三角翼作俯仰运动时水洞测力和流动显示实验研究

基于水洞中三角翼模型的动态测力和流动显示实验,讨论了俯仰运动的起始角、运动幅度和运动速率对三角翼俯仰运动时的气动特性和流动结构的影响。三角翼的气动力在俯仰运动中会产生“迟滞”或“过冲”现象。中等攻角以上,上仰运动推迟了三角翼的失速,大幅度增大了三角翼的升力系数。俯仰运动起始角和运动幅度的影响大小与其对应的静态三角翼流态有关,三角翼在涡破裂流态和完全分离流态之间作俯仰运动时,上仰时升力系数将始终高于下俯时的升力系数,运动中存在显著迟滞。迟滞的大小也受俯仰速率的影响。     

非定常自由来流对静态三角翼气动特性的影响

在南航非定常风洞中,运用动态测力、测压和流动显示技术,详细研究了非定常自由来流对静态三角翼气动特性的影响和三角翼背风面空间流场结构的变化.研究结果表明,在不同攻角下,随来流速度的脉动三角翼气动特性产生的变化不同.非定常自由来流对静态三角翼气动特性产生的影响,主要是由于来流风速的变化对三角翼上翼面的流动结构产生的影响所造成,特别是在静态失速攻角前后,这种影响最为明显,它使原先翼面上的破碎涡流变成了集中涡流.     

三角翼匀速上仰跨声速非定常流场数值模拟

用有限差分法求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟了细长三角翼作匀速上仰运动时的距声速绕流流场。给出了非定常流场结构，涡破裂特性和非定常升力，阻力特性，研究了上仰运动对动态失速的影响。     

三角翼大迎角绕流特性数值模拟的网格处理技术研究

研究网格对三角翼大迎角绕流特性数值模拟的影响.结果表明,网格的生成需要结合流动现象,对网格拓扑结构和网格点分布进行选择与搭配.C-H型网格适宜模拟尖前缘分离涡流态,法向网格在一定范围内应等距增长,沿流向逆压梯度较大的区域内适当增加网格点,尾迹区网格则应做上翘处理.Euler方程具有模拟三角翼旋涡及预测涡破裂特性的能力,但对二次涡等粘性引起的流动细节把握能力不足.利用层流假设的N-S方程,通过合适的网格,也可得到满意的计算结果,但对涡破裂后的强烈非定常湍流流动模拟能力不足.采用旋涡螺旋度可准确反映主涡与二次涡流动,描述旋涡的破裂现象.用轴向速度迅速减小并小于来流速度的点作为涡破裂判据似应更合理.     

用N—S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二维时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

非定常前侧缘分离流的研究

 采用非定常涡格法 ,计算了三角形和矩形薄翼突冲起动和等速上仰这两种常见的非定常运动 ,得到了前 (侧 )缘分离涡及尾涡非定常卷起的流动图象及气动特性。分析了展弦比和攻角的影响。等速上仰的计算结果显示 ,仰起的动态过程能明显抑制分离涡面的破碎倾向 ,提高升力系数。计算结果和已有实验结果相比吻合良好     

扰流片对三角翼脱体涡影响的实验研究

在染色法流动显示实验的基础上,进一步深入研究了扰流片在不同标高攻角和来流速度情况下对70°三角翼脱体涡的影响。PIV测试结果表明,在适当位置,扰流片对三角翼的脱体涡的破裂具有一定的延迟作用,在扰流片的诱导涡与三角翼脱体涡方向一致时,脱体涡破裂延迟越靠后。     

基于DES方法的三角翼激波-涡干扰流场数值模拟

采用基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的脱体涡模拟（DES）方法,数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟绕尖前缘三角翼的跨音速流动,并对三角翼上翼面的复杂激波-旋涡干扰流场进行了分析。与NASA兰利研究中心的NTF风洞实验结果对比分析表明,DES方法能很好地模拟跨音速三角翼上的旋涡流动。随着攻角由中度攻角增加到大攻角,支架附近的激波越来越强,对主分离涡的干扰作用越来越大,直至出现激波干扰导致的涡破裂。激波的形状、位置及涡破裂位置均与实验结果吻合良好。     

洞壁对过失速非定常三角翼涡破碎位置的影响

在南航低速风洞中用两组后掠角分别为６５°和７０°的三角翼模型进行了过失速非定常涡破碎位置测定实验。各组模型几何相似,展长与风洞宽度之比分别为０．１７５,０．３５和０．７。涡及其破碎点位置由ＴｉＣｌ４烟流显示并由相机记录。实验表明,同样攻角条件下,随着模型加大涡破碎点位置不断后移     

用N－S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二级时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型￣［１］。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

Unsteady flow phenomena associated with leading-edge vortices

This paper presents selected results from extensive experimental investigations on turbulent flow fields and unsteady surface pressures caused by leading-edge vortices, in particular, for vortex breakdown flow. Such turbulent flows may cause severe dynamic aeroelastic problems like wing and/or fin buffeting on fighter-type aircraft. The wind tunnel models used include a generic delta wing as well as a detailed aircraft configuration of canard-delta wing type. The turbulent flow structures are analyzed by root-mean-square and spectral distributions of velocity and pressure fluctuations. Downstream of bursting local maxima of velocity fluctuations occur in a limited radial range around the vortex center. The corresponding spectra exhibit significant peaks indicating that turbulent kinetic energy is channeled into a narrow band. These quasi-periodic velocity oscillations arise from a helical mode instability of the breakdown flow. Due to vortex bursting there is a characteristic increase in surface pressure fluctuations with increasing angle of attack, especially when the burst location moves closer to the apex. The pressure fluctuations also show dominant frequencies corresponding to those of the velocity fluctuations. Using the measured flow field data, scaling parameters are derived for design purposes. It is shown that a frequency parameter based on the local semi-span and the sinus of angle of attack can be used to estimate the frequencies of dynamic loads evoked by vortex bursting.     

机翼动态气动特性实验研究

介绍了动态特性风洞实验的技术方案、测试系统和测试软件。对前缘后掠６０°的三角翼在迎角０°～９０°范围内快速上仰时的升力进行了测量。结果表明：机翼快速上仰时,随上仰速率增大最大升力系数增高,即动态升力效应更明显;失速迎角也增大。此外,给出了简缩频率、平均迎角、振荡振幅以及俯仰轴位置等对振荡机翼产生的非定常瞬时力的影响     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

上仰三角翼的流动与频率特性

在水洞和风洞中分别完成了上仰三角翼的流动显示和动态测压试验,目的是研究上仰-停止三角翼的流动和频率特性。水洞中的流动显示试验结果表明,在不同的上仰迎角范围和不同的简化频率k值下,三角翼前缘涡破裂点的位置变化是不相同的。通过分析在风洞中测得的三角翼做上仰运动时的压力信号的结果表明,在破裂涡区中,在相同的名义迎角下,无量纲螺旋波的主频比静态时的高,且k值越大无量纲螺旋波频率越高。不同后掠角的三角翼均能得到相似的结论。     

非对称入流对“螺旋桨/机翼”系统气动特性的影响

针对“螺旋桨/机翼”系统在复杂非对称入流情况下的非定常气动相互干扰问题，采用混合结构-非结构滑移网格方法，结合非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，研究了偏航角及入流条件（包括攻角和来流风速）对螺旋桨/机翼相互气动干扰和滑流流场的影响，并与无滑流模型计算结果进行对比。结果显示：在三维非对称入流的影响下，偏航角从0°增加到20°时，机翼升、阻力系数分别降低了4.9%和10.64%，但是螺旋桨的拉力系数和推进效率则大幅提升了18.36%和7.26%，非对称入流机翼升力系数曲线变化幅度为对称入流的4倍。在攻角不变，改变偏航角时，螺旋桨滑流增加了机翼俯仰力矩稳定性裕量。但是随着攻角的变化，飞机纵向不稳定性逐渐增加，在桨后气流的影响下，两侧机翼上表面吸力峰均向左和向前移动，上下表面的吸力峰值均明显增大。在不同的风速下，有滑流影响的机翼升力特性相对无滑流影响的机翼增加量均在20%附近，且不断增大。     

Numerical investigation of unsteady vortex breakdown past 80°/65° double-delta wing

An improved delayed detached eddy simulation （IDDES） method based on the k-x-SST （shear stress transport） turbulence model was applied to predict the unsteady vortex breakdown past an 80o/65o double-delta wing （DDW）, where the angles of attack （AOAs） range from 30° to 40°. Firstly, the IDDES model and the relative numerical methods were validated by simulating the massively separated flow around an NACA0021 straight wing at the AOA of 60°. The fluctuation properties of the lift and pressure coefficients were analyzed and compared with the available measurements. For the DDW case, the computations were compared with such mea-surements as the mean lift, drag, pitching moment, pressure coefficients and breakdown locations. Furthermore, the unsteady properties were investigated in detail, such as the frequencies of force and moments, pressure fluctuation on the upper surface, typical vortex breakdown patterns at three moments, and the distributions of kinetic turbulence energy at a stream wise section. Two dominated modes are observed, in which their Strouhal numbers are 1.0 at the AOAs of 30°, 32° and 34° and 0.7 at the AOAs of 36o, 38° and 40°. The breakdown vortex always moves upstream and downstream and its types change alternatively. Furthermore, the vortex can be identified as breakdown or not through the mean pressure, root mean square of pressure, or even through correlation analysis.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性.运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性.研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略.颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22%.发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致.     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.