核动力深空探测器现状及发展研究

深空探测中,由于无法使用太阳能或者太阳能的利用效率太低,需要使用空间核电源。当前用于月球表面、火星表面、木星及以远的飞行任务中的核动力深空探测器,均利用的同位素核源衰变能,包括同位素热源用于温度控制和采用温差发电用于供电。研究中的深空探测核动力应用包括月球基地、载人火星飞行、无人探测、使用核反应堆裂变能等。空间裂变电源的反应堆包括液态金属冷却堆和气冷堆两种方式,前者支持温差、斯特林和布雷顿发电,后者支持布雷顿和磁流体发电。近期开始探索研究核聚变深空探测器。纵观核动力深空探测器的发展历程,同位素电源依然在深空探测中发挥着重要作用,大功率空间核电源结合电推进将成为未来深空探测的重要关注方向。     

Planetary radio astronomy from voyager

The Planetary Radio Astronomy instruments on Voyager 1 and 2 provided new, highly detailed measurements of several different kinds of strong, nonthermal radiation generated in the inner magnetospheres and upper ionospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. At Jupiter, an intense decameter-wavelength component (between a few tenths of a MHz and 39.5 MHz) is characterized by complex, highly organized structure in the frequency-time domain and by a strong dependence on the longitude of the observer and, in some cases, of Io. At frequencies below about 1 MHz there exists a (principally) kilometer-wavelength component of emission that is bursty, relatively broadbanded (typically covering 10 to 1000 kHz), and strongly modulated by planetary rotation. The properties of this component are consistent with a source confined to high latitudes on the dayside hemisphere of Jupiter. A second kilometric component is narrow-banded, relatively weak and exhibits a spectral peak near 100 kHz. The narrowband component also occurs periodically but at a repetition rate that is a few percent slower than that corresponding to the planetary rotation rate. This component is thought to originate at a frequency near the electron plasma frequency in the outer part of the Io plasma torus (8 to 10 R_J) and to reflect the small departures from perfect corotation experienced by plasma there.The Voyager instruments also detected intense, low frequency, radio emissions from the Saturn system. The Saturnian kilometric radiation is observed in a relatively narrow frequency band between 3 kHz and 1.2 MHz, is elliptically or circularly polarized, and is strongly modulated in intensity at Saturn's 10.66-hr rotation period. This emission is believed to be emitted in the right-hand extraordinary mode from regions near or in Saturn's dayside, polar, magnetospheric cusps. Variations in intensity at Saturn's rotation period may correspond to the rotation of a localized magnetic anomaly into the vicinity of the ionospheric footprint of the polar cusp. Variations in activity on time scales of a few days and longer seem to indicate that both the solar wind and the satellite Dione can also influence the generation of the radio emission.     

利用绳系太阳帆减缓小行星自转的技术研究

提出一种利用太阳帆绳系系统逐渐减小小行星自转速率的方法。在系绳长度不变的情况下,利用太阳帆受到的太阳光压力使其始终保持与小行星同步,避免了由于小行星自转而引起的系绳缠绕问题。通过控制太阳帆使系绳始终拉紧,系绳中的拉力便可以持续提供一个与小行星自转方向相反的力矩,从而减小其自转速率。仿真结果表明,面积10⁶ m²的太阳帆,经过约86天可将小行星的自转消除,验证了该方法的有效性。     

子午面内Alfvén波的传播特征

本文使用由ＷＫＢ近似得到的Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波传播的张量表达式,具体计算和讨论了一种太阳子午面内含盔形－电流片磁位形的流场中Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波的传播特征,主要结果是：（１）Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波磁场起伏随日心距离的增加而衰减,其中极开区的衰减远快于赤道区,但随着距离的增大,这种纬度关系将迅速变弱,以致在较远空间,磁起伏相差很小,衰减很慢;（２）Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波的相对磁场起伏ｂ／Ｂ随着距离的增加而迅速增大,在几个太阳半径之后变化不再明显,达到所谓的＂饱和＂;在大日心距离的盔形电流片附近,Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波将成为重要的磁场组成部分;（３）Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波速度起伏纬度关系较为明显,相对速度起伏。ｕ／Ｕ随着距离增大而衰减,电流片区衰减得较快,但这种纬度差别将变弱．与黄道面内Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波传播特征的具体比较表明,磁场涨落的变化特征与背景场位形存在着十分密切的关系,但速度涨落与背景场没有这种明显关系．     

Bow shock: Power aspects

It is clear that the primary energy source for magnetospheric processes is the solar wind, but the process of energy transfer from the solar wind into the magnetosphere, or rather, to convecting magnetospheric plasma, appears to be rather complicated. Bow shock is a powerful transformer of the solar wind kinetic energy into the gas dynamic and electromagnetic energy. A jump of the magnetic field tangential component at front crossing means that the front carries an electric current. The solar wind kinetic energy partly transforms to gas kinetic and electromagnetic energy during its passage through the bow shock front. The transition layer (magnetosheath) can use part of this energy for accelerating of plasma, but can conversely spend part its kinetic energy on the electric power generation, which afterwards may be used by the magnetosphere. Thereby, transition layer can be both consumer (sink) and generator (source) of electric power depending upon special conditions. The direction of the current behind the bow shock front depends on the sign of the IMF Bz-component. It is this electric current which sets convection of plasma in motion.     

Solar wind interaction with lunar crustal magnetic anomalies

Using Lunar Prospector data, we review the magnetic field and electron signatures of solar wind interaction with lunar crustal magnetic sources. Magnetic field amplifications, too large to represent direct measurements of crustal fields, appear in the solar wind over strong crustal sources, with the chance of observing these amplifications depending on upstream solar wind parameters. We often observe increases in low-energy (?100 eV) electron energy fluxes simultaneously with large magnetic field amplifications, consistent with an increase in plasma density across a shock surface. We also often observe low frequency wave activity in the magnetic field data (both broadband turbulence and monochromatic waves), often associated with electron energization, sometimes up to keV energies. Electron energization appears to be correlated more closely with wave activity than with magnetic amplifications. Detailed studies of the interaction region will be necessary in order to understand the physics of the Moon–solar wind interaction. At present, the Moon represents the only natural laboratory available to us to study solar wind interaction with small-scale crustal magnetic fields, though simulation results and theoretical work can also help us understand the physical processes at work.     

太阳电池电路深空探测服役环境与关键技术分析

针对月球、火星、木星等不同的深空探测任务，本文通过在轨服役环境分析，说明了火星探测火星表面光谱计算方法、火星光谱太阳电池设计思路、火星表面除尘技术路线及木星探测低温低光强技术风险。结合工程技术经验，给出了特殊任务应用条件下单片太阳电池推算整板输出功率的计算方法，解决了我国尚无特殊条件的瞬态大太阳模拟器作为整板输出功率测试地面模拟光源的工程难题，为相关科研人员提供参考。     

0.3AU和1AU之间高速太阳风的加速和加热机制

本文应用Helios飞船在0.3AU和1AU之间的高速太阳风质子和磁流涨落观测, 同时考察了包括各种可能的加速和加热效应的高速太阳风动量方程和质子能量方程.分析表明在碰撞为主的等离子体条件下导出的经典粘性系数表式明显地不适用于太阳风等离子体;在0.3AU和1AU之间主要加速力是热压梯度力和Alfven波压力, 背景磁场的洛伦兹力可忽略;在减速方面, 除了太阳重力外, 还需存在其它减速机制, 才能使太阳风动量平衡.看来唯有粘性能同时满足减速和加热这两种要求.      

太阳风质子束流的演化

太阳神飞船观测表明，太阳风高速流中质子束分量相对于核分量的密度随日心距离增加而增加．提出解释这一观测现象的机理并给出二维数值模拟结果．由于阿尔芬波速随日心距离增加而减少，第二支左旋波将与更多的质子共振，把部分原来属于核分布的质子拉到束分布中来．用数值模拟方程方法求解回旋波共振导致的准线性扩散方程，数值结果与观测结果相符合．     

Study of ionospheric D region changes during solar flares using MF radar measurements

During solar flares, the X-ray radiation suddenly increases, resulting in an increase in the electron density of the atmospheric D region and a strong absorption of short-wave radio waves. Based on Langfang medium frequency (MF) radar, this paper analyzed the variation characteristics of D region in the lower ionosphere from 62 km to 82 km. The analysis focused on multiple C-level and M-level solar flare events before and after the large-scale flare event at 11:53 (UT) on September 6, 2017. The results show that it is difficult to detect the electron density over 70 km in Langfang during solar flares, but the electron density value can be obtained as low as 62 km, and the stronger the flare intensity, the lower the detectable electron density height. Besides, the equal electron density height, the received power of X and O waves will also be significantly reduced during the flares, and the reduction of equal electron density height has a weak linear relationship with flare intensity.     

Auroral structures at Jupiter and Earth

This paper compares global structures of the aurora observed at Jupiter and Earth and our understanding of the mechanisms that produce these structures. Both planets have permanent, magnetically conjugate auroral ovals, although produced by quite different mechanisms. Both are multispectral, having been observed at X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and radio wavelengths. The brightest structures are produced by downward accelerated electron fluxes associated with upward Birkeland (magnetic-field-aligned) currents. At both planets, the auroral forms are time variable, especially at highest latitudes. The main power source for auroral emissions is planetary rotation at Jupiter, and the solar wind interaction at Earth. Thus Jupiter's auroral structures tend to be fixed with respect to magnetic (System III) longitude while Earth's are fixed with respect to local time. Earth's auroral structure is strongly dependent on the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). At Jupiter, no IMF dependence is known, but observations have not been sufficient to show such a dependence if it exists. A unique feature of Jupiter's auroral structure, with no counterpart at Earth, is the signature of the large (Galilean) satellites and, in the case of Io, even the corotational wake of the satellite.     

扭转Alfvén波共振的数学描述

提出完备正交函数基(OFSE)展开方法,求解冕环中无耗散扭转Alfvn波。每个基函数对应冕环中每根磁力线的一个固有角频率ω_n,当冕环足点驱动频率等于磁力线的固有频率时,Alfvn波将在这根磁力线处发生共振。采用OFSE方法求解了双足点驱动时冕环Alfvn波的时变演化问题,给出了时变解析解的新形式,其中包含共振项,从共振项可以发现,在共振角频率为ω的共振磁力线附近,在时间t为π/ω的整数倍时,出现δ型间断;在t为π/(2ω)的奇数倍时,出现1/x间断。共振磁力线振幅随时间线性增加,增加的斜率正比于Alfvn波速,反比于冕环长度,与驱动频率无关。     

Alfven波在微电离大气中的衰减特性研究

利用简单的偶极子地磁场模型以及大气电子密度和电导率模式, 分析地面产生的磁扰动以Alfven波的模式传播到近地空间区域. 这种地面的磁扰动可能干扰近地空间卫星对空间磁扰动的观测. 通过对地面磁扰动Alfven波模式1000 km高度内的衰减情况进行模拟, 认为在近地空间采用地磁偶极子模型是合理的. 由于衰减随扰动频率的增大而急剧增强, 分析还得到了近地卫星能够探测到地面磁扰动的最大频率. 计算结果表明, Alfven波的衰减主要集中在高度50 km以下, 这个区域内的大气电导率极其微弱, 使Alfven波的传播受到极大衰减. 0.4 Hz以下的Alfven波沿磁力线传播到1000 km高度后衰减结为原来扰动幅度的千分之一, 因此频率在0.4 Hz以下的Alfven波可能会干扰低轨卫星探测磁场脉动.      

多层太阳大气模式中Alfven波的传播

将实际的太阳大气划分为多个等温层次，导出了均匀倾斜磁场下线性Alfven波通过任意多等温层的能量透射率，结果表明，两等温层模式与三等温层模式的结果存在本质的区别。在两等温层中，温度的跃变式增高对Alfven波起着高通滤波的作用，而三等温层中在高频端Alfven波的透射率显示为振荡形态，对实际大气温度模式的计算结果表明，太阳低层大气更适合于周期为数秒的Alfven波的能量传输。     

太阳风中动力论Alfven波湍流谱(b)二次激发

根据行星际Alfven湍流是由动力论Alfven波集合形成的模型理论。将行星际Alfven湍流分为三个区域:湍流耗散区、二次激发区和湍流惯性区。并对各区湍流谱的特性分别给出解释。由动力论Alfven波的二次激发和衰减,解释了太阳风高速流质子温度高于电子的事实。      

Parameterized Regional Ionospheric Model and a comparison of its results with experimental data and IRI representations

We describe a Parameterized Regional Ionospheric Model (PARIM) to calculate the spatial and temporal variations of the ionospheric electron density/plasma frequency over the Brazilian sector. The ionospheric plasma frequency values as calculated from an enhanced Sheffield University Plasmasphere–Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) were used to construct the model. PARIM is a time-independent 3D regional model (altitude, longitude/local time, latitude) used to reproduce SUPIM plasma frequencies for geomagnetic quiet condition, for any day of the year and for low to moderately high solar activity. The procedure to obtain the modeled representation uses finite Fourier series so that all plasma frequency dependencies can be represented by Fourier coefficients. PARIM presents very good results, except for the F region peak height (hmF2) near the geomagnetic equator during times of occurrence of the F₃ layer. The plasma frequency calculated by IRI from E region to bottomside of the F region present latitudinal discontinuities during morning and evening times for both solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. Both the results of PARIM and the IRI for the E region peak density show excellent agreement with the observational values obtained during the conjugate point equatorial experiment (COPEX) campaign. The IRI representations significantly underestimate the foF2 and hmF2 compared to the observational results over the COPEX sites, mainly during the evening–nighttime period.     

太阳纯电子事件和质子-电子事件的电子能谱的机制

本文计算、分析了太阳耀斑加速电子在日冕中传输时激发的等离子体尾场的效应,认为耀斑电子的高能成份激发的尾场,能够加速低能耀斑电子,低能耀斑电子的能量增值可达几十keV至上百keV,这种尾场加速将软化约100keV以下的能量范围内(探测阈之上)的耀斑电子能谱。结合考虑尾场效应,本文提出了太阳耀斑加速电子从加速区到形成电子事件之间的能谱演化模式,说明了太阳纯电子事件的双幂律电子能谱和太阳质子-电子事件的单幂律电子能谱的形成,认为两类事件的电子能谱差异为耀斑电子日冕传输中不同程度的尾场效应所致,前者尾场效应弱,电子能谱呈双幂律,后者尾场效应较强,电子能谱为单幂律谱。      

Ultraviolet emissions from the upper atmospheres of the planets

A large number of atoms and molecules have strong emission lines in the vacuum ultraviolet. As a result, this spectral region is particularly suited to studying the upper atmospheres of the planets. The observed emissions not only identify the constituents, but also provide information on the solar and magnetospheric excitation processes. Long term monitoring of these emissions, particularly with modest spatial resolution, can elucidate the effects of variations in the solar input as well as changes in magnetospheric conditions. Also, earth orbiting telescopes generally provide better spectral resolution than is available on flyby vehicles. A modest beginning in planetary upper atmospheric studies from earth orbit has been made using orbiting observatories designed primarily for stellar astronomy. As examples of the power of this technique, some recent results will be reviewed with an emphasis on Jupiter and the Io torus. The unusual scheduling requirements and the effects of scattered intense long wavelength radiation put demands on orbiting planetary observatories which are somewhat different from those of stellar astronomy. The implications of these demands for continued advances in this area are discussed.     

二维磁流体动力学平衡日冕

应用解析和数值相结合的方法,本文处理了球对称太阳引力场中具有磁场的非粘、可压缩、完全导电等离子体的二维磁流体动力学平衡问题.得到了两种不同的解:(1)一种相应于磁场具有闭合区和开场区的稳定、自洽的等离子体流动,开场区几个太阳半径之外等离子体径向速度达到大值,超过了局地声速和局地Alfén速度;(2)等离子体速度总是小于局地声速和局地Alfvén速度,并当径向距离很大时速度趋于零.     

有限β等离子体中密度和磁场不均匀驱动的动理学Alfven波

在分析有限β等离子体中的密度、磁场不均匀引起的漂移波不稳定性的基础上，剖析了漂移波不稳定性对动理学Alfven波激发的作用．动理学理论能正确地处理有限拉莫半径效应和波粒共振相互作用，本文根据带电粒子在电磁场中的运动特性，采用Vlasov方程描述离子运动，运用漂移动理学方程对电子运动进行描述．密度不均匀和磁场不均匀对产生漂移不稳定性的对比分析表明：在有限β等离子体中，密度不均匀比磁场不均匀更易激发漂移不稳定性，且密度不均匀激发漂移不稳定性中的能量转换和转移更为强烈．这种能量的转换为动理学Alfven波的激发提供了物理基础．所得数值解表明：动理学Alfven波在磁层中能广泛地被激发产生，特别是在磁层空间的极尖区、磁层顶和等离子体片边界层等具有明显的不均匀性区域中更容易被激发产生．本文的研究结果进一步表明动理学Alfven波对磁层空间中能量传输具有重要作用．