Fiber optic fence sensor developments

Many detection technologies have been employed for perimeter detection, to sensitize a barrier. These outdoor perimeter fence detection sensors must reliably detect intruders attempting to cut or climb the barrier, while ignoring the effects of environmental noise, including nearby activity. In recent conference proceedings, the new IntelliFIBER/spl trade/ fiber optic based product was introduced and compared with previous technologies. IntelliFIBER is designed to provide the advantages of a nonconductive "dielectric" cable sensor, e.g., resistance to electromagnetic interference and the ability to provide longer cable zones. It utilizes the proven processor of the Intelli-FLEX/spl trade/ triboelectric cable fence sensor, which provides relay or bidirectional networked serial communications and is compatible with its calibration module. IntelliFIBER also capitalizes on the Intelli-FLEX's adaptive detection algorithms that were developed through extensive field-testing, to provide exceptional immunity to environmental alarms while still detecting the skilled intruder.     

Fence vibrations [intruder detection]

Many Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems (PIDS) use microphonic sensors mounted on fences to detect intruder attacks. Vibrations in the fence are detected and analysed to determine whether they represent an intrusion attempt. The signals from the fence are processed to filter out as many false alarms as possible. It is important that the output from the sensors is linear along the fence, to ensure that there is no point on the perimeter less sensitive to intruder attack. The investigation reported in this paper aims to discover whether the performance of acoustic detection systems could be improved through research into fence acoustics. Using models of fence vibrations, sensors could be positioned to obtain a more linear response. In addition, through knowledge of the fence vibrations produced by both real attacks and the typical causes of false alarms, a system could be designed which could better distinguish between them, giving a lower false alarm rate and increased detection performance. Characteristic profiles were found for the different forms of attack to the fence. Although the investigation is still in its early stages, these attack profiles suggest that a new type of detection system could be designed based on profile recognition     

On an Intrusion-Detection Approach Via Adaptive Prediction

We introduce the notion of using adaptive (digital) prediction in an intrusion-detection application, where stimuli due to intruders are transient signals. The basic idea is to use an adaptive digital predictor for removing correlated noise. As such, this approach assists in reducing false (nuisance) alarms in the absence of intruder stimuli. It also yields an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio when intruder stimuli are present, thereby assisting in their detection. The performance of this approach is assessed in terms of a fixed-point arithmetic simulation. Some aspects of a corresponding hardware implementation that involves a commercial microprocessor are also included.     

客机发动机转子噪声主动控制研究

基于飞机结构的振动信号和舱内噪声信号,采用FXLMS(Filtered-x Least Mean Square)算法设计主动降噪系统对发动机转子引起的飞机客舱内噪声进行区域化降噪控制。首先对主动降噪技术的基本原理以及采用的算法进行了阐述和推导;然后对客舱中布置的麦克风及振动传感器采集到的舱内噪声和结构振动信号进行分析,依据分析结果计算出舱内空间的声场分布情况,并在噪声较大区域安装麦克风作为主动降噪系统的降噪目标。基于相干性原理,计算了飞机结构振动信号与舱内噪声信号之间的相干性,并依据计算结果选取相干性最高的一组振动信号作为主动降噪系统的参考输入信号。最后在客舱中安装若干扬声器作为次级声源,实际测试其到目标区域麦克风之间的误差通道,根据测试的误差通道传递函数并结合振动、噪声数据进行主动降噪仿真。仿真结果表明设计的主动降噪系统能够在目标区域取得明显的降噪效果。     

Improving intrusion detection radar

The first monostatic microwave intrusion detection sensor with range cutoff was introduced in 1984. This range cutoff circuit as used in the Model 375 and 385 has proven very effective in preventing nuisance alarms beyond a user-defined range. The Intrepid Digital Transceiver introduced in this paper builds upon this proven technology with the addition of a unique digital signal processing routine that measures range to the intruder. Intrepid Digital Transceiver alternately transmits pulses at two discrete frequencies within K-Band. When an intruder enters the detection zone, the Doppler response at each frequency is digitally recorded. The difference between the two frequencies is controlled so that the phase angle between the two Doppler responses can be used to determine the unambiguous range to the target. As a byproduct of the process targets approaching the transceiver can be distinguished from those moving away from the transceiver. Range information is used to enhance the signal processing. The amount of signal integration is increased with range in proportion to the width of the detection pattern so as to optimize the signal to noise ratio (SNR).     

Use of laser scanning technology for perimeter protection

The Police Scientific Branch (PSDB) is part of the Crime Reduction and Community Safety Group (CRCSG) of the Home Office. Part of PSDB's work includes evaluating and assessing new technologies for perimeter intrusion detection. Laser scanning technology has been used for some time in a range of industrial and commercial applications. These span from detecting hands when they are close to dangerous machinery to preventing collisions at container ports and monitoring manufacturing processes. Laser scanners are non-contact measurement systems and scan their surroundings two-dimensionally. This describes the application of laser scanning to physical security, including modifications to such systems for their use as perimeter intrusion detection systems (PIDS). In these systems, motion detection is provided by a pulsed laser beam by measuring the propagation time for the reflected beam to return to its source. Using this information, a contour plot of the surrounding area is built up. Once this contour information has been obtained, the detector can recognise the addition of an object to its field of view through a change in the programmed surroundings. Consequently, the size, shape, and direction of targets moving in the frame can be assessed and an alarm output given, if required. This explains the main operating principles of the systems, including mechanisms for the detection of a potential intruder and the handling of false alarms. Detection capabilities and the potential for low false alarm rates will be described, along with configurations for operational deployment.     

A target cueing and tracking system (TCATS) for smart videoprocessing

A smart system that uses state-of-the-art image processing techniques to detect and track targets moving in video or infrared imagery is presented. It is a general-purpose system that was developed to be independent of the application and the user interface. TCATS has successfully demonstrated a high detection capability and the ability to ignore exterior environmental conditions, such as cloud shadows moving through the scene, snow, blowing dust, rain and moderate camera motion. TCATS can handle many targets and retain the identity of each object from one frame to the next. Special rugged hardware has been developed to reduce the size, cost, and power consumption and to increase the processing rate, reliability, and environmental operating capability of the system. TCATS can be incorporated into an existing video assessment system without a major cost outlay intruder. The TCATS algorithms, custom-developed hardware, and preliminary field test results are described     

Preventing Damage by Hidden Objects in Vegetation

The paper presents the experimental radar-based sensor to operate in environment with vegetation cover for detection and discrimination there the small-sized invisible dielectric and metallic objects. This sensor constitutes a vehicle-housed emergency system for surveillance of area with vegetation ahead on the path of moving vehicle to prevent its contact with hidden objects. The emergency system functioning in basically implemented by real-time electromagnetic imaging of the scene of interest and its following image processing to enhance the target responses. The developed and tested experimental radar techniques are under consideration. The results of experimental examinations in field are presented and discussed.     

AMETHYST: automatic alarm assessment becoming a reality

The aim of the AMETHYST (AutoMatic Event auTHentication SYSTems) project is to encourage the development of a high performance perimeter detection system which combines Video Motion Detection (VMD) technology with another type of Perimeter Intrusion Detection System (PIDS). AMETHYST will automatically assess the cause of PIDS alarms and pass to an operator those alarms likely to be caused by an intruder. It will filter out alarms not likely to have a human cause. A previous paper explaining and exploring the AMETHYST concept was presented at the 1995 Carnahan Conference. Since then PSDB has produced a single channel AMETHYST demonstrator and placed a contract for the development of an eight channel prototype AMETHYST system. This updated paper gives details of the hardware and software used with these two systems. Also described is PSDB's approach to the development of AMETHYST's automatic assessment algorithms. These will combine current expertise from Video Motion Detection (VMD) and Intelligent Scene Monitoring (ISM) systems with the unique AMETHYST approach. AMETHYST analyses picture sequences from before and after an alarm instead of continuously analysing live video. Sequences are provided by a Loop Framestore, either connected to or part of the AMETHYST system. The algorithms will be assessed and developed using PSDB's growing collection of over 150 alarm sequences     

Radar Target Pointing Error Reduction Using Extended Kalman Filtering

A new method of reducing target glint errors in radar systems is presented. The target is modeled as n reflectors whose magnitudes and phases are known. The reflector positions are described by a dynamical model driven by white Gaussian noise. The resulting vibrations of the target reflectors produce glintlike pointing errors in the radar system. An extended Kalman filter is developed to estimate the positions of the target reflectors; this information is used to substantially reduce the pointing error due to glint. Data illustrating this glint reduction is given. The model is extended by the inclusion of clutter effects modeled in the same fashion as the glint phenomenon. The results presented indicate the limits of usefulness of this technique as a function of both receiver noise and relative clutter amplitude.     

Synthetic Aperture Radar

The general theory of side-looking synthetic aperture radar systems is developed. A simple circuit-theory model is developed; the geometry of the system determines the nature of the prefilter and the receiver (or processor) is the postfilter. The complex distributed reflectivity density appears as the input, and receiver noise is first considered as the interference which limits performance. Analysis and optimization are carried out for three performance criteria (resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and least squares estimation of the target field). The optimum synthetic aperture length is derived in terms of the noise level and average transmitted power. Range-Doppler ambiguity limitations and optical processing are discussed briefly. The synthetic aperture concept for rotating target fields is described. It is observed that, for a physical aperture, a side-looking radar, and a rotating target field, the azimuth resolution is ?/? where ? is the change in aspect angle over which the target field is viewed, The effects of phase errors on azimuth resolution are derived in terms of the power density spectrum of the derivative of the phase errors and the performance in the absence of phase errors.     

UWB Perimeter Surveillance

This program will develop an automated and unmanned ultra-wide band (UWB) perimeter surveillance sensor designed to provide detection and tracking of personnel and vehicles at the perimeter of critical areas such as military installations and other such facilities. This effort describes the work being done for the protection of high value assets using a compact system which incorporates two technologies to enhance the probability of detection in stressing environments     

Relative targeting architectures for captive-carry HIL missilesimulator experiments

Captive-carry electronic warfare (EW) tests evaluate the response of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) missile seekers to an actual environment (test-range) including the presence of electronic attack. This paper describes a relative targeting architecture that displays the test-range results in geodetic coordinates using only the sensors available on board the captive-carry platform (GPS, INS, seekers). To derive the target position in geodetic coordinates, a lever-arm correction process is described that determines the position of each seeker and the corresponding pitch and yaw of the simulator. Combining the positional parameters of the seeker with its targeting variables, the seeker track point is displayed in geodetic coordinates, A track tagging algorithm is presented to identify the true target from the EW disruption using the drift angle from the inertial navigation system (INS), To eliminate the scintillation noise present in the track image, a Kalman filter in sensor coordinates is applied to the targeting variables allowing optimization of the track tagging. Experimental results from a recent EW field test using antiship cruise missile simulators are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for determining EW effectiveness in near real-time. Targeting accuracy is also quantified by comparing the derived target position with the true Global Positioning System (GPS) test-range position of the ship in the absence of electronic attack     

FM/AM Noise Test Set for a Pulsed Doppler Radar

A new test method to measure the amplitude noise and phase noise in both CW and pulsed CW signals of a Ku-band pulsed Doppler radar is described. These noises are measured in a simulated environment of radar operation; thus the test results may give direct information to determine radar subclutter visibility. In comparison with the conventional noise test method, this new method not only gives more meaningful results but also can obtain results much faster in testing. Actual test system design is described by block diagrams and theoretical analysis. A method to determine approximate frequency jitter in a transmitter signal is also described.     

中值滤波方法在燃气涡轮传感器数据校正中的应用研究

分析了发动机测量信号滤波需求,设计了针对传感器数据校正的中值滤波器和快速算法,给出了模拟发动机故障和变工况试验情况下的传感器输出,给出了滤波比较研究结果。数值实验和实际应用于涡轮试验测量数据滤波的结果表明,中值滤波器对于脉冲噪声可以完全剔除,对随机噪声也具有较好的抑制效果,并能够较好保持信号中的陡峭边沿等趋势成份。      

High-Sensitivity Fast-Response Laser Detection Systems

Electrooptical systems exist which can make use of the available bandwidth and directivity at optical frequencies without utilizing the coherence aspects of lasers. Development of a sensitive, very highspeed (microwave response) photoelectric detector which can function as a high-gain microwave amplifier and mixer is described. Sysyems are described for radar, communications, and reconnaissance purposes. Basic noise considerations are shown. CW and FM-CW optical range and range rate tracking systems are described in which the required detection bandwidth is not a direct function of the range resolution, allowing highly accurate range and range rate determination at low signal levels. Communication systems utilizing noncoherent carriers, microwave subcarriers, and the dynamic crossed field electron multiplier as the detector-amplifier-mixer are described.     

基于 LES 方法的增升装置气动噪声特性分析

在气动噪声数值计算中,流场的求解精度对涡流扰动的细节计算以及声学的求解结果有着重要的影响。本文应用 LES 方法对增升装置的流场进行数值模拟,采用可穿透积分面的 Ffcows Wil1iams-Hawkings(FW-H)积分方法进行远场噪声计算。采用圆柱绕流算例对本文的数值计算方法进行了验证,验证结果表明：本文所使用的LES 方法能准确地捕捉到涡脱落、流动分离等非定常流动现象,可为远场气动噪声的计算提供精确的近场流动的数值解;基于 FW-H 的声类比方法能够精确高效求解远场气动噪声。在此基础上,对增升装置噪声产生的流动特性、远场特性、风速影响等进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：缝翼产生气动噪声的主要原因是,流动在缝翼和主翼之间的凹槽形成的不稳定波以及缝翼钝后缘的小脱落涡;襟翼产生气动噪声的主要原因是,襟翼附近由于流动分离产生的高频的小尺度不稳定涡和低频的大尺度涡。     

序贯结构的Sage-Husa自适应滤波及其应用

在分析已有的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法的基础上,本文首先推导了两种量测噪声自适应估计方法的等价性。为充分利用组合系统中已知的部分量测噪声参数,提高滤波稳定性和精度,研究了基于序贯结构的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法;当组合系统测量噪声参数均为已知时,为降低算法复杂度,提高Sage-Husa自适应滤波的鲁棒性,加入协方差匹配的方法对序贯结构的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法进行改进;通过在序贯结构下采用相应的信息融合策略,充分利用组合系统的输出信息。将两种算法分别应用于MIMU/GPS/磁强计组合系统中,基于跑车实验的离线数据分析表明,第一种滤波算法的滤波稳定性较标准自适应算法在滤波稳定性上有明显提高;第二种改进的滤波算法既降低了算法复杂度,又提高了抗野值效果,有效保持了组合系统在干扰状态下的导航精度。     

High-Reliability Strapdown Platforms Using Two-Degree-of-Freedom Gyros

This paper presents a new concept of high-reliability strapdown attitude sensing systems for space vehicles. Each system utilizes a set of redundant two-degree-of-freedom gyros. An optimum system configuration is obtained for maximum system reliability and the best measurement accuracy. Improved accuracy of the final data is obtained by using the least-square data reduction technique. Each system possesses a ?sensor performance management? feature which is capable of failure detection, faulty gyro identification, system reconfiguration, and, possibly, sensor recalibration. Improvement in reliability, as compared to other types of strapdown systems, is demonstrated. Details of the development are described in terms of a system containing four gyros.     

Pulse Repetition Frequency Discriminator with Complete Harmonic Suppression

A method for selective pulse-train discrimination based on pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is presented. The technique permits acceptance of a pulse train with a desired PRF while rejecting all others, including those with pulse rates harmonically related to the desired one.