裂纹慢扩展对陶瓷强度影响的分析方法

研究了慢速裂纹扩展对陶瓷材料强度退化的影响，并给出了一个一般的强度退化分析方法，该方法在一定条件下是与传统的分析方法等价的，并根据静疲劳实验数据，得到了裂纹扩展参数的确定方法，分析仅仅考虑了裂纹慢速扩展对强度的影响，不涉及其它的因素，最后从三个方面，即裂纹扩展机理，蠕变及统计性讨论了陶瓷结构时间相关可靠性及对寿命的影响。     

耐久性分析相对小裂纹扩展速率公式的参数确定方法

结构细节相对小裂纹扩展速率公式是采用概率断裂力学方法进行结构耐久性分析的关键。针对目前需进行多个应力水平下的成组疲劳试验以确定相对小裂纹扩展速率公式适用范围和参数的问题,首先,通过将应力强度因子修正系数展开为多项式,基于材料稳定裂纹扩展段的裂纹扩展速率公式得到了耐久性分析的相对小裂纹扩展速率公式。然后,以受远场均匀拉伸载荷作用的中心圆孔板为对象,分别基于应力强度因子近似解和FRANC3D软件进行裂纹扩展分析,得到相对小裂纹尺寸范围及对应裂纹扩展参数的确定方法。最后,进行了3种试件在等幅交变应力下的耐久性试验,验证了该方法的正确性。      

用双边切缝试样的高温蠕变裂纹扩展分析

对双边切缝试样切缝根部萌生裂纹进行了有效SIF分析,并用于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢板材的高温蠕变裂纹扩展试验,在所试验的温度T(570～650℃)和应力σ(15.3～16.9kg/mm~2)范围内,试验数据表明:稳态蠕变裂纹扩展是一个热激活过程,相应的综合参量S=S(T,σ,K_(1eff))有效地控制了稳态蠕变裂纹扩展率da/dt。     

以裂纹长度为参量的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型

建立了以裂纹长度为参数的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型，给出了计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和临界裂纹长度时的裂纹扩展时间分布的方法，以及计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和寿命时的裂纹长度分布的方法，并给出了相应的计算实例。     

疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型的参数估计方法

建立了用试验数据估计疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型参数的方法,尤其为利用现有的单裂纹扩展试验数据,建立了用不完全数据估计多裂纹扩展参数的方法,为含多裂纹结构的概率损伤容限分析作准备.应用最小二乘原理,讨论了完全试验数据-并联远源裂纹和完全试验数据-近源裂纹2种情况下裂纹扩展参数的估计方法,考虑了裂纹扩展试验的2种极限情况,给出了估计结果偏于保守的不完全试验数据-近源裂纹情况下的裂纹扩展参数的估计方法.完善了疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型,为模型的工程应用打下了基础.      

温度/机械载荷作用下裂纹扩展的随机化分析

为描述温度/机械载荷共同作用下裂纹扩展速率,基于疲劳和蠕变裂纹扩展的线性叠加模型,给出了结合试验的修正方法.该方法根据试验结果提取新的材料参数,解决了原模型中由于交变载荷对蠕变裂纹扩展的影响所导致的材料参数不独立的问题.在此修正模型基础上,引入对数正态随机过程,建立了温度/机械载荷共同作用下的裂纹扩展随机模型,并采用泰勒级数展开法获得了指定裂纹长度下寿命分布和指定寿命下裂纹长度分布的表达式.通过算例比较随机模型和试验结果获得的寿命分布,证实了该随机化处理方法的可靠性.     

机群结构耐久性分析的裂纹萌生方法

为采用裂纹萌生方法(CIA)进行机群结构耐久性分析,需要综合考虑载荷谱分散和结构特性分散,但是关于综合考虑结构特性和载荷谱分散的机群寿命标准差取值应如何确定并未给出明确的方法。为此,进行了某飞机某关键结构7B04 T74铝合金模拟试件在3个单机谱下的耐久性试验,通过断口判读确定试件裂纹萌生寿命,反推得到结构细节的三参数式P-S-N曲线参数,对比分析表明载荷谱差异对P-S-N曲线参数无影响。为描述机群载荷谱分散的影响,提出了机群"当量"P-S-N曲线的概念和参数估计方法。采用疲劳分析方法确定细节裂纹超越概率,对损伤度进行评估,建立了综合考虑结构特性分散和载荷谱分散的CIA。      

双剪连接件及双耳连接耳片疲劳寿命估算的逐次累计求和算法

为了研究复杂连接件疲劳失效机理和估算其裂纹形成和扩展寿命,在双剪连接件和双耳连接耳片疲劳试验的基础上,首先,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析,研究了其破坏模式和机理,并利用断口定量反推技术判读了疲劳裂纹形成与扩展寿命。然后,根据应力严重系数法,建立了复杂连接件疲劳性能S-N-L（疲劳应力-寿命-应力严重系数）曲面;利用该曲面,发展了复杂连接件疲劳裂纹形成寿命估算算法;基于断裂力学理论,推导出裂纹扩展长度与扩展角度公式,建立了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命估算的累计求和算法。最后,运用寿命估算方法,估算了双剪连接件的疲劳裂纹形成寿命、双剪连接件和双耳连接耳片的裂纹扩展寿命,预测结果与断口判读结果吻合良好。本文寿命估算方法为复杂连接件疲劳定寿提供了理论依据。      

飞力试验盘的裂纹扩展寿命研究

本文用有限元和Ｊ积分相结合的方法，确定飞力轮试验盘裂纹尖端参量随裂纹尺寸的变化规律，并根据材料的断裂韧性确定临界裂纹长度，最后算出裂纹疲劳扩展寿命，计算结果与试验结果基本一致，本文提供的分析方法及计算程序在进行轮盘损伤容限设计分析方面有积极的参考价值。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的不确定理论

在原有处理不确定问题的两种非概率方法的基础上,提出二阶区间分析方法和二阶凸模型方法,将不确定参数用区间或者凸集来描述;再利用Taylor级数展开法对含有不确定参数的裂纹扩展速率及寿命进行估计.同时给出传统的概率方法和两种不确定性方法的相互包含关系,对算例结果进行验证.通过对00Cr17Ni14Mo2材料裂纹扩展速率及寿命的计算,将区间分析方法、凸模型理论和传统的概率方法进行比较.结果表明,该理论在处理不确定问题时是有效的,且具有对统计信息依赖小,计算方法简便、实用和精度高的特点.      

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.