposits were also found on further regions of the otoliths' surface area, where they had been shifted to in the course of dislocation. This finding strongly indicates that the sensory epithelium plays a prominent role in otolithic biomineralization, which is in full agreement with an own electron microscopical study [ELGRA News 23 (2003) 63].     

磁云边界层中的复合重联喷流观测分析

太阳风中的磁场重联通常与行星际日冕物质抛射有关.本文分析了1995年10月18日WIND飞船观测到的一例磁云前边界层中的复合重联喷流事件.该复合排空区由相邻两个不同方向的喷流构成，这两个喷流分别经过Walén关系的证认，符合行星际磁场重联排空区等离子体喷流的特征.结果表明，在磁云前端可能存在众多重联点，从而将磁云本体的磁场剥离，形成比单一重联喷流区更复杂的三维边界层结构.磁云边界层中可能发生多点多次重联，从而不表现出单点重联的排空区特征，这可能是行星际磁场重联排空区较少在ICME前端被观测到的原因之一.      

基于复杂网络的空中交通复杂性识别方法

在空中交通管理中，识别空中交通复杂性是一项重要工作。目前的算法多采用飞机密度、机群、滞留程度等宏观指标对复杂性进行评价。利用复杂网络理论描述空中交通状况，将空域中的飞机视为节点，飞机与飞机之间距离小于彼此的机载防撞系统（ACAS）通信距离时开始构成连边，以此构建飞行状态复杂网络模型，可以更好地描述网络内部的微观特征。选取环边数、节点强度、平均聚类系数、介数中心性和网络效率等拓扑特性指标，对动态空中交通状况进行了研究。在此基础上，采用独立主元分析（ICA）在线识别空中交通复杂性，将交通顺畅的情况作为训练数据集进行处理，根据SPE统计量、I2统计量和I_e2统计量的变化来识别复杂性情况。仿真结果表明，所提方法可以较好地识别空中交通复杂性。      

Tolerance of wheat and lettuce plants grown on human mineralized waste to high temperature stress

The main objective of a life support system for space missions is to supply a crew with food, water and oxygen, and to eliminate their wastes. The ultimate goal is to achieve the highest degree of closure of the system using controlled processes offering a high level of reliability and flexibility. Enhancement of closure of a biological life support system (BLSS) that includes plants relies on increased regeneration of plant waste, and utilization of solid and liquid human wastes. Clearly, the robustness of a BLSS subjected to stress will be substantially determined by the robustness of the plant components of the phototrophic unit. The aim of the present work was to estimate the heat resistance of two plants (wheat and lettuce) grown on human wastes. Human exometabolites mineralized by hydrogen peroxide in an electromagnetic field were used to make a nutrient solution for the plants. We looked for a possible increase in the heat tolerance of the wheat plants using changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensity during heat stress. At age 15 days, plants were subjected to a rise in air temperature (from 23 ± 1 °C to 44 ± 1 °С) under different PAR intensities for 4 h. The status of the photosynthetic apparatus of the plants was assessed by external СО₂ gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. The increased irradiance of the plants during the high temperature period demonstrated its protective action for both the photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves and subsequent plant growth and development. The productivity of the plants subjected to temperature changes at 250 W m⁻² of PAR did not differ from that of controls, whereas the productivity of the plants subjected to the same heat stress but in darkness was halved.     

海口上空中高层大气强烈的突发钠层观测

海南激光雷达站（20°N,110°E）2011年11月2日观测到强烈的突发钠层（SSL）.该SSL峰值密度达37087cm-3,半峰全宽仅为0.9km.对该SSL发生前后的钠层峰值密度和高度特性进行分析.统计激光雷达2010年5月至2013年12月共计377天观测到的SSL事件222次,其中仅有1次SSL峰值密度超过30000cm-3.对比距离最近的海南儋州（19.5°N,109.1°E）测高仪和VHF雷达观测到的突发E层（Es）事件,分析事件的相关性.Es最低高度与SSL峰值高度差均在5km以内,约有75%的Es与SSL时间差在±30min之内.实验中使用continuum的Nd:YAG激光器和泵浦染料激光器产生589nm激光,能量为45mJ,使用直径为1000mm的望远镜接收钠层的光子回波.      

Protein expression profile changes in human fibroblasts induced by low dose energetic protons

Extrapolation of known radiation risks to the risks from low dose and low dose-rate exposures of human population, especially prolonged exposures of astronauts in the space radiation environment, relies in part on the mechanistic understanding of radiation induced biological consequences at the molecular level. While some genomic data at the mRNA level are available for cells or animals exposed to radiation, the data at the protein level are still lacking. Here, we studied protein expression profile changes using Panorama antibody microarray chips that contain antibodies to 224 proteins (or their phosphorylated forms) involved in cell signaling that included mostly apoptosis, cytoskeleton, cell cycle and signal transduction. Normal human fibroblasts were cultured until fully confluent and then exposed to 2 cGy of 150 MeV protons at high-dose rate. The proteins were isolated at 2 or 6 h after exposure and labeled with Cy3 for the irradiated cells and with Cy5 for the control samples before loading onto the protein microarray chips. The intensities of the protein spots were analyzed using ScanAlyze software and normalized by the summed fluorescence intensities and the housekeeping proteins. The results showed that low dose protons altered the expression of more than 10% of the proteins listed in the microarray analysis in various protein functional groups. Cell cycle (24%) related proteins were induced by protons and most of them were regulators of G1/S-transition phase. Comparison of the overall protein expression profiles, cell cycle related proteins, cytoskeleton and signal transduction protein groups showed significantly more changes induced by protons compared with other protein functional groups.     

Gravity-dependent reactions of the moss Pohlia nutans protonemata.

In darkness, protonemata of Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) grew negatively gravitropically (upwards). However, not all filaments became gravitropic immediately after transfer to darkness. Some of them (~20%) for several days grew in different directions with respect to gravity. The apical cells of those protonemata predominantly contained multiple chloroplasts. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence rapidly decreased in the apical cells of such protonemata while starch content increased in comparison with upright growing protonemata. Light, especially in the red and blue part of the spectrum, inhibited protonemal gravitropism. Red light induced stronger inhibitory effects than blue light. Red light of 1.0 to 1.5 micromoles m-2 s-1 intensity induced bud differentiation in apical cells on almost all side branches of main protonemal filaments. Bright fluorescence of F-actin bundles in the tip of apical protonematal cells and a delicately fluorescing network enclosing plastids basal to the tip in a sedimentation zone were visualized. Bright fluorescence of actin as local patches and fine prominent axially oriented bundles was observed in cells of gametophore buds.     

Functional state of chromatin and proliferative activity of meristematic cells in pea seedlings under various clinostatic conditions.

Data from a complex cytochemical analysis show that the functional state of chromatin and the level of the cell proliferative activity may be reliable cytological criteria for primary structural and functional changes that result in disturbances of plant growth and development. Autoradiographic and cytophotonetric studies made it possible to establish certain differences, induced by fast rotation (50 rev/min) on the clinostat, in the chromatin state and cell reproduction of the pea seedling root meristem for the initial stages of plant development. There were no essential differences for the given parameters under slow (2 rev/min) clinostatic conditions.     

基于去噪的SAR复图像SPIHT压缩算法

提出一种对合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)复图像压缩的改进的分层树集合分割(SPIHT,Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees)算法,高效完成SAR复图像压缩,既有效地保留了SAR复图像的相位信息,又抑制了斑点噪声.首先根据SAR复图像的统计特征进行预处理,然后进行小波变换,对不同子带的小波变换系数采取不同的门限,进行软门限斑点噪声抑制,再经过SPIHT量化编码,得到压缩后的码流.仿真实验表明,在64倍高压缩比的情况下,通过对重建SAR复图像数据的相位误差、等效视数、平均空域相关系数等指标的测量,验证了该算法仍然具有很好的性能.      

Quenched Carbonaceous Composite: a laboratory analog for carbonaceous material in the interstellar medium.

We review the properties of Quenched Carbonaceous Composite (QCC), a residue produced from a hydrocarbon plasma, and the properties of its derivatives. A. Sakata and his colleagues have shown that QCC has a 220 nm absorption band, visible fluorescence matching the extended red emission seen in reflection nebulae, and infrared absorption bands that correspond to the infrared emission features in reflection nebulae, HII regions, and planetary nebulae. These properties make QCC a strong candidate material as a laboratory analog to the carbonaceous material in the interstellar medium. QCC is distinguished from the PAH hypothesis in that (1) it is a condensate composed of aromatic and aliphatic molecules, as well as radicals; (2) it exhibits a 220 nm absorption that is very similar in wavelength to the 217 nm absorption in the interstellar medium; (3) it exhibits visible fluorescence consistent with that seen in reflection nebulae; and (4) the bands at 7.7 and 8.6 microns are caused by ketone bands in oxidized QCC. The aromatic component in QCC is thought to be typically 1-4 rings, with the majority being about 1-2 rings.     

The electrolytical processes in dirty ices: implications for origin and chemistry of minor bodies and related objects.

Many moonlike bodies (M approximately or = 1 Moon) beyond the Martian orbit contain large amounts of dirty ice (approximately 50%) forming thick mantle with the solid phase thermal convection. When a body moves through the inter- or nearplanetary magnetized plasma, electric current is generated in the body and its environment. The current passing through a dirty ice containing up to 10% of organic admixtures produces a lot of electrochemical effects which have a profound impact on its composition. At this stage one can hardly say something definite concerning changes experienced by organics. The changes must occur inevitably and can be of a rather unexpected and far-reaching nature, so deserving a close study. Another obvious effect is a volumetric electrolysis of ice containing alien inclusions. The electrolysis products accumulate in ice in the form of a solid solution which is capable of detonation at 15-20 wt.% of 2H2 + O2. If M > or = 1 Moon (Galilean satellites, Titan), the body loses in explosion a part of its mass in the form of vapor and ice fragments (=short-period comet nuclei), whereas if M < or = 0.2 Moon, the body breaks up totally (the Main Belt asteroids origin approximately 3.9 Byr ago). 2H2 + O2 containing cometary nuclei are capable of burning or suffer new explosions when receiving an additional energy. The combustion in the sublimation products containing also light organics and 2H2 + O2 explains unexpected energetics and nearnuclear chemistry of Comet P/Halley (e.g. great abundances of negative and positive ions, atomic carbon, CO over CO2, origin of CHON particles etc) and its distant outbursts correlated, possibly, with the Solar activity. Thus the electrochemical processes in the dirty ice with organics, along with its subsequent thermal, radiative etc. processing, open up new potentials for explanation and prediction of quite unexpected discoveries.