某高空飞艇光学吊舱热状态及飞行策略研究

使用光学遥感设备开展地球大气层临边观测是研究中高层大气目标特性变化规律的重要手段之一.光学遥感设备的热状态对其光学精度及系统信噪比控制至关重要，能够直接影响观测数据质量乃至观测任务的实现.针对中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪在高空飞艇平台探测的热状态需求，分析了光谱仪吊舱的热环境，给出了光学吊舱的热平衡控制方程，并对上升/下降段和平飞段先后开展了热状态计算，得到光学吊舱在不同状态下的温度变化规律、光电部件的温度场等计算结果.结果表明热控方案能够满足光谱仪的热状态需求.根据热状态分析计算结果，制定了飞行前后及飞行过程中光学吊舱的热控策略.本文分析方法和飞行策略可为同类飞行设备热控状态设计及研究提供数据参考.      

Deriving remote sensing reflectance from turbid Case II waters using green-shortwave infrared bands based model

The objectives of this study are to validate the applicability of a shortwave infrared atmospheric correction model (SWIR-based model) in deriving remote sensing reflectance in turbid Case II waters, and to improve that model using a proposed green-shortwave infrared model (GSWIR-based model). In a GSWIR-based model, the aerosol type is determined by a SWIR-based model and the reflectance due to aerosol scattering is calculated using spectral slope technology. In this study, field measurements collected from three independent cruises from two different Case II waters were used to compare models. The results indicate that both SWIR- and GSWIR-based models can be used to derive the remote sensing reflectance at visible wavelengths in turbid Case II waters, but GSWIR-based models are superior to SWIR-based models. Using the GSWIR-based model decreases uncertainty in remote sensing reflectance retrievals in turbid Case II waters by 2.6–12.1%. In addition, GSWIR-based model’s sensitivity to user-supplied parameters was determined using the numerical method, which indicated that the GSWIR-based model is more sensitive to the uncertainty of spectral slope technology than to that of aerosol type retrieval methodology. Due to much lower noise tolerance of GSWIR-based model in the blue and near-infrared regions, the GSWIR-based model performs poorly in determining remote sensing reflectance at these wavelengths, which is consistent with the GSWIR-based model’s accuracy evaluation results.     

A multi-spectral spatial convolution approach of rainfall forecasting using weather satellite imagery

Flood forecasting has long been a major topic of hydrologic research. Recent events and studies indicate that the success of flood forecasting in Taiwan depends heavily on the accuracy of real-time rainfall forecasting. In this study, we demonstrate a multi-spectral spatial convolution approach for real-time rainfall forecasting using geostationary weather satellite images. The approach incorporates cloud-top temperatures of three infrared channels in a spatial convolution context. It not only characterizes the input–output relationship between cloud-top temperature and rainfall at the ground level, but also is more consistent with physical and remote sensing principles than single-pixel matches. Point rainfall measurements at raingauge sites are up-scaled to pixel-average-rainfall by block kriging, then related to multi-spectral cloud-top temperatures derived from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite images by spatial convolution. The kernel function of the multispectral spatial convolution equation is solved by the least squares method. Through a cross-validation procedure, we demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of achieving high accuracy for 1- to 3-h-lead pixel-average-rainfall forecasting.     

Validation of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation electron density profiles by incoherent scatter radar data

Low Earth Orbiting satellites carrying a dual frequency GPS receiver onboard offer a unique opportunity to remote sensing of the global ionosphere on a continuous basis. No other profiling technique unifies profiling through the entire F2-layer with global coverage. The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data can make a positive impact on the global ionosphere study providing essential information about the height electron density distribution and particularly over regions that are not accessible with ground-based measuring instruments such as ionosondes and GPS dual frequency receivers. Therefore, it is important to verify occultation profiles with other techniques and to obtain experience in the reliability of their derivation. In the given study we present results of comparison of the electron density profiles derived from radio occultation measurements on-board FS-3/COSMIC and from the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar sounding.     

三层月壤模型的多通道微波辐射模拟与月壤厚度的反演

由月球表面数字高程试验性地构造了整个月球表面月壤厚度的分布.根据Clementine探月卫星的紫外-可见光光学数据,计算了整个月球表面月壤中FeO+TiO2含量分布,给出了整个月球表面月壤介电常数分布.由月球表层温度的观测结果以及月壤的导热特性,给出了月尘层与月壤层温度随纬度分布的经验公式.在这些条件的基础上,建立了月尘、月壤、月岩三层微波热辐射模型.由起伏逸散定理,模拟计算了该月球模型多通道辐射亮度温度.然后,以此辐射亮度温度模拟加随机噪声为理论观测值,按三层模型提出了月壤层厚度反演方法.由于高频通道穿透深度小,由高频通道的辐射亮度温度按照两层月尘-月壤微波热辐射模型反演月尘层与月壤层的物理温度,再由穿透深度较大的低频通道辐射亮度温度反演月壤层厚度.对于反演的相对误差也进行了讨论.      

真空低温环境红外亮温标准装置设计

对遥感技术现状及面临的问题进行了介绍，明确了建立真空低温环境红外亮温计量标准装置的意义，对国内外研究现状进行了梳理，对研究的标准装置的技术路线和设计方案进行了详细叙述。     

真空低温环境红外亮温标准装置设计

对遥感技术现状及面临的问题进行了介绍，明确了建立真空低温环境红外亮温计量标准装置的意义，对国内外研究现状进行了梳理，对研究的标准装置的技术路线和设计方案进行了详细叙述。     

Distribution of chlorophyll and harmful algal blooms (HABs): A review on space based studies in the coastal environments of Chinese marginal seas

Monitoring of spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll (Chl-a) concentrations in the aquatic milieu is always challenging and often interesting. However, the recent advancements in satellite digital data play a significant role in providing outstanding results for the marine environmental investigations. The present paper is aimed to review ‘remote sensing research in Chinese seas’ within the period of 24 years from 1978 to 2002. Owing to generalized distributional pattern, the Chl-a concentrations are recognized high towards northern Chinese seas than the southern. Moreover, the coastal waters, estuaries, and upwelling zones always exhibit relatively high Chl-a concentrations compared with offshore waters. On the basis of marine Chl-a estimates obtained from satellite and other field measured environmental parameters, we have further discussed on the applications of satellite remote sensing in the fields of harmful algal blooms (HABs), primary production and physical oceanographic currents of the regional seas. Concerned with studies of HABs, satellite remote sensing proved more advantageous than any other conventional methods for large-scale applications. Probably, it may be the only source of authentic information responsible for the evaluation of new research methodologies to detect HABs. At present, studies using remote sensing methods are mostly confined to observe algal bloom occurrences, hence, it is essential to coordinate the mechanism of marine ecological and oceanographic dynamic processes of HABs using satellite remote sensing data with in situ measurements of marine environmental parameters. The satellite remote sensing on marine environment and HABs is believed to have a great improvement with popular application of technology.     

高光谱遥感地形影响建模与仿真

针对地形起伏对高光谱遥感图像几何变形和辐射变化的影响,建立高光谱遥感地形影响模型.该模型利用传感器位置、姿态和视场角建立模拟图像像元坐标和地面空间坐标之间的成像几何关系,利用地表反射率、数字高程模型等数据,考虑大气辐射传输过程,计算起伏地形下传感器入瞳辐亮度图像,并经过空间分辨率转换,生成最终遥感模拟图像,实现高光谱遥感地形影响精确建模.利用西藏驱龙地区Hyperion数据和其它相关数据进行仿真分析,将模拟图像和原始图像进行对比,结果比较吻合,表明该模型具有较好的模拟效果.     

高低温环境模拟系统MATLAB仿真研究

在MATLAB仿真软件平台上,针对高低温环境模拟系统,首先以建立系统动态仿真模型为目的,以单个设备为基本模块,以状态、质量连续、能量守恒、动量守恒等方程为基础,以MS-Function函数与封装模块为基本方法,建立了高低温环境模拟系统MATLAB仿真模型库,然后在此基础上搭建了实际系统仿真模型,最后采用MATLAB图形窗口、ActiveX数据传输技术相结合的设计方法开发了系统仿真应用软件.实践证明该方法效率高,仿真研究及所开发的系统仿真软件都具有较好的扩展性和延续性.      

遥感卫星高速数传信息流设计

随着卫星遥感技术水平的提高,遥感数据的类型和数据量快速增加。为适应多类型、高速率遥感数据传输的复杂需求,对数传信息流进行了顶层设计,定义了数传与遥感系统数据接口以及数传帧格式,对遥感数据传输所需码速率进行了分类计算,为设计固定的下行数传码速率提供了依据。进而针对不同类型的遥感数据提出了基于分组优先级虚拟信道动态调度策略的数传信息流设计方案,确保不同类型遥感数据的传输满足不同的应用需求。对高速遥感数据确保满足较低的缓存容量需求,对低速遥感数据确保满足实时性传输需求。采用动态仿真技术对数传信息流设计方案进行了试验验证。设计方案可为后续新一代遥感卫星数传系统设计提供参考。     

Detection of hydrothermal alteration zones using ASTER data in Nimu porphyry copper deposit,south Tibet,China

Advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data were evaluated for the hydrothermal alteration mapping of the Nimu porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet. According to the metallogenic model for porphyry copper, we chose hydrothermal alteration mineral association and then established a remote sensing model. Relative absorption-band depth (RBD) and simple band combination methods in visible near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands were used to retrieve information about lithological distributions. Principal component analyses (PCA) were applied to extract the prospecting information based on the spectral information of argillization mineral association, propylitization mineral association, and iron stained (limonite) effects. Results of the study match up well with known copper occurrences and a circular structure in study area, while circular structures usually have close relationship with mineralization. Combined with field validation, ASTER data are proved able to characterise the alteration zone of these porphyry deposits. With VNIR and SWIR bands, argillic, propylitic and ferritization alterations in a single deposit can be effectively discriminated.     

A study of forest vegetation dynamics in the south of the Krasnoyarskii Krai in spring

Remote sensing applications have greatly enhanced ability to monitor and manage in the areas of forestry. Accurate measurements of regional and global scale vegetation dynamics (phenology) are required to improve models and understanding of inter-annual variability in terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange and climate–biosphere interactions. Study of vegetation phenology is required for understanding of variability in ecosystem. In this paper, monitoring of vegetation dynamics using time series of satellite data is presented. Vegetation variability (vegetation rate) in different topoclimatic areas is investigated. Original software using IDL interactive language for processing of satellite long-term data series was developed. To investigate growth dynamics vegetation rate inferred from remote sensing was used. All estimations based on annual time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. Vegetation rate for Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated using MODIS data. The time series covers spring seasons of each of 9 years, from 2000 to 2008. Comparison of EVI and NDVI derived growth rates has shown that NDVI derived rates reveal spatial structure better. Using long-term data of vegetation rates variance was estimated that helps to reveal areas with anomalous growth rate. Such estimation shows sensitivity degree of different areas to different topoclimatic conditions. Woods of heights depend on spatial topoclimatic variability unlike woods of lowlands. Principal components analysis shows vegetation with different rate conditions. Also it reveals vegetation of same type in areas with different conditions. It was demonstrated that using of methods for estimating the dynamic state of vegetation based on remote sensing data enables successful monitoring of vegetation phenology.     

Remote sensing techniques for monitoring and managing irrigated lands

Agriculture in semi-arid tracts of the world depends on water to sustain its irrigation systems. Such agricultural systems either derive from government investments in the control of surface flow or they have been developed through the exploitation of groundwater sometimes by a large community of unsupervised individuals seeking to maximise their own advantage without concern for the resource upon which they depend in the medium and long term. In both cases government agencies need data on the area irrigated and the volume of water used. In countries with highly developed scientific and agricultural institutions the contribution of remote sensing, though significant, may only provide between five and ten per cent of the data required to guide regional and national managers. In countries without such institutions the proportion contributed by remote sensing can be very much higher, as shown in a recent study in North Africa. The paper will emphasise the importance of carefully structured sampling procedures, both to improve the areal estimates from satellite imagery and the estimates of water use based upon them. The role of satellite imagery in providing information on the status of water resources, on trends in water use and in the implementation of policies to extend or diminish irrigated land are discussed.     

Models of Venus neutral upper atmosphere: Structure and composition

Models of the Venus neutral upper atmosphere, based on both in-situ and remote sensing measurements, are provided for the height interval from 100 to 3,500 km. The general approach in model formulation was to divide the atmosphere into three regions: 100 to 150 km, 150 to 250 km, and 250 to 3,500 km. Boundary conditions at 150 km are consistent with both drag and mass spectrometer measurements. A paramount consideration was to keep the models simple enough to be used conveniently. Available observations are reviewed. Tables are provided for density, temperature, composition (CO₂, O, CO, He, N, N₂, and H), derived quantities, and day-to-day variability as a function of solar zenith angle on the day- and nightsides.Estimates are made of other species, including O₂ and D. Other tables provide corrections for solar activity effects on temperature, composition, and density. For the exosphere, information is provided on the vertical distribution of normal thermal components (H, O, C, and He) as well as the hot components (H, N, C, O) on the day- and nightsides.     

Remote sensing of clouds

The extraction of information on cloud cover from present-day multispectral satellite images poses a challenge to the remote sensing specialist. When approached one pixel at a time, the derived cloud cover parameters are inherently nonunique. More information is needed than is available in the radiances from each channel of an isolated pixel. The required additional information can be obtained for each scene, however, by analyzing the distribution of pixels in the multi-dimensional space of channel radiances. The cluster patterns in this space yield statistical information that points to the most likely solution for that scene. The geostationary and polar orbiting meteorological satellites all have, at a minimum, a solar reflection channel in the visible spectrum and a thermal infrared channel in the 8–12 micron window. With the information from the cluster patterns and application of the equations of radiative transfer, the measurements in those channels will yield cloud cover fraction, optical thickness, and cloud-top temperature for an assumed microphysical model of the cloud layer. Additional channels, such as the 3.7 micron channel on the AVHRR of the polar orbiting meteorological satellites, will will yield information on the microphysical model—e.g., distinguishing small liquid liquid droplets (typical of low level clouds) from large ice particles (typical of cirrus and the tops of cumulonimbus). New channels to be included in future satellite missions will provide information on cloud height, independent of temperature, and on a particle size and thermodynamic phase, independently of each other. A proposed STS mission using lidar will pave the way for the use of active sensors that will provide more precise information on cloud height and probe the structure of thin cirrus and the top layer of of the thicker cloud.     

面向高分辨率遥感影像的地形辐射校正方法

地形辐射校正对获取准确的地表定量遥感精度意义重大。针对传统地形辐射校正模型不适用于高分辨率遥感影像的问题,提出了一种基于辐射传输模型,同时严控误差源的地形辐射校正方法,以资源三号01星高分辨率全色及多光谱遥感影像为例进行相关实验,实现对高分辨率遥感影像的地形辐射校正,并进行了主客观分析与评价。分析结果表明:本文提出的地形辐射校正模型和方法,能有效解决全色遥感影像在绝对辐射定标系数缺失情况下校正效果差以及如何保持高分辨率遥感影像细节等难点,较传统方法更适用于高分辨率遥感影像。      

一种低轨遥感卫星按需数据传输机制

针对现有低轨（LEO）遥感卫星数据下行机制普遍存在的低效率、高时延、传输路径易损等问题,提出了一种新型的遥感数据传输机制。所提机制中,支持地面站按需实时定位遥感影像资源,并建立定位卫星到达地面站的传输路径;在建立传输路径时,考虑到协作卫星与地面的可视时间有限,提出了以路径持续服务时间最大化为度量的路由算法,降低因协作卫星改变而引入的传输时延。基于NS3仿真平台实现了所设计的数据传输机制,实验表明,提出机制相比现有数据传输机制可降低数据传输时延,减少数据丢失。      

An early warning system for coastal earthquakes

Earthquakes are very common natural hazards, and every year a few damaging events occur throughout the globe. Satellite remote sensing data are found to be useful in providing information about changes in land, ocean, atmosphere and ionosphere. Recent studies have shown that some of the parameters observed from the remote sensing data are associated with impending coastal earthquakes. An automatic system “CQuake” has been developed to carry out spatial and temporal data mining analysis in real time. CQuake performs retrospective analysis of earthquakes, and performs forecast for predefined regions of the world based on the analysis of Surface latent heat flux (SLHF) or any other geophysical parameters. Details of CQuake, and an example of the Colima earthquake of January 22, 2003, are discussed.     

The private sector: A global pool of technical talent for remote sensing training and program support

The growing global pool of highly trained, technical talent in the private sector throughout the world reflects the degree of maturation that remote sensing from air and space vehicles has undergone, especially during the past ten years. This has been further spawned by the US Government move to commercialize the Landsat system. The number of qualified technicians and scientists has grown in proportion to the amount of data that has become available for public and private use. Applications of the data have matured from research investigations to operational use in many disciplines and geographic areas. Private and public industry corporations have established their own image processing and analytical laboratories to ensure their competitive positions. This has been further enhanced by the simultaneous availability of lower cost, analytical computer systems. Training and operational project development remain prominent objectives.While these are all very positive aspects a note of caution must be raised. Concern has recently been expressed by representatives of developing nations that not enough attention is given by remote sensing specialists to spelling out the limitations of the sensing systems or qualifying the degree of accuracy of the results obtained. Such criticisms are probably justified and it is recommended that remote sensing workers be mindful of such concerns.