基于LuGre摩擦模型的转台伺服系统自适应摩擦补偿研究

为消除非线性摩擦对测试转台性能的影响,选用LuGre摩擦模型描述转台系统所受的非线性摩擦。根据转台直流电机系统数学描述,提出了非线性摩擦补偿方法。设计了双观测器结构估计LuGre模型中的不可测状态;考虑LuGre模型中3个参数的非一致性变化,设计了自适应摩擦补偿控制算法,在线估计摩擦模型中的参数,并对非线性摩擦进行补偿。用李雅普诺夫方法证明了采用自适应摩擦补偿方法的闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明:正弦波输入时,摩擦补偿后的位置跟踪误差(峰-峰值)较无摩擦补偿减小了1个量级,位置跟踪性能有较大改善,辨识出的摩擦模型参数能稳定收敛于真实值附近;三角波输入时,自适应控制的位置跟踪精度更高。     

基于速度观测器的模型参考自适应摩擦补偿

具有相对运动的机械伺服系统中都存在着摩擦干扰力矩。针对机械伺服系统不能提供速度信号时的摩擦补偿问题 ,本文提出了一种基于速度观测器的模型参考自适应摩擦补偿方法 ,该方法利用一降维观测器在线估计速度信号 ,并根据该估计信号构成模型参考自适应摩擦补偿器。根据摩擦补偿器构成的两种情况 ,对系统误差的收敛性进行了分析 ,并进行了仿真验证 ,仿真结果说明了该方法的有效性和可行性     

带柔性伸杆小卫星振动控制的半物理仿真实验

在空间探测任务中,为了避免卫星平台剩磁对空间待测信息的干扰影响,需采用轻质的伸杆机构支撑各类探测载荷远离卫星本体,而伸杆的弹性振动不可避免地会耦合作用到卫星本体,从而降低卫星本体的姿态控制精度和稳定度。针对此问题,提出了一种基于伸杆最优指令整形结合本体自适应扰动抑制滤波器的复合振动控制策略,即采用指令整形技术抑制柔性伸杆的弹性振动,同时设计自适应扰动抑制滤波器进一步抵消柔性伸杆残余振动对本体的干扰影响,最后在搭建的半物理仿真实验平台上对控制方法进行了实验验证。结果表明：此方法在有效抑制柔性伸杆残余振动的基础上,通过干扰抵消和抑制的控制策略可显著提高此类航天器的姿态控制精度和稳定度。     

空间环境探测卫星用磁强计误差分析及在线标定

用于探测日地空间磁环境的磁强计多数安装在伸杆的末端,长期受太阳辐射等空间环境干扰力矩以及机动等影响,磁强计安装矩阵随时间发生较大的变化,从而导致卫星定姿精度下降。为此,在分析空间环境干扰力矩和磁强计定姿误差特性的基础上,建立了19维高精度的磁强计误差模型,结合卫星的运动学和姿态动力学特性,采用EKF滤波方法对安装矩阵进行实时估计与修正补偿,并利用该磁强计模型实现卫星的姿态确定,最后利用实验进行验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够在满足星载计算机的计算量要求的同时,在线估计安装矩阵误差,显著提高了磁强计的误差估计精度与定姿精度。     

MSCMG框架伺服系统非线性摩擦力矩建模与实验研究

在磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺(MSCMG)中,由于陀螺耦合力矩的影响,使得陀螺框架系统的摩擦力矩随着陀螺输出力矩和框架角位置的不同而发生变化,为了实现控制力矩陀螺输出力矩的高精度控制,需要对摩擦力矩进行精确建模。对控制力矩陀螺框架系统进行了动力学研究,分析了摩擦力矩随陀螺输出力矩和框架角位置的变化机理和变化规律,并据此建立了磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架系统的非线性摩擦力矩模型和非线性动力学模型。用实验数据对非线性动力学模型参数进行了最优最小二乘辨识,并用所得到的模型进行实际数据分析和仿真研究,仿真结果与实际实验数据非常吻合,验证了所建立模型的正确性和有效性。     

有摩擦补偿的驱动组件高精度位置控制研究

针对柔性、摩擦影响下的谐波驱动组件高精度位置控制问题,提出了一种自适应摩擦补偿的递阶控制策略。建立了考虑谐波驱动组件柔性、摩擦的级联动力学方程,采用LuGre摩擦模型描述摩擦特性,设计双状态观测器估计LuGre模型内部不可测状态,并引入自适应律辨识未知模型参数和惯量变化,实现了谐波驱动组件的高精度位置控制,并基于Lyapunov定理证明闭环系统的稳定性和跟踪误差的渐进收敛性,通过在空间机构驱动组件测试平台上的试验结果表明,该方法有效提高了驱动组件位置控制精度和鲁棒性。     

考虑未知飞轮摩擦力矩的航天器姿态跟踪鲁棒自适应控制

针对存在未知飞轮摩擦力矩和外干扰力矩情况下的姿态跟踪问题,提出并分析一种鲁棒自适应姿态控制律。姿态控制律采用一种间接处理未知飞轮摩擦力矩和外干扰力矩的方法。该方法并不直接关注未知摩擦力矩和外干扰力矩本身,而是关注其界,并用其进行控制器设计。最后基于Barbalat引理证明所得闭环系统的稳定性,并给出数值仿真结果。仿真结果校验了所提方法的有效性。     

弹性自驱动卷筒式伸杆机构展开刚度分析及校验

针对弹性自驱动卷筒式伸杆机构(STACER) 的展开刚度问题，分析了卷筒式伸杆机构的工作原理，基于等效连续体模型推导了卷筒式伸杆机构弹性卷筒的构型参数与刚度的关系式，分析了弹性卷筒末端螺旋角、末端半径、带厚、带宽对展开刚度的影响。分析结果表明：(1)末端半径的增大能同时提高弹性卷筒的一阶频率和比刚度，而带宽的增大将导致弹性卷筒的一阶频率和比刚度均降低;(2)弹性卷筒的一阶频率随带厚的增加近似线性增大，但比刚度随带厚的增大而近似按双曲线规律下;(3)弹性卷筒末端螺旋角在62°~75°时，弹性卷筒的比刚度可获得最优值。卷筒式伸杆机构的刚度测试结果与理论分析结果基本一致，校验了理论分析方法的有效性。     

基于智能差分算法的摩擦力补偿方法研究

针对光电平台低速转动时，受摩擦力影响较大，使得速度跟随曲线出现“死区”现象，导致跟踪性能明显下降这一问题，提出了一种基于智能差分进化算法和Lurge摩擦模型的摩擦力补偿控制方法。通过采集记录光电转台正、反向匀速运动时的摩擦力大小，建立转台不同速度和摩擦力之间的对应关系。通过最小二乘法对摩擦模型静态参数进行分段拟合，采用智能差分进化算法辨识摩擦模型动态参数，并基于反馈的速度信息和获得的摩擦模型等效为摩擦补偿力矩输入到电流环控制输入端，实现平台平稳低速运行。实验结果表明：摩擦力补偿后速度响应误差由补偿前的±0.1°/s减小到±0.04 °/s，提出方法效果显著。     

帆板驱动影响下的卫星姿态高精度高稳定度控制

受步进电机驱动作用,太阳帆板对日定向时卫星姿态受到影响。本文针对帆板驱动不平稳引起的同卫星姿态耦合干扰,提出了一种卫星姿态稳定和太阳帆板对日定向的复合控制方法。卫星姿态稳定采用自抗扰控制器,以估计补偿由帆板驱动和系统不确定性引起的干扰,并在此基础上,设计了步进电机自适应电流补偿驱动器,以克服帆板驱动机构摩擦力矩和谐波力矩影响。仿真结果表明,该方法能大大提高卫星姿态控制精度和稳定度,同时还改善了帆板对日定向的精度。
     

空间薄壁式伸展臂的展开仿真与卷曲方式研究

针对一种完全依靠自身弹性展开的空间柔性薄壁式伸展臂的展开动力学问题,基于Kirchhoff Love基本假设和广义胡克定律推导了伸展臂各部分壳体在展开前的应力计算公式,使用该公式对伸展臂的有限元模型进行预应力初始化,并采用显式时间积分方法对正向卷曲、反向卷曲和不紧密卷曲的空间薄壁式伸展臂的展开过程进行了动力学仿真,通过实验对仿真结果进行了验证。研究结果表明：应力计算公式可以正确地计算薄壁式伸展臂在展开前的应力状态,基于预应力初始化方法的显式动力学仿真可以较为准确地模拟空间薄壁式伸展臂的展开过程;反向卷曲的伸展臂在展开过程中出现了向固定段展开的现象,并且具有较高的初始应变能,不利于薄壁式伸展臂的空间应用,在设计中应选择正向卷曲的方式;不紧密卷曲的影响主要表现为卷曲段内层壳体易于从卷曲段侧边缘滑出,使伸展臂在展开过程中产生较大幅度扭转,而增大壳体材料的摩擦系数则可以有效避免这种现象。     

Sensitivity studies of the deployment of a square inflatable solar sail with vanes

This paper summarizes the results of numerical experiments to determine the sensitivity of the final attitude of an inflatable solar sail with vanes after deployment to various parameters affecting the deployment process. These parameters are: in- and out-of-plane asymmetries during deployment, length inflation profile, and vane deployment failures. We show how robust the sail deployment is to geometric asymmetries before a 35° off-Sun angle is reached. Differential delays in the time to inflate the booms and a boom sweep-back angle affect the stability favorably. Adjacent vane failures to deploy affect the stability unfavorably, while the failure of opposing vanes is acceptable. Realistic boom length rate profiles obtained during ground tests are used in the simulation showing that failing adjacent vanes in conjunction with initial inflation delays in adjacent booms represent the worst case. We also demonstrate that by feeding back attitude and attitude rate measurements so that a corrective action is taken during the deployment, the final attitude can be maintained very close to the initial attitude, thus mitigating the attitude changes incurred during deployment.     

Analysis of dynamic behaviour of inflatable booms in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns

The deployment behaviour of inflatable booms with zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper with the aim to deploy the booms as the actuator for future deployable large-scale membrane structures. Regarding the experimental approach, the stable deployment of a modified zigzag folding pattern is demonstrated, and the relation between stable and unstable deployment behaviour is considered in relation to air pressure and flow rate. In terms of the theoretical approach, the folding process and deployment behaviour are simulated using commercially available software (PAM-CRACH and PAM-SAFE). To create folding lines from the zero stress condition in the case of analytical inflatable boom models, the stress distribution and the shapes of the folding lines are considered for the initial self-deployment behaviour and deployment behaviour using the uniform pressure method. From the folding experiments and the results of folding analyses and UPM, the deployment behaviour of inflatable boom models in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is compared by using the finite point-set method. For the sequential deployment behaviour, which is difficult to replicate, the uniform pressure method is used for the calculations, and the relation between inlet air flow and stable deployment behaviour is discussed through comparison of the experimental and analytical results.     

空间绳网有控展开方法及优化

针对影响空间绳网展开性能的绳网回弹现象，提出了一种基于拖曳绳张力控制的绳网展开控制方法。首先，使用质心追逐描述绳网的回弹现象，并针对追逐过程提出了使用拖曳绳控制的绳网展开方法。其次，以有效展开位移为优化目标，提出了一种基于遗传算法的最佳控制力优化策略。最后，基于弹簧质点法建立了绳网的动力学模型，并通过数值仿真对比了无控、恒力和变力控制下绳网的展开性能。结果表明，控制力优化策略可以成功优化出所需控制力曲线，提出的有控展开方法可以大幅提高绳网的有效展开位移，提升绳网的展开性能。     

Spacecraft dynamics with regard to elastic gravitational stabilizer deployment

The present paper deals with the study the dynamics of the spacecraft with gyro-gravitational system of stabilization. The deployment of the boom of the gravitational stabilizer commences after placing the spacecraft into the orbit and completion of the preliminary damping, when the gyroscopes are uncaged. Primarily the boom is the pre-stressed tape wound on the special drum. When the drum starts deploying the tape, it turns into the elastic cylindrical rod with the mass at its tip. The objective of the study is the creation of the generalized mathematical model and the conducting of the computer modelling of the spacecraft dynamics. The equations of motion are worked out with the use of the Lagrangian formalism. The numerical simulation of typical modes of system functioning is conducted. It is shown that the folding and the following deployment of the boom result in the turn of the spacecraft by 180° about the axis of the pitch. The results illustrate the behaviour of the main system variables.     

大型反射面的充气展开动力学研究

为了掌握大型反射面从收拢状态到完全展开状态的动力学特性，采用气囊模型和控制体积(CV)法对反射面的充气展开过程进行研究。建立了包含中心轮毂、肋板、支撑杆、薄膜圆环和张拉绳的反射面有限元模型，提出逆解法获得折叠收拢状态下反射面的节点坐标，给出了充气展开动力学分析流程，获得了恒定充气速率下展开过程中圆环充气体积、环内压力等参数与展开时间的变化规律。结果表明，采用充气技术可进行大型反射面有序可控展开，反射面的充气展开过程分初始收拢状态、解锁释放、肋板展开、保压稳定四个阶段，地面充气展开试验结果验证了仿真分析的准确性。     

复合材料人形杆压扁过程数值模拟分析

为了避免超弹性杆因应力集中而产生疲劳裂纹，延长其使用寿命，借助于ABAQUS软件，采用S4R壳单元和粘结单元，建立了人形杆复合材料压扁有限元模型。利用显示动力学法对人形杆压扁过程进行了非线性数值模拟分析，分析单一材料、两种材料铺层方式和不同铺层角度时人形杆各层应力特点，进而选取出应力最小的铺层方法。该研究对可展开机构中人形截面超弹性杆复合材料最佳铺层方式的合理选取具有重要意义。     

Ultralight deployable booms for solar sails and other large gossamer structures in space

Future solar sail spacecraft which do not need any rocket motors and propellants are a promising option for long-term exploration missions in the solar system. However, they will require ultralight reflective foils and deployable booms which will allow for the unfolding of huge sails. The achievement of an acceptable ratio of reflective sail area and structural mass, which results in a still small, but significant acceleration under the photon pressure of sunlight, is extremely challenging. The same challenging deployment technique is required for the unfolding of large reflector membranes or antennas (gossamer structures). The key elements are the booms which must be stowable in a very small envelope before they reach their destination in space. Such booms were developed by DLR and have been successfully tested under zero-g-conditions during a parabolic flight campaign in February 2009. It could be convincingly demonstrated that the unfolding process is both controllable and reproducible. The booms consisted of two co-bonded omega-shaped carbonfiber half shells with 0.1 mm wall thickness each and had a weight of only 62 g per meter. Two different deployment technologies were tested, one based upon an inflatable 12 μm thick polymer hose inside the boom, the other one using an electromechanical uncoiling device at the tip of each boom. In the latter case, the uncoiling devices will radially fly away from the spacecraft, such that they become “expendable deployment mechanisms” and their mass does not count any more for the spacecraft mass that needs to be accelerated or actively controlled.     

薄膜充气管充气展开特性试验

用展开导轨消除因重力产生的摩擦力,在不同充气速率与初始展开角条件下对薄膜材料充气管的充气展开特性进行了试验研究,获得了展开角,以及展开加速度和内气压的变化规律。试验及分析结果表明:充气管的充气膨胀与展开相互独立,充气膨胀过程近似为等压增容过程,折叠部位的气压变化特性与整体气压变化特性差异明显。     

太阳帆板绳索联动同步机构的机理和功能分析

绳索联动机构（ＣＣＬ）是航天器上最常用的附件同步展开控制机构。本文将其等效为一个被动控制器，推导了机构的数学模型，分析了其参数对太阳电池阵同步展开的影响，并对一大型单翼太阳电池阵的展开过程进行了仿真，其结果和实验基本相符。同时得出了一些对工程设计有参考意义的结论。