临近空间大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器气动热环境的影响

基于TIMED/SABER 2002—2018年大气密度观测数据，统计分析了20~80 km大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器飞行热环境的影响。根据驻点热流估算方法给出的大气密度变化量与热流变化量之间的关系，定性和定量分析了不同月份大气密度相对变化量引起的热流变化量在垂直和水平方向的分布特征。研究表明:SABER大气密度月年均值计算的热流相对USSA76在夏季半球中高纬度地区偏高，在冬季半球偏低。在夏季半球高纬度地区约80 km附近存在热流增量的极大值，南半球夏季的极大值高于北半球夏季，尤其在南半球1月份，热流偏高可达32.2%。在经度方向，热流分布在夏季半球差异较小，冬季半球差异较大；考虑真实大气中存在的扰动时，在南半球和北半球夏季80 km附近，SABER大气密度预测的热流分别比USSA76偏高可达40.7%和36.6%。在经度方向，大气扰动引起的热流经向分布差异显著。在飞行器设计时，大气扰动的影响不能忽略；高超声速飞行器飞行应避免在夏季穿越南半球和北半球，规避热流增加带来的风险。      

The observation of ocean-surface fluxes of heat,water and momentum for climate studies

The potential of satellite measurements to define the ocean surface fluxes of heat, water and momentum is reviewed. Only surface stress and possibly rainfall can be directly estimated, latent heat flux may be available through parametrization, sensible heat flux cannot be obtained. Each of the radiative flux components may be estimated including possibly the downward longwave flux. However it is emphasised that, even for those fluxes which can be obtained, improvements in absolute accuracy of the monthly mean, area averaged values are required. Sampling by a single polar orbiting satellite is likely to be at best, marginally adequate. In most cases a pair of satellites will be needed.Calibration and continued validation of the satellite data using improved $\text{in situ}$ data will be necessary, and a combination of measurement systems will have to be used if the accuracy requirements are to be approached. Provision of $\text{in situ}$ data systems should be considered as part of the planning for future satellite missions. Satellite data collection and location could result in a considerable improvement to the $\text{in situ}$ data set.     

Observation of a 27-day solar signature in noctilucent cloud altitude

Previous studies have identified solar 27-day signatures in several parameters in the Mesosphere/Lower thermosphere region, including temperature and Noctilucent cloud (NLC) occurrence frequency. In this study we report on a solar 27-day signature in NLC altitude with peak-to-peak variations of about 400?m. We use SCIAMACHY limb-scatter observations from 2002 to 2012 to detect NLCs. The superposed epoch analysis method is applied to extract solar 27-day signatures. A 27-day signature in NLC altitude can be identified in both hemispheres in the SCIAMACHY dataset, but the signature is more pronounced in the northern hemisphere. The solar signature in NLC altitude is found to be in phase with solar activity and temperature for latitudes $?70°$N. We provide a qualitative explanation for the positive correlation between solar activity and NLC altitude based on published model simulations.     

Evidence for mass-loading of the Venus magnetosheath

The observed magnetic field configuration in the Venus magnetosheath contains information about the solar wind mass-loading processes occurring as a result of the extension of the neutral atmosphere into the magnetosheath. In this paper, magnetic field signatures of various mass-loading processes are discussed and experimental results from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter magnetometer experiment are examined for evidence of these signatures. The data suggest that the ?$\text{V}$X$\text{B}$ acceleration process, stochastic pickup of ionospheric ions, and $\text{J}$X$\text{B}$ force “scavenging” at the ionopause all occur at various times.     

基于Cluster观测的磁尾场向电流在南北半球投影位置的分布

利用Cluster四颗卫星的磁场探测数据计算磁尾场向电流并投影到极区电离层,研究其投影位置在南北半球的分布规律,统计过程中去除了强磁暴（磁暴主相Dst<–100 nT）期间的场向电流事件。结果显示:磁尾场向电流事件在极区投影位置的纬度分布具有明显的南北半球不对称性,北半球为单峰结构,南半球为双峰结构。在北半球投影到较低纬度（<64°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于南半球,并且所能达到的最低纬度更低;在南半球投影到较高纬度（>74°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于北半球,并且所能达到的最高纬度更高。地磁平静条件下（|AL|<100 nT）,磁尾场向电流密度随磁地方时（MLT）呈递增趋势,这一结果与低高度卫星在极区对I区场向电流的探测结果符合很好。研究结果表明,磁尾场向电流投影位置的纬度分布呈现出明显的南北不对称性,这与南北半球磁尾场向电流的空间分布以及磁层中磁场结构具有密切关系。      

顶部电离层总离子密度经度的变化

利用DMSP F13卫星1996-2005年共10年的观测数据,研究地磁中低纬地区黄昏时段(18:00 LT)顶部电离层总离子密度经度变化的季节、地磁纬度和太阳活动变化特征.结果表明总的经度变化在低纬地区与中纬地区具有明显不同特征.不同经度结构的季节变化均以年变化为主,但纬度分布具有明显差异.一波结构主要集中在中纬地区,且南半球明显强于北半球;二波结构南北半球不对称性非常明显;三波结构和四波结构均为低纬地区明显强于中纬地区.通过分析不同波结构对总经度变化的贡献发现,一波结构在南半球中纬地区贡献最大,二波结构在12月前后的15°N附近贡献较大,三波结构和四波结构仅在低纬地区有较强贡献.在不同太阳活动条件下,不同波结构的贡献率有明显变化.      

基于COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据的等离子体层电子含量研究

等离子体层是日地环境重要的组成部分.本文利用COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据经处理后得到的podTec文件获取等离子体层电子含量（PEC）对等离子体层进行研究.将podTec数据进行处理后获得的PEC（pod-PEC）和IRI-Plas经验模型提供的PEC （IRI-PEC）进行对比,发现pod-PEC与IRI-PEC符合得较好.在低（0°—20°）、中（20°—50°）、高（50°—90°）修正地磁纬度带下,分析了COSMIC在太阳活动极大年（2014年）3,6,9和12月的pod-PEC,得到如下结论:PEC随着纬度升高而逐渐减少,且3,9月PEC在中低纬关于磁赤道的南北对称性较好,6月北半球各纬度带的PEC明显高于南半球同一纬度带的值,而12月情况则完全相反,南半球中纬的PEC甚至会等于北半球低纬的PEC值;PEC在白天高而晚上低,高纬地区的PEC昼夜变化不明显;PEC具有明显的季节性.对于北半球,一年中PEC最大值出现在春季,冬秋季次之,夏季最低,具有明显的年度异常现象.      

2008—2009年电离层对重现型地磁活动的响应

利用2008—2009年的GPS TEC数据,分析了电离层对冕洞引起的重现型地磁活动的响应. 结果表明,在太阳活动低年,电离层TEC表现出与地磁 ap指数（采用全球3h等效幅度指数ap来表征）和太阳风速度相似的9天和13.5天短周期变化,表明TEC的这种短周期特性主要与重现型地磁活动相关. 地磁纬度和地方时分析表明,夜间高纬地区正负相扰动明显,中低纬地区则以正相扰动为主,较大的TEC变幅主要发生在南北半球高纬地区,夜间南半球高纬地区TEC变化相对ap指数变化有相位延迟. 白天中低纬地区正负相扰动明显,TEC短周期变化与ap指数变化相位基本一致. 2008年TEC的9天和13.5天周期变化幅度大于2009年.      

All-sky-imaging capabilities for ionospheric space weather research using geomagnetic conjugate point observing sites

Optical signatures of ionospheric disturbances exist at all latitudes on Earth—the most well known case being visible aurora at high latitudes. Sub-visual emissions occur equatorward of the auroral zones that also indicate periods and locations of severe Space Weather effects. These fall into three magnetic latitude domains in each hemisphere: (1) sub-auroral latitudes ～40–60°, (2) mid-latitudes (20–40°) and (3) equatorial-to-low latitudes (0–20°).Boston University has established a network of all-sky-imagers (ASIs) with sites at opposite ends of the same geomagnetic field lines in each hemisphere—called geomagnetic conjugate points. Our ASIs are autonomous instruments that operate in mini-observatories situated at four conjugate pairs in North and South America, plus one pair linking Europe and South Africa. In this paper, we describe instrument design, data-taking protocols, data transfer and archiving issues, image processing, science objectives and early results for each latitude domain. This unique capability addresses how a single source of disturbance is transformed into similar or different effects based on the unique “receptor” conditions (seasonal effects) found in each hemisphere. Applying optical conjugate point observations to Space Weather problems offers a new diagnostic approach for understanding the global system response functions operating in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.     

Mean winds of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (60–110 km): A global distribution from radar systems (MF,Meteor, VHF)

During the last decade a large number of radars (～12) have been developed, which have produced substantial quantities of tidally-corrected mean winds data. The distribution of the radars is not global, but many areas are well covered: the Americas with Poker Flat (65°N), Saskatoon (52°N), Durham (43°N), Atlanta (34°N), Puerto Rico (18°N); Europe with Kiruna (68°), Garchy (47°N) and Monpazier (44°N); and Oceania with Christchurch (44°S), Adelaide (35°S), Townsville (20°S), and Kyoto (35°N). Zonal and meridional wind height-time cross-sections from $\text{60}\text{80}$ km (MF/Meteor Radar) to ～110 km have been prepared for the last 5–6 years. They are compared with cross-sections from CIRA-72 for zonal winds, and Groves (1969) for meridional winds.It is shown that while CIRA-72 is still a useful model for many purposes, significant differences exist between it and the new radar data. The latter demonstrate important seasonal, latitudinal, longitudinal and hemispheric variations. The new meridional cross-sections are of great value. The common features with Groves (1969) are the equatorward cells in summer near 85 km; however their strength (～10 ms^?1) and size are less. Systematic and somewhat different variations emerge at higher (?52°N) and middle (35–44°) latitudes.     

Representations of solar EUV fluxes for aeronomical applications

The development of significantly improved representations of solar EUV inputs for computer-aided investigations of the terrestrial thermosphere and ionosphere has become attractive particularly for the present solar cycle which has been covered by reasonably complete and continuous EUV observations from the AE-E Satellite. These representations try to satisfy some rather incongruous $\text{requirements of spectral detail}$, regarding (a) the strong wavelength-dependence in the $\text{terrestrial}$ atmospheric cross sections of the various types of EUV photon interactions, (b) the great differences in the relative amplitudes of the various types of variations in the full-disk fluxes of $\text{solar}$ emissions at different wavelengths, and (c) the persisting desire to use only a $\text{small number of daily indices}$ as actual input variables for computational models supposed to cover the entire EUV wavelength range (remembering the great success of empirical thermospheric models using only two indices). These general physical and specific aeronomical demands indeed outline a very difficult task. The present study, based mainly on AE-E satellite observations during 1976–1979, represents an exploratory step, only clarifying some important developmental aspects, without recommending any specific formulations for immediately practicable adoption in aeronomical modelling at this time.     

Intercomparisons of temperature,density and wind measurements from in situ and satellite techniques

Intercomparisons between satellite retrieved temperatures (TIROS N series) and those derived from radiosonde and rocketsonde profiles have been made covering the years 1980–1984. Differences in the measurement parameters between 100 and 0.4 mbar (～16–55 km) are described; generally radiosonde/satellite differences are less than 1°K, while rocketsonde/satellite differences reach 7–8°K in the upper stratosphere. Comparisons between the various $\text{in situ}$ devices indicate that radiosonde/rocketsonde differrences are less than 1°K while precision studies of the rocketsonde instrument find that the rocketsonde measurements are internally consistent to less than 1°K up to 50 km and to less than 3°K to 60 km. Density data obtained with the small rocketsondes ($\text{in situ}$ thermistors and inflatable spheres) and with the large sounding rocket systems show that density measurements usually agree to within 15 percent up to 85 km. Comparisons of the various atmospheric parameters obtained from different instruments are important, however the usefulness of intermixing the measurements is obvious and increased emphasis should be placed on procedures for intermingling such data. Suggestions are made on how this might be accomplished.     

Space telescope observations of the earth's upper atmosphere by stellar occultations

Stellar occultations provide a useful means of measuring the trace gas composition of the Earth's mesosphere with a sensitivity of order one part per billion. The operational details will differ from those of other astronomical observations by ST, because of the difficulties in guiding near the Earth's limb. Two specific trace gases of interest to atmospheric studies, C$\text{l}$ and C$\text{l}$O, are discussed in this paper.     

A broad climatology of very high latitude substorms

Magnetic data from a newly commissioned Indian Antarctic station Bharati (corrected geomagnetic (CGM) coordinates 74.7°S, 97.2°E) and closely-spaced IMAGE chain observatories (∼100° magnetic meridian in Northern hemisphere) has been analyzed to study the climatology of substorms which were localized poleward of the standard auroral oval. We considered four austral summers (year 2007–2010) when data from Bharati was available. Several very high latitude substorms were observed in this duration when the solar activity remained unexpectedly low for a long time. Various features of very high latitude substorms, e.g., local time dependence, interplanetary state, hemispherical asymmetry and their nightside low latitude signatures are examined. Events studied here, suggested the following properties of substorms occurring at very high latitudes: (1) maximum occurrence was observed near magnetic midnight (21:00–02:00 MLT). (2) In contradiction to earlier reports, many substorms were observed even during negative IMF Bz condition. In addition, majority of substorms occurred during low or moderate solar wind streams. (3) Magnetic signatures were often pronounced in the winter hemisphere. (4) Even if widely used standard AE indices fail to monitor very high latitude substorms, their low latitude signatures are often evident.     

神舟4号大气成分探测的新结果

神舟4号(SZ-4)大气成分探测器搭载在SZ-4留轨舱上于2002年12月30日发射入轨，在在轨运行的前3个多月中，正值地球南半球处于夏半球季节，并发生了多次中低强度的地磁扰动事件，SZ-4大气成分探测器测得了轨道舱运行高度上(330-362km附近)大气成分的响应变化和异常现象新结果．探测数据表明，中低强度的地磁扰动事件也能引起热层大气中主要成分O和N2的数密度值增高的响应变化．同样在进入地磁扰动峰期后较高纬度处出现了N2的异常增变和O的异常降变以及大气密度异常扰动的现象，但此期间所出现异常现象的地域与SZ-3和SZ-2大气成分探测器探测结果相反，它仅位于南半球较高纬度地区．     

A statistical study of the mid-latitude NmF2 winter anomaly

Hourly values of the F2-layer peak density, NmF2, measured by 62 ionosonde stations from 1957 to 2008 at middle geomagnetic latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres are used in a statistical study of the F2-region winter anomaly. We analyze a maximum value, R, of the winter/summer geomagnetically quiet daytime NmF2 ratio over each ionosonde for approximately the same winter and summer solar activity conditions. The conditional probability of an occurrence of R in an interval of R, the most frequent value of R, the mean expected value of R, and the conditional probability to observe the F2-region winter anomaly are calculated and studied for low, moderate, and high solar activity conditions. It is found that northern hemisphere stations show significant cross-correlations of winter anomaly statistics with geomagnetic latitude for moderate and high solar activities.     

The chemical conditions on the parent body of the murchison meteorite: Some conclusions based on amino, hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids

Amino and hydroxy acids have been identified in the Murchison meteorite. Their presence is consistent with a synthetic pathway involving aldehydes, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in an aqueous environment (Strecker-cyanohydrin synthesis). From the various equilibrium and rate constants involved in this synthesis, four independent estimates of the ammonium ion concentrations on the parent body at the time of compound synthesis are obtained; all values are about 2 × 10^?3 M. Succinic acid and β-alanine have also been detected in the Murchison meteorite. Their presence is consistent with a synthesis from acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. Using the equilibrium and rate constants for this synthetic pathway, and the succinic acid/β-alanine ratio measured in the Murchison meteorite, an estimate of the hydrogen cyanide concentration of 10^?3 to 10^?2 M is obtained. Since hydrogen cyanide hydrolyzes relatively rapidly in an aqueous environment ($\text{t}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{< 10}{}^4\text{yrs}$) this high concentration implies a period of synthesis of organic compounds as short as 10⁴ years on the Murchison meteorite parent body.     

Seasonally steady planetary disturbances in the troposphere and stratosphere as seen in 30 years of NCEP reanalysis data

Zonal velocity and temperature daily global reanalysis data of 30 years are used to search seasonally steady planetary disturbances in the middle troposphere (400 hPa) and middle stratosphere (10 hPa). Significant wavenumber 1, 2 and 3 modes are found. Constant phase lines of zonal velocity 1 modes exhibit significant inclination angles with respect to the meridians. The winter hemisphere generally shows a more significant presence of structures. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) exhibits all over the year a larger amount of structures and more intense amplitudes than the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Middle latitudes exhibit the most significant cases and low latitudes the least significant ones. Longitudinally oriented land–sea transitions at ±$\pm$65° and −35° latitudes appear to play a significant role for the presence of steady planetary modes. The stratosphere exhibits a much simpler picture than the troposphere. Large scale structures with respectively NE–SW (NH) and NW–SE (SH) tilts in the observed temperature and zonal velocity constant phase lines recall the quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains that favor the poleward transport of angular momentum.     

The cold summer mesopause

One of the most characteristic features of the summer mesopause at high latitudes is the very low temperature. Earlier measurements have shown temperatures in the range down to 135 K around 86 km altitude, whereas the most recent $\text{in situ}$ measurements have revealed temperatures still much lower than that in a rather wide altitude region. The reasons for these low temperatures are to be found in the dynamics of the strato- and mesospheres. Upwinds and gravity wave activity over the summer hemisphere cause efficient cooling of the atmosphere.Also other effects are caused by the updrafts. The vertical transport velocity for important minor constituents is increased, which for instance causes the concentration of water vapor around the mesopause to be enhanced by large factors. This situation is of major importance for the possibility of forming noctilucent clouds (NLC).NLC are believed to be composed of small water ice particles, which because of the low temperatures can be formed on existing condensation nuclei. Two of the main questions regarding the formation of NLC concern the water vapor budget of the upper mesosphere and the origin of the condensation nuclei.This paper gives a general introduction to mesospheric physics and composition. Some results from recent satellite and rocket experiments are reviewed and the campaign layout and the performed experiments within the MAP project CAMP are described. The results from the different experiments are presented in four accompanying papers on CAMP results.     

X-ray observations of Vela-X

Exosat ME observations of the Vela-X region are presented. It is found that the 2–10 keV emission is divided into two components. One is associated with the rulsar but is probably extended by 10–20 arc minutes, the other is associated with the Vela-X radio nebula and is probably more extended ($\text{? 1}\text{degree}$). The Vela-X component is softer than the pulsar component. No pulsed emission is observed.