激波中费米加速的时间演化效应(III)

本文研究了在考虑粒子的扩散系数随动量变化条件下的激波费米加速的时间演化过程,对各种源粒子时间及空间分布分别求得被加速粒子的能谱和平均动能的时间演化.通过数值计算,并与粒子扩散系数和动量无关的情形相比较,结果表明:扩散系数随动量变化使高能粒子不易得到加速.在扩散系数按X～pn随动量变化的情况下,本文得到了平均动能按～t2/n规律随时间增加.      

垂直激波条件下能量粒子加速机制的模拟研究

在具有湍动的磁场和垂直激波条件下对大量测试粒子的轨迹进行了数值计算,研究了激波强度和粒子初始能量对于粒子穿越激波的平均能量变化的影响,分析了漂移加速(SDA)在不同条件下对粒子加速的贡献,并给出了一个与数值结果相符合的漂移加速理论公式△E=amvivup(1-1/s).结果表明,加入磁场湍流后,垂直激波条件下粒子仍主要受到漂移加速作用,而基于粒子引导中心的耗散漂移加速理论在此条件下失效.      

空间等离子体与垂直无碰撞激波相互作用的数值实验

应用混合模拟方法数值研究了高Ａｌｆｖｅｎ－Ｍａｃｈ数垂直无碰撞激波与等离子体间的相互作用。结果表明，激波上游的磁场非常稳定，粒子分布近似为Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ分布。激波下游磁场存在不规则的湍动，质子分布有一个高能尾，且有些质子被激波反射。跟踪少量高速质子的计算结果表明，在ｔ＝４０Ωｉ＾－１时约有４０％的质子被激波反射，而７％质子可被加速，最大速度值可达到２０ＶＡ激波区的电场分布对质子的减速或加速起了主要     

2008年4月24日行星际激波事件相关联的超热电子90°投掷角的增强

利用测试粒子数值模拟的方法研究了与STEREO-A卫星观测到的2008年4月24日行星际激波事件相关联的超热电子90°投掷角的增强.根据激波到达前给定时刻超热电子的观测分布,拟合得到不同投掷角的初始分布函数;在给定的激波参数下,采用时间向后的方法计算特定能道上激波下游超热电子的投掷角分布.由于超热电子具有较高的共振频率,模拟采用的磁场湍流谱包含了低能电子发生共振的耗散区.对以215.76,151.67,106.63,eV为中心的三个能道进行了模拟.结果表明,不同能道上超热电子在激波下游的投掷角分布均在90°投掷角附近出现峰值,呈现出明显的90°投掷角增强,这与观测结果符合得很好.可以认为在激波对电子的加速过程中,电子与湍流耗散区的共振对90°投掷角的增强具有重要作用.      

大气中子实时计算模式

为实时评估0~100km高度范围内的大气中子全球分布,对宇宙线在地磁场和大气中的传输过程进行了分析.利用蒙特卡罗方法工具包Geant4,预先计算不同能量的粒子在大气层中产生的次级粒子能谱分布,形成大气次级粒子数据库,并与相关模型进行对比,验证了该数据库的有效性和可靠性.以实测或预报的空间环境参数作为输入,计算同步轨道银河宇宙线和太阳质子事件能谱以及100km高度上的地磁垂直截止刚度,最终得到大气层顶上的粒子能谱.通过对大气次级粒子数据库的线性插值,实现1h分辨率的大气中子能谱和辐射剂量全球分布的实时计算.      

太阳宇宙线源物质的高色球层模式和重离子丰度过量机制的探讨

本文利用太阳能量粒子事件中重离子平均丰度过量的资料,计算得到太阳能量粒子源物质的温度,提出了描述太阳宇宙线能量粒子源物质的新模式——高色球层模式;太阳耀斑观测确定,太阳宇宙线耀斑的加速区一般最可能出现在低日冕甚至高达几万公里的高度,从而,太阳宇宙线的源和加速区通常不位于同一区域;进而提出了描述太阳能量粒子事件中重离子丰度过量的可能机制——其源物质是通过太阳黑子的冻结型无力场从高色球层输送到活动区,形成耀斑前加速区内重离子丰度大和耀斑后宇宙线中重元素丰度的过量.      

直立墙前能谱与反射系数计算的谱分析法

 通过波谱分析方法研究了堤前能谱和反射系数的各自分布规律,分析了它们的相互关系,如不考虑反射系数的沿程变动因素,则堤前能谱的实验值与计算值将有较大差异.由于堤前能谱与入射波能谱均可测,因此,可由堤前能谱表达式得到反射系数表达式,并依据该式计算出反射系数在各点处的值.采用青岛海洋大学谱对反射系数进行计算,计算结果与已采用JONSWAP谱的反射系数结果一致.     

无碰撞激波上游低频波的激发及其对激波耗散机制的影响

由于很大一部分来自激波上游的粒子被激波面所反射,因此在准平行无碰撞激波的上游存在着等离子体束流．通过一维混合模拟方法,计算了束流密度较小(nb／n0=0．02)和较大(nb／n0=0．2)两种不同情形下的等离子体束流不稳定性．结果表明,在束流密度较小时,束流激发的主要是平行于背景磁场方向传播的右旋波,此波动只能对束流粒子产生影响,包括减速和加热．在束流密度较大时,束流可同时激发平行和反平行于背景磁场方向传播的右旋波,除能对束流粒子产生影响外,还可通过非共振作用加速和加热背景粒子．文中对准平行无碰撞激波耗散机制的影响也进行了讨论。     

2 AU以内的“渐进型”太阳高能粒子事件模拟

太阳高能粒子（Solar Energetic Particle,SEP）事件是影响地球空间以及深空辐射环境的主要因素之一。“渐进型”太阳高能粒子事件中的高能粒子主要来自于日冕物质抛射（Coronal Mass Ejection,CME）所驱动的激波扩散加速（Diffusive Shock Acceleration,DSA）过程。CME驱动的激波在行星际的传播过程中,其结构不断演化,进而影响到高能粒子的加速过程。本文利用二维太阳高能粒子加速和传播模型,对发生于2014年4月18日的太阳高能粒子事件实例进行了数值模拟。模型考察了黄道面上2 AU的距离以内包含地球所在位置的4个不同点,分别计算了每个点上高能粒子的通量。数值模拟的结果表明：黄道面内不同位置的观察点,与激波波前的磁力线连接不同,从而导致观察点处高能粒子的通量有着显著的差异。该模型的计算结果可以为深空探测计划开展辐射环境研究提供必要的输入。     

临近空间大气中子诱发电子器件单粒子翻转模拟研究

根据重离子试验数据, 采用长方体(RPP)模型, 用GEANT4软件工具包编程, 建立了垂直于器件表面入射的中子诱发电子器件的单粒子翻转模型. 考虑敏感体积及其附近的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献, 统计了次级粒子在敏感体积内沉积能量的微分能谱分布, 对在敏感体积内沉积不同能量的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献进行了区分计算, 模拟计算结果与地面试验结果符合较好.      

激波在行星际介质中的能量耗散

导出激波下游介质相对上游介质能流通量增量公式,并由HeliosA,B飞船太阳风观测资料得出不同流速太阳风流中各参量随日心距的幂律变化。以此作为背景值分别计算出磁能、内能、动能和总能在不同日心距离处的能量耗散率。结果指出激波后介质以动能增加为主,内能次之,磁能最少;总能耗率在近日处较大,但下降较快。从0.3-1.0AU,不同强度激波总能耗随初始Alfvén激波数A₁₀增大而增大,对A₁₀从2.0-10.0的计算结果与观测值一致。      

Spectra and time variability of black-hole binaries in the low/hard state

We propose a jet model for the low/hard state of galactic black-hole X-ray sources which explains the energy spectra from radio to X-rays and a number of timing properties in the X-ray domain such as the time lag spectra, the hardening of the power density spectra and the narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy. The model assumes that (i) there is a magnetic field along the axis of the jet, (ii) the electron density in the jet drops inversely proportional to distance, (iii) the jet is “hotter” near its center than at its periphery, and (iv) the electrons in the jet follow a power-law distribution function. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of Compton upscattering of soft photons from the accretion disk and have found power-law high-energy spectra with photon-number index in the range 1.5–2 and cutoff at a few hundred keV, power-law time lags versus Fourier frequency with index 0.8, and an increase of the rms amplitude of variability and a narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy as they have been observed in Cygnus X-1. The spectrum at long wavelengths (radio, infrared, optical) is modeled to come from synchrotron radiation of the energetic electrons in the jet. We find flat to inverted radio spectra that extend from the radio up to about the optical band. For magnetic field strengths of the order 10⁵–10⁶ G at the base of the jet, the calculated spectra agree well in slope and flux with the observations.     

Using gamma-ray burst prompt emission to probe relativistic shock acceleration

It is widely accepted that the prompt transient signal in the 10 keV–10 GeV band from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) arises from multiple shocks internal to the ultra-relativistic expansion. The detailed understanding of the dissipation and accompanying acceleration at these shocks is a currently topical subject. This paper explores the relationship between GRB prompt emission spectra and the electron (or ion) acceleration properties at the relativistic shocks that pertain to GRB models. The focus is on the array of possible high-energy power-law indices in accelerated populations, highlighting how spectra above 1 MeV can probe the field obliquity in GRB internal shocks, and the character of hydromagnetic turbulence in their environs. It is emphasized that diffusive shock acceleration theory generates no canonical spectrum at relativistic MHD discontinuities. This diversity is commensurate with the significant range of spectral indices discerned in prompt burst emission. Such system diagnostics are now being enhanced by the broad-band spectral coverage of bursts by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope; while the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) provides key diagnostics on the lower energy portions of the particle population, the focus here is on constraints in the non-thermal, power-law regime of the particle distribution that are provided by the Large Area Telescope (LAT).     

First-order Fermi shock acceleration in solar flares

First order Fermi shock acceleration of electrons, protons and alpha particles is compared to observations of energetic particle events. For each event, a unique shock compression ratio produces spectra in good agreement with observation. The simple model predicts that the acceleration time to a given energy will be approximately equal for electrons and protons and, for reasonable solar parameters, can be less than 1 second to ～ 100 MeV.     

太阳宇宙线的传播效应(Ⅱ)——峰值谱的传播改正

根据太阳宇宙线传播方程的量纲分析解, 讨论了传播对宇宙线事件峰值谱的影响, 着重指出对其进行传播改正的重要性。太阳风对流是低能谱变坦的可能原因之一, 在一定条件下, 幂律型发射谱可以变成指数型观测谱, 动能幂律谱也可以变成刚度幂律谱。能谱的幂指数随源耀斑的磁方位角而增加, 分布有明显的东西不对称性。进一步对第20周的相对论性太阳质子事件进行传播改正, 求出发射谱, 其中有些可表达成统一指数的幂律谱, 有些仍有低能段趋坦现象。      

Nonlinear processes in cosmic-ray precursor of strong supernova shock: Maximum energy and average energy spectrum of accelerated particles

The instability in the cosmic-ray precursor of a supernova shock is studied. The level of turbulence in this region determines the maximum energy of accelerated particles. The consideration is not limited by the case of weak turbulence. It is assumed that the Kolmogorov type nonlinear wave interactions together with the ion-neutral collisions restrict the amplitude of random magnetic field. As a result, the maximum energy of accelerated particles strongly depends on the age of a SNR. The average spectrum of cosmic rays injected in the interstellar medium in the course of adiabatic SNR evolution takes the approximate form E⁻² at energies larger than 10–30 GeV/nucleon with the maximum energy that is close to the position of the knee in cosmic-ray spectrum at 4 × 10¹⁵ eV. At an earlier stage of SNR evolution – the ejecta-dominated stage, the particles are accelerated to higher energies and have a rather steep power-law distribution. These results suggest that the knee may mark the transition from the ejecta-dominated to the adiabatic evolution of SNR shocks which accelerate cosmic rays.     

Double plasma resonance and fine spectral structure of solar radio bursts

The process of generation of upper-hybrid waves by electron beam with loss-cone distribution is considered. The necessary conditions of the double plasma resonance effect, which is considered to be one of the most probable formation mechanisms of the zebra patterns in the spectra of solar radio emission, are investigated. It is shown that this effect considerably affects excitation of waves by electrons with power-law energetic spectrum. Interpretation of observations and diagnostics of plasma for the April 21, 2002 event are performed. It is found that the zebra stripes consist of separate short pulses; there is a good correlation between the separate stripes (with a certain temporal shift). The conclusion about the impulsive mode of injection of energetic particles into the coronal loop is made.     

Power-law spectra of energetic electrons in solar flares from the maximum entropy and dimensional considerations

The maximum entropy formalism and dimensional analysis are used to derive a power-law spectrum of accelerated electrons in impulsive solar flares, where the particles can contain a significant fraction of the total flare energy. Entropy considerations are used to derive a power-law spectrum for a particle distribution characterised by its order of magnitude of energy. The derivation extends an earlier one-dimensional argument to the case of an isotropic three-dimensional particle distribution. Dimensional arguments employ the idea that the spectrum should reflect a balance between the processes of energy input into the corona and energy dissipation in solar flares. The governing parameters are suggested on theoretical grounds and shown to be consistent with solar flare observations. The flare electron flux, differential in the non-relativistic electron kinetic energy E, is predicted to scale as $E^{-3}$. This scaling is in agreement with RHESSI measurements of the hard X-ray flux that is generated by deka-keV electrons, accelerated in intense solar flares.     

Injection mechanism for cosmic ray acceleration

The quasilinear theory of MHD waves excitation by cosmic rays accelerated at a front of supernova shock has been constructed. It is shown that the energetic particles excite the waves propagating from the shock front, the intensity and the spectrum of these waves is obtained. The role of nonlinear Landau damping in the formation of such spectrum has been analysed. The diffusive scattering length of the high energy particles in the preshock region has been calculated and it is shown with the help of these formulae that the effective Fermi acceleration at the shock front is possible upto the values of the relativistic factor = 10⁴ - 10⁵. The injection mechanism for cosmic rays acceleration has been proposed. It is based on stochastic Fermi acceleration of the thermal plasma by MHD waves excited in the preshock region. Different possibilities for wave phase velocity dispersion needed for stochastic Fermi acceleration are analysed, those are the excitation of the oblique magnetosonic waves as well as the excitation of parallel Alfven waves propagating in opposite directions. The distribution function of the suprathermal particles accelerated by MHD waves is obtained, the cosmic rays density as well as the lower boundary of their energy spectrum realised in the proposed mechanism are also calculated.