小卫星星务管理技术

阐述了第三代星上测、控、管系统 (星务系统 )的基本设计思想 ,它是基于现场控制、内嵌式微控制器和星上现场网络等概念开发的一项卫星新技术。该项技术实现传统卫星上的系统功能集成 ,具有全数字化、全网络连接、全分散式和在线组态的特点。该文给出星务系统与过去星上测控系统相比的最大两个概念跳跃 :内嵌式 ,整星全网络化。星务系统构成了一种星载柔性服务系统 ,用现场网络来协调、控制星上智能设备的相互联系 ,完成包括信息流、动作流、能量流的动态作业 ,可以在线下载任务和在线整定参数 ,改变传统卫星测控系统接口层的封闭性和专用性 ,实现星上设备“即连即用”。这就是构成星上集成电子学系统一体化的关键 ,构成“平台化”的核心。按星务系统技术设计 ,可以提高整星级可靠性和运行功能有效性 ,并可以加快研制进度和降低开发成本。该文还指出了星务系统和数管系统的不同 ,CAN总线和 15 5 3B的不同     

“实践五号”卫星星务管理系统

中国在“实践五号” (SJ- 5)卫星上首次应用并通过考验的星务管理系统 ,是实现卫星运行管理、自主控制、信息传送以及星地大回路操作的综合自动化系统。它是由计算机网络来协调、控制星上各种功能部件的相互联系 ,完成包括信息流、动作流、能量流的动态作业所形成的一种星载柔性服务系统。它具备有如下主要技术创新点 :构成整星多级控制 ;引入内嵌式管理执行单元 ;星上现场网络技术 ;构造硬件和软件的封装技术 ;利用商用实时多任务操作系统 ;兼容型分包遥测技术 ;复合型遥控和遥操作实现技术 ;信息多路径的冗余备份和系统重构技术 ;测试床技术 ;分级整体辐射加固技术。星务系统的应用既提高了整星自治能力 ,自动化和智能化水平 ,又分散了整星失误风险。从而 ,提高了整星级可靠性和运行功能的有效性。     

小卫星姿控与星务管理的一体化设计

介绍一种将姿控系统和星务管理系统融为一体的设计思想，它节约了星载机资源，提高了系统信息处理的实时性，很好地体现了小卫星的质量轻、体积小、成本低的优势。对姿控系统的硬件组成、卫星的飞行模式和控制策略、星务管理软件的体系结构和总结设计思想、姿控软件的星务管理软件的接口设计等内容做了重点讨论。     

微小卫星隐身构型设计及优化分析

为研究天巡一号微小卫星的电磁散射特性, 建立了具有隐身外形设计的微小卫星电磁计算模型。采用物理光学法(PO)对不同状态下的雷达散射截面(RCS)进行数值计算, 并与微波暗室的试验结果对比, 验证了PO的准确性。在此基础上, 着重分析了卫星RCS入射角、极化、频率、电尺寸响应特性和全姿态角空间RCS响应特性。参考天巡一号的隐身构型设计, 将天巡一号优化为对称的尖锥构型, 通过不断增加尖锥棱边数来优化构型, 得到具有更低RCS构型的橄榄体卫星。结果表明:天巡一号的隐身姿态可有效应对单站雷达威胁, 最佳隐身姿态下的空间RCS均值低于非隐身姿态4.89 dBsm;在S波段(3 GHz)下, 橄榄体卫星RCS算术均值和RCS幅值分别低于天巡一号4.77 dBsm和31.66 dBsm;在X波段(10 GHz)下, 橄榄体卫星RCS算术均值和RCS幅值分别低于天巡一号3.65 dBsm和43.97 dBsm。      

基于模型化配置的星务自主控制软件设计与应用

卫星互联网正成为一种空间基础设施展开建设，大规模卫星发射的需求与地面运控管理任务指数型增长之间的矛盾日益突出，特别是对于低轨长期处于测控不可见弧段运行，其自主生存需求更为急迫，而星务自主控制功能是实现自主运行和生存的重要组成.本文通过参数装订、逻辑子层和数据交互模块的架构设计，提出一种基于模型化配置的自主管理软件系统框架，并针对核心逻辑子层，建立遥控主动模型、遥测主动模型以及数据融合交互控制模型，实现星务自主管理软件的快速研制，解决自主运行功能常会随设计深入和试验验证不断功能扩展的问题，提高星务自主控制软件的灵活性.通过卫星故障检测和恢复(FDIR)自主管理功能的设计进行了验证.结果表明该软件系统设计框架能够满足星务自主控制功能设计，具备可扩展能力，为进一步提升卫星的智能化水平奠定基础.     

基于负载平衡的微小卫星任务调度研究

在微小卫星星载机双机热备份的工作模式下,将两个星载机设计为并行工作的模式有利于提高星务系统的工作效率。文章结合星务系统的实际任务,以减小任务执行时间和任务在两个星载机上的平衡分配为目标,利用遗传算法实现了任务在双星载机上的调度分配。最短的任务执行时间和负载的平衡在某种程度上是相互制约的。文章在用于任务调度的遗传算法适应度函数的构造中,综合考虑了任务执行时间和负载平衡双重因素,并将这两个参数进行了量化,在适应度函数中分配了相等的权重,通过遗传算法的迭代获得这两个参数的最佳平衡点,使得星务系统的综合性能得到优化。     

小卫星星务管理计算机容错系统的设计

采用双机冗余的容错方案,对小卫星星务管理计算机容错系统的设计进行了较为深入的探索。在设计中,充分利用软、硬件容错技术相结合的优势,完成了星务管理计算机系统级和部件级硬件体系结构设计。提出了在主机发生故障的临界状态,启动备份机工作的临界切换设想。最后,通过仿真实验和系统模型可靠性分析,证明了系统可以满足设计的要求,具有较高的理论和实践价值。     

支持任务自主接入的星务软件重构方法

目前卫星设计领域软件在轨重构方式安全性低，灵活性差，大大制约了星务软件在轨功能的持续更新与扩展需求。针对以上背景，提出了一种支持任务级重构的星务软件架构，介绍了基于容错SRAM的典型硬件环境和基于软总线的软件分层设计方法；开展对任务自主接入及硬件重启后自主恢复机制的研究，提出支持任务自主接入的星务软件重构流程及补丁协议，最终针对新型软件架构和任务接入方法进行仿真，验证了该方法的安全有效性，解决了目前星务软件重构灵活性差的问题，为提升卫星软件好用易用性提供了解决方案。     

高分七号卫星总体设计与技术创新

高分七号卫星(GF-7)是中国自主研制的首颗1∶1万比例尺立体测绘卫星, 是国家高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项的重要组成部分。卫星围绕“双线阵相机与激光测高仪主被动复合测绘”的新体制，形成了高精度内/外方位元素稳定性设计、高精度姿态稳定控制、首个X频段自适应高速率数据传输系统、星上智能星务管理系统等一系列关键技术和创新点，实现了少控制点或无控制点区域的大比例尺立体测绘能力。介绍了卫星的总体设计情况，总结了观测体制、高精度载荷、姿态控制、高速数传、智能星务等技术创新点，通过卫星在轨初步测试结果进行了评价，认为卫星能够满足1∶1万测绘任务的要求。     

微小卫星数据存储器单粒子作用的检测及纠错

因为辐射导致的单粒子翻转效应（SEU）,使得微小卫星星上存储器在太空运行时其内容可能出现小概率错误,这种错误会影响计算机系统的运行和关键数据。文章阐述了“清华一号”微小卫星数据处理系统对SEU的纠错方法,分别介绍了实现（12,8）和（39,32）的汉明码纠错设计和基于FPGA的三模块冗余纠错编码方法,并分析了这些方法的工作原理和过程。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.