反射激波作用下重气柱界面演化的PIV研究

在水平激波管中采用PIV方法研究了反射激波作用下SF6重气柱界面的发展演化。采用射流方法形成SF6无膜气柱界面,并以乙二醇作为示踪粒子。利用连续激光片光源结合高速摄影相机对流场进行显示,得到了反射激波作用下SF6气柱界面的发展过程。结果表明,入射激波的冲击会在界面上产生反向旋转的涡环结构,而反射激波的作用会在界面上产生与初始涡环旋转方向相反的次级涡环结构。此外,对反射激波作用后的流场图像进行PIV后处理,获得了流场连续的速度场和涡量场。获得的环量与已有的理论模型进行比较,取得了较好的一致性,也验证了本文实验方法的可行性。     

Discontinuities in the solar wind

The nonuniform emission of the solar wind from the sun means that conditions are established which favor the development of discontinuities in the plasma parameters. Since the solar wind is in rapid proper motion with respect to the sun and the earth, examination of these discontinuities requires that the wind velocity be transformed away. Then it is found that they satisfy the conditions of magnetohydrodynamics and can be treated as shock waves and the stationary contact surfaces consisting of either tangential or contact discontinuities. The collision-free structure of the solar wind suggests that the tangential discontinuity is the more likely contact surface as it is more capable of inhibiting diffusion which is required for a lifetime sufficient for the structure to be carried to the neighborhood of the earth.Either the shock wave or the contact surface can create signals that are detectable at the surface of the earth. The simplest surface signal to detect is the sudden impulse (SI) but other signals may be found. The existence of a field of MHD discontinuities in the solar wind should make possible the generation of ensembles of shocks and contact surfaces. Various possibilities are explored and these are discussed from the standpoint of combinations of sudden impulses at the earth's surface which are both positive and negative. Some of these are recurrent with a 27-day period; the interplanetary M region shock ensemble associated with this is discussed and the development of these structures in space is reviewed.Lastly observational evidence for interplanetary shock waves is given together with the analytic technique for establishing their geometry and comparing the derived and measured jump parameters. The applicability of the geometrical construction of the general class of MHD discontinuity to their analysis is indicated and shows the way in which the structural content of the solar wind can be classified by the use of magnetometers and plasma probes. A parametric study of the jump conditions through a shock wave can be used to verify the correctness of field measurements because of the redundancy in measurements. This also allows the details of shock structure to be examined including the intrinsic partitioning of the internal energy of the shocked plasma.     

微波在薄层等离子体中传输效应研究

为了准确预测再入飞行过程中等离子体对微波传输特性的影响,采用WKB方法、FDTD方法、平面波理论和薄层等离子体理论4种方法,结合粉末激波管上开展的试验研究了X波段和Ka波段微波在薄层等离子体中的传输效应。对于X波段,试验时激波马赫数为9.6、10.7和10.5;对于Ka波段,试验时激波马赫数为10.5。通过对比与分析获得的主要结论有：当等离子体厚度和入射波波长相近时,薄层等离子体理论计算结果比其它三种方法的计算结果更接近于试验结果;在碰撞频率接近并且电子密度小于临界电子密度的条件下,Ka波段微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体比X波段微波信号衰减小得多,具有更强的穿透性;如果等离子体碰撞频率和微波入射频率相同,随着电子密度的增加,微波信号穿过相同厚度的等离子体时衰减变大;当碰撞频率和入射波频率差不多时,共振吸收导致衰减达到最大值。     

连续旋转爆震波细致结构及自持机理

基于化学非平衡流解耦方法和详细化学反应机理,在0.1mm的网格尺度下对连续旋转爆震波内流场和爆震波平掠惰性气体界面的传播过程进行了数值模拟。详细分析了连续旋转爆震波的空间结构,由于在出口侧无几何约束,受一系列稀疏波的影响,旋转爆震波强度受到不同程度的削弱,形状也发生了相应的变化。爆震波平掠惰性气体界面时的流场分布与连续旋转爆震波结构极为类似,对比研究了波前可燃气体层高度对爆震波结构和传播过程的影响,当爆震波高度较小时,其抵御惰性气体侧稀疏波衰减的能力弱,波阵面严重变形,爆震波解耦。若爆震波要稳定自持传播,其必须要达到一定的临界高度来抵御稀疏波的影响。     

液滴─固面高速撞击问题中固体变形性的影响

将液滴—固面高速撞击的非线性流体动力学模型应用于固体动力学行为的研究之中,导出了固体可变形系数及其内部应力张量的计算方法,从而使作者提出的非线性理论模型能够计及固体变形性对撞击效应的影响。对刚性和可变形固面的撞击过程进行了比较计算和分析,表明在高速撞击条件下两者有较大的差别,并且固体的可变形性对撞击有着强化—缓解双重作用,这在工程选材时必须加以考虑。同时,本文还给出了工程材料的刚性判据。     

用热流探针测量激波速度

激波速度测量是激波管和激波风洞运行状态的一个重要参数,压电传感器或光学方法测速系统成本高,而传统电离探针在激波马赫数较低、波后温度达不到空气电离程度的情况下无法满足实验要求。提出了一种使用同轴热电偶作为测速探针来测激波速度的方法,弥补了电离探针在激波马赫数较低时的不足。介绍了同轴热电偶探针测速原理,并设计了测量激波速度的系统电路。通过信号放大电路锁定激波冲激信号,触发脉冲信号发生电路,实现了一种单通道、多测点的激波风洞测速系统。分别开展以温度与热流为触发信号的风洞实验,结果表明只有使用热流信号才能满足激波测速的时间要求。     

一种高阶精度大涡模拟技术用于激波/火焰相互作用

基于Smagorinsky亚格子模型和增厚火焰技术,开发了一种高阶精度的反应流大涡模拟求解器,运用于数值研究边界层对激波与火焰相互作用的影响。该求解器的核心在于加入了基于超黏性的激波捕捉技术和时空三阶精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin紧致（TTGC）有限元格式,并通过对一维Shu-Osher问题和二维激波/气泡相互作用问题的计算,验证了求解器对激波、接触间断和湍流脉动等流动细节的捕捉精度,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。通过对激波管内激波、火焰与边界层相互作用问题的数值模拟,发现由于激波与边界层的相互作用会产生不稳定的激波分叉现象,激波三分叉点传播速度的发展经历了水平匀速运动、小斜率线性增长和大斜率迅速增长3个阶段,由此揭示了激波分叉促进火焰加速的机理。当火焰面传入激波分叉区后,流场不均匀的回流区起到了稳定火焰的作用,一方面分叉结构内火焰面能够为激波的运动持续地供应热量,另一方面局部超声速区域为火焰的快速传播提供动力,使其能紧跟激波。通过对比相同条件下甲烷和乙烯燃烧的数值结果,发现两者爆震点触发的位置都出现在马赫杆后面,热量释放率的变化趋势也大致相同,但乙烯出现爆震的时间比甲烷早。     

后掠激波边界层干扰的有利影响

本文分析和对比了正激波和后掠激波/边界层干扰的机理,并用几个典型的算例说明了其差别.本文的结果指出,由于后掠的压力梯度方向垂直于激波,并且边界层内速度存在平行于激波的横向分量,会导致边界层内的速度分布形成空间"扭曲",可以阻止部分边界层进入激波后,并使穿过激波的部分边界层气流形成向两侧发散的趋势.这证明利用后掠激波/边界层干扰效应控制边界层是可行的.这也是实现近年来国内外兴起的"无隔道进气道"的关键机理之一.     

面向三维激波问题的装配方法

给出了一种基于非结构动网格技术的三维激波装配方法。在该方法中,三维激波面由被标记为激波属性的网格点连接构成,标记为激波属性的网格点称为激波点。激波点具有两组参数分别代表激波的上下游,利用激波点上下游参数求解R-H关系式获得激波点运动速度。非结构动网格技术的使用允许激波大幅度运动,降低了对初始激波位置的要求。通过引入网格属性定义避免了对计算网格进行分区,增加了装配激波的灵活性。通过球柱体绕流问题验证了该三维装配方法的合理性,针对三维激波装配中比较困难的交点装配问题,通过对三维激波反射以及三维激波相交等算例进行研究找到了可用的三维激波交点运动速度的确定方法,保证了激波运动过程中交点运动与流场求解之间的相容性,获得了相应的装配结果。     

一种高超声速进气道加速自起动的实验方法

为了探寻在地面常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验的可行性,提出了基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法。该实验方法通过将安装有前遮板的进气道模型在风洞实验段整体从极限正攻角旋转至极限负攻角,前遮板会产生激波对远前方气流减速,或产生膨胀波对远前方气流加速,而位于前遮板下游的进气道即可获得加速自起动过程所需连续加速的来流条件。通过数值仿真对所提出的加速自起动实验方法进行了验证。研究结果显示:以2(°)/s的角速度整体旋转基于前遮板的高超声速进气道模型,其起动马赫数与高超声速进气道自身加速自起动马赫数相差在1%以内,表明基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法能够被用于在常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验研究。      

二维凹面腔内暂冲式激波聚焦机理的实验

针对两级脉冲爆震发动机中第二级凹面腔内激波聚焦起爆能量和周期的研究,设计了二维凹面腔内暂冲式激波聚焦实验系统。通过分析粒子图像测速系统捕捉的照片和动态压力数据,获得了凹面腔内激波聚焦高压区压力特性和多循环流场演化特征。并且开展了A和B两种型面凹面腔的对比实验,进一步分析了多循环激波聚焦的形成机理。结果表明:入射激波第一次在凹面腔底部聚焦后形成的聚焦反射激波在喷口射流边界上发生反射,产生的反射激波再次在凹面腔底部聚焦,形成了第二次激波聚焦,如此往复便形成了周期性的激波聚焦,聚焦频率高达7~10kHz;并且,速度场和射流强度随入射激波碰撞而减弱,在排气过程中又增强,呈现周期性变化。      

Design method with controllable velocity direction at throat for inward-turning inlets

In the design of a hypersonic inward-turning inlet by applying the traditional basic flowfield, a reflected shock-wave is formed in the isolator due to the continuous reflection of the cowlreflected shock wave in the basic flow-field, which interacts with the boundary layer to produce a considerable influence on the performance of the inlet. Here, a basic flow-field design method that can control the velocity direction at the throat section is developed, and numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The method presented in this paper can achieve the absorption of the reflected waves at the shoulder of the basic flow-field by adjusting the variation law of the center radius in the basic flow-field, and a smooth transition between the compression surface and the isolator can also be produced. The Mach number and total pressure recovery coefficient of the inlet designed according to this method are 3.00 and 0.657, respectively, at design point(the incoming flow Mach number Ma1= 6.0). The results show that with this method, the inlet can efficiently weaken both the reflection of the shock wave and the interaction between the boundary layer and the reflected shock waves, which improves the aerodynamic performance of the inlet.     

基于非线性静力学模型的飞机系留载荷计算方法研究

由于飞机在强风下系留时,机体承受各方向的载荷较大,因此需对系留结构及系留索是否具有足够的承载能力进行分析,而其中系留载荷的计算就显得异常重要。采用MSC．Nastran软件,针对飞机存系留情况下,系留索的单向承载性及起落架与地面的非线性接触特性,通过应用非线性间隙单元,建立了非线性静力仿真模型,并计算了飞机在系留状况下,各系留索承受的张力及各系留点所受的载荷,计算中同时考虑了起落架缓冲支柱空气弹簧力对于系留载荷的影响,从而为飞机系留载荷提供了一种新的有限元计算方法。     

微波增强滑移电弧等离子体辅助超声速燃烧

为了研究微波增强滑移电弧等离子体对超声速燃烧火焰结构的影响，在超燃冲压发动机直连式实验台发动机模型加装了微波和滑移电弧结构，进行了超声速稳定燃烧实验。以单级凹腔作为火焰稳定器，燃烧室来流马赫数为2.5，常温乙烯从壁面横向射流，燃料射流点之前放置滑移电弧电极，凹腔对侧馈入2.45 GHz的微波。研究表明，在超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内滑移电弧同样遵循放电和扩展的周期特性，由于气流流速极高，滑移电弧周期约达125 kHz。等离子体的加入使燃烧室预燃激波串前移，火焰的起始和稳定位置从凹腔剪切层向燃料射流前部转移，超声速火焰燃烧速率提高。与单一的微波或滑移电弧等离子体增强燃烧方法相比，微波与滑移电弧的结合可在较低的能耗下，实现与高功率微波等效的效果。微波增强滑移电弧等离子体能够对超声速燃烧起到稳定作用。     

Flow field and pressure loss analysis of junction and its structure optimization of aircraft hydraulic pipe system

The flow field in junction is complicated due to the ripple property of oil flow velocity and different frequencies of two pumps in aircraft. In this study, the flow fields of T-junction and Y-junction were analyzed using shear stress transport (SST) model in ANSYS/CFX software. The simulation results identified the variation rule of velocity peak in T-junction with different frequencies and phase-differences, meanwhile, the eddy and velocity shock existed in the corner of the T-junction, and the limit working state was obtained. Although the eddy disappeared in Y-junction, the velocity shock and pressure loss were still too big. To address these faults, an arc-junction was designed. Based on the flow fields of arc-junction, the eddy in the junction corner disappeared and the maximum of velocity peak declined compared to T-and Y-junction. Additionally, 8 series of arc-junction with different radiuses were tested to get the variation rule of velocity peak. Through the computation of the pressure loss of three junctions, the arc-junction had a lowest loss value, and its pressure loss reached the minimum value when the curvature radius is 35.42 mm, meanwhile, the velocity shock has decreased in a low phase.     

激波结构内流动问题的气体运动论描述

从介观Boltzmann速度分布函数理论出发,发展计及分子粘性碰撞截面与扩散碰撞截面,可描述各流域一维气体流动问题的Boltzmann简化速度分布函数方程及其气体运动论数值计算方法。通过对不同Knudsen数下非定常激波管流动及不同马赫数定常正激波结构问题数值模拟,研究分析不同流区的激波突跃变化过程以及近连续流、稀薄过渡流特有的分子输运现象,揭示不同马赫数、不同分子模型的激波内流动与传热变化规律,证实基于Bo-ltzmann模型方程的气体运动论数值计算方法用于激波结构内流动研究的准确可靠性。     

Ground-based solar radio observations of the August 1972 events

Ground-based observations of the variable solar radio emission ranging from few millimetres to decametres have been used here as a diagnostic tool to gain coherent phenomenological understanding of the great 2, 4 and 7 August, 1972 solar events in terms of dominant physical processes like generation and propagation of shock waves in the solar atmosphere, particle acceleration and trapping.The basic data used in this review have been collected by many workers throughout the world utilizing a variety of instruments such as fixed frequency radiometers, multi-element interferometers, dynamic spectrum analysers and polarimeters. Four major flares are selected for detailed analysis on the basis of their ability to produce energetic protons, shock waves, polar cap absorptions (PCA) and sudden commencement (SC) geomagnetic storms. A comparative study of their radio characteristics is made. Evidence is seen for the pulsations during microwave bursts by the mechanism similar to that proposed by McLean et al. (1971), to explain the pulsations in the metre wavelength continuum radiation. It is suggested that the multiple peaks observed in some microwave bursts may be attributable to individual flares occurring sequentially due to a single initiating flare. Attempts have been made to establish identification of Type II bursts with the interplanetary shock waves and SC geomagnetic storms. Furthermore, it is suggested that it is the mass behind the shock front which is the deciding factor for the detection of shock waves in the interplanetary space. It appears to us that more work is necessary in order to identify which of the three moving Type IV bursts (Wild and Smerd, 1972), namely, advancing shock front, expanding magnetic arch and ejected plasma blob serves as the piston-driver behind the interplanetary shocks. The existing criteria for proton flare prediction have been summarized and two new criteria have been proposed. Observational limitations of the current ground-based experimental techniques have been pointed out and a suggestion has been made to evolve appropriate observational facilities for solar work before the next Solar Maximum Year (SMY).     

微波对超声速燃烧火焰结构的影响

超声速中等离子辅助燃烧是一种具有潜力的助燃方式。通过将低功率微波馈入超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的方式，研究了微波对火焰结构的影响。实验来流马赫数为2.5，常温乙烯燃料从壁面横向射流，以单级凹腔作为火焰稳定器，分别加入500 W和700 W连续2.45 GHz的微波，利用高速相机拍摄火焰CH^*发光图像。研究表明微波的加入使超声速火焰稳定结构发生改变，火焰的起始和稳定位置从凹腔剪切层向射流出口转移，表明微波对火焰传播速度或者燃烧反应速率有增强作用。同时利用火焰边界提取和分形几何的方法，发现微波能够增大火焰边界分形维度，分析认为火焰传播速度由于微波的加入而增加，证明小功率的微波对超声速燃烧有促进作用。     

直连式脉冲燃烧风洞起动过程研究

直连式脉冲燃烧风洞的起动过程是一个非常复杂的瞬态过程,采用光电测量系统和数值方法对其进行探索性研究。试验中,光电探测系统在非常短的传输距离上测出了高速起动激波的速度。通过与试验结果对比,验证了所采用的数值方法的可行性。研究表明：起动激波往下游的运动过程具有一定的规律性;由于内型面的变化导致起动激波速度在起动过程中发生变化。     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are measured by high-frequency response pressure transducers. The experimental results indicate that the expansion before the compression ramp position affects the shock wave boundary layer interaction to induce a large-scale separation. But the velocity fluctuation and pressure fluctuation are attenuated near the large-scale flow separation region. When the expansion occurs closer to the compression ramp, the expansion has a more significant impact on the flow. The fluctuation of velocity and pressure is significantly attenuated, and the wall pressure rise of the separation point is reduced obviously. And the characteristic low-frequency spectrum signal related to the unsteadiness of the shock wave boundary layer interaction is significantly suppressed. In addition, variation of the separation region scale at different compression angle degrees is distinctive with the effect of expansion.