商用空间运输采用的推进装置

本文讨论了维持美国商用空间运载工业将来竞争地位的战略与途径。在研究运载工业的基础上,现有民用运载系列通过技术改造能保持竞争地位至2005年,技术改造的焦点在于减少成本,提高费用效率。为了实现改进,提高了一项包括研究、技术和先进发展的论证计划。因为在运载系统成本中,推进系统占有显著比重,这就为采用新技术以减少成本提供了很大的潜力。推进系统近期的一些关键领域和设计方案的改进得到了验证。     

安全引爆装置可靠性分析

描述了导弹安全引爆装置的组成与功能，对整机及分组合的可靠性进行了详细分析，提出了在工程实践上进行可靠性评定的试验方法。     

国外星箭连接解锁装置技术与应用研究

总结了国外星箭连接解锁装置的技术和产品应用,包括可控柔性包带解锁装置、缓释刚性包带解锁装置、可检测机电包带解锁装置等。国内解锁装置技术仍局限于传统柔性包带,国外已成功开发和应用多类新型连接解锁装置,大大改善了解锁冲击环境。为此,文章提出缓释刚性包带是国内星箭连接解锁装置技术发展的重要突破口,给出了缓释刚性包带的构型、捕获、降冲击及预紧力加载的相关建议,可为国内该领域技术发展提供参考。     

航天火工装置

文章分类介绍了几种航天火工装置的工作原理及应用情况,并根据航天科技对火工装置的性能及使用要求,进一步阐述了航天火工装置的发展趋势。     

载人航天器连接分离装置的选择,设计和模拟分析

连接分离装置是载入航天器上广泛使用的关键装置之定，本文结合载人航天器发展的实际需要，研究 人航天器连接分离装置的选择、设计和计算分析等问题。对国内外航天器上所使用的几种主要的连接分离装置进行了对比分析，探讨了载人航天器连接分离装置 矣设计方案，并重点对燃气驱动的连接分离装置作了细致的分析、计算，建立了该类连接分离装置的数学模型。在此基础上开发了一个能够对该类连接分离装置进行模拟分析的具有交互功能的     

载人航天器连接分离装置的选择、设计和模拟分析

连接分离装置是载入航天器上广泛使用的关键装置之一,本文结合载人航天器发展的实际需要,研究载人航天器连接分离装置的选择、设计和计算分析等问题。对国内外航天器上所使用的几种主要的连接分离装置进行了对比分析,探讨了载人航天器连接分离装置的选择和设计方案,并重点对燃气驱动的连接分离装置作了细致的分析、计算,建立了该类连接分离装置的数学模型。在此基础上开发了一个能够对该类连接分离装置进行模拟分析的具有交互功能的计算机软件,并对可用于载人航天器上的燃气驱动的连接分离装置进行了初步的模拟分析。     

我国航天降落伞技术的发展

我国航天器用的降落伞研究机构于1959年开始组建,最初,以回收探空火箭为目标,后来相继研制成功各种类型的回收降落伞系统,为我国火箭和空间技术的发展作出了重大的贡献。文中概述我国航天器降落伞技术的发展过程。     

压力容器环形焊缝热处理简易装置

本文介绍了大型压力容器环形焊缝局部热处理简易装置的设计,制造及使用方法和使用效果。     

用于连接与分离的非火工装置

文章主要介绍了几类航天上可用于连接与分离的非火工装置,如基于形状记忆合金(SMA)的连接释放装置,石蜡驱动器,低熔点材料释放装置。非火工装置具有冲击力小、无污染以及可重复使用等优点,非火工装置的这些优点正好是火工装置的不足之处,所以在不能使用火工装置的条件下可以考虑使用非火工装置。文章对接分离装置有一定的参考价值。     

用于连接与分离的非火工装置

文章主要介绍了几类航天上可用于连接与分离的非火工装置，如基于形状记忆合金（SMA）的连接释放装置，石蜡驱动器，低熔点材料释放装置。非火工装置具有冲击力小、无污染以及可重复使用等优点，非火工装置的这些优点正好是火工装置的不足之处，所以在不能使用火工装置的条件下可以考虑使用非火工装置。文章对接分离装置有一定的参考价值。     

基于决策树的多防御方目标攻防决策

针对多方对抗博弈问题的复杂性和多样性,提出了利用决策树思想对多防御方的目标攻防问题的策略进行决策树分类,再利用决策树分类模型对多防御方的目标攻防问题的攻防策略进行快速决策。首先,对多防御方目标攻防问题利用决策树ID3算法以攻防双方的策略作为类别属性进行分类,得到多防御方目标攻防问题的决策树模型;然后,对多方对抗中的攻击方,基于距离的威胁权重函数得到攻击方的轨迹;最后,得到防御方的协同合作策略,并进行了仿真验证。     

Article

This is a slightly edited version of the Executive Summary of a joint report on cooperation in space science produced by the Space Studies Board of the USA National Research Council and the European Space Science Committee of the European Science Foundation. Using analysis of 13 case-study missions it reviews 30 years of joint missions and makes 14 recommendations based on its findings. These include the importance of setting a scientific rationale for each mission and of ensuring that objectives are shared by engineers and others involved in it, the need for independent periodic assessments and that all agreements should specify the scope, expectations and obligations of the respective agencies and relevant partners.The USA and Europe have been cooperating in space science for more than three decades. This history of cooperation has survived significant geopolitical, economic and technological changes, such as the end of the Cold War, the pressure of budget reductions and the increasing focus on economic competition and the global marketplace. Both Europe and the USA have learned from one another and acquired a knowledge base as well as an infrastructure to implement joint missions and research activities. More importantly, the decades of cooperative space research efforts between the USA and Europe have built a community of scientists whose joint scientific exchanges have established a heritage of cooperation on both sides of the Atlantic.The scientific fruits of this heritage are plainly evident in achievements such as a signature for supermassive black holes provided by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); the first views of the solar atmosphere and corona illuminated by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO); the sharing of expensive research facilities on the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML); and the impressive data on ocean altimetry from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX-POSEIDON) mission, which is significantly improving our understanding of global ocean circulation.There were no guideposts for the emergence of space science cooperation between Europe and the USA. In the process of introducing new procedures and improvements to facilitate cooperation, missteps occurred, and there were political, economic and scientific losses. This report takes stock of US–European history in cooperative space endeavors, the lessons it has demonstrated and the opportunities it suggests to enhance and improve future US–European cooperative efforts in the sciences conducted in space.     

空间目标小型相控阵雷达探测技术

地基探测系统受站点布局限制,难以实现全轨道空间的目标探测与跟踪。为对高价值航天器邻域空间目标进行全时探测与跟踪,提出基于伴随微纳卫星的小型化相控阵雷达技术。通过分析不同波段雷达对大范围空间目标搜索与精细跟踪的性能,并综合考虑系统复杂度与功耗等因素,最终选择C波段作为雷达工作频段。详细阐述小型化相控阵雷达的系统设计、目标搜索与跟踪的信号处理方法、测距与测角误差分析等。仿真分析证明,该小型化相控阵雷达能对25 km范围内、40°×40°的三维空间进行目标搜索,实现0.4 m的测距精度与0.03°的测角精度,满足空间目标大范围搜索与跟踪应用的需求。     

航天器微振动力学参数测量单元设计与验证

针对某新型气象卫星的在轨微振动测量需求,分析微振动对于卫星及其精密载荷的影响,提出一种具有可切换量程和较高故障容错能力的卫星微振动测量单元设计方案.通过地面试验数据与在轨数据的对比,证明该系统能够准确辨识整星及高精度载荷在不同工况下的微振动力学数据.该系统功能的成功实现为进一步优化星体结构、改善高精度载荷工作环境提拱了...     

航天器空间环境及效应监测数据集成化管理与处理系统

空间环境与效应监测数据集成化管理与快速处理是保证航天器在轨安全的重要依据。文章基于航天器空间环境与效应监测数据管理与处理系统的功能要求,给出了系统的组成、架构和数据处理流程。该系统集成了航天器空间环境与效应监测数据的管理、处理、综合分析、参数标定和可视化显示功能,能够实现电子、质子、总剂量、原子氧、温度、表面电位、污染等环境与效应在轨数据的瞬时参数（通量、剂量率、温度变化率、表面电位变化率、污染沉积率）和累积参数（注量、电离总剂量、温度、表面电位、总污染量）的监显,为航天器的在轨健康实时监测、风险快速预报预警提供重要支撑。     

Characteristics of metabolism during prolonged water immersion

The effect on the organism of a 12-day stay in a water immersion medium (head on the water surface) was studied on 10 subjects. The condition of the metabolic processes in the subjects was judged from the investigation of the parameters of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, acid-base equilibrium, the activity of a number of enzymes and steroid hormones. The venous blood and diurnal urine served as the material for conducting the corresponding biochemical determinations. The stay in an immersion medium is accompanied by a significant increase in the content of residual nitrogen in the blood, by a reduction of the creatinine content in the blood and by an increase of the creatine content of the blood with the simultaneous increase of the excretion of creatinine and creatine with the urine, by a significant increase of the glucose and lactate content in the blood, by the development of acidosis of a respiratory and metabolic character, as well as by a significant increase of the activity of creatine phosphokinase and the isoenzyme fraction of lactate dehydrogenase3. In all the subjects, an expressed intensification of the glucocorticoid and androgenic functions of the adrenal cortex is noted during the experimental period.     

基于模拟的反导预警雷达目标交接搜索景幅设置研究

为解决远程预警相控阵雷达(EWR)和多功能地基相控阵雷达(GBR)进行目标交接时,GBR应在多大范围内,采取何种信号形式搜索捕获目标的现实问题,建立GBR目标交接搜索景幅优化模型,运用蒙特卡洛方法对该模型进行模拟求解,并从目标交接距离、目标飞行方向、目标指示精度等3个方面分析其对GBR搜索景幅的影响。首次将蒙特卡洛方法用于反导预警雷达目标交接,有效提高了反导作战任务规划效率和雷达搜索效能。计算结果表明:GBR搜索景幅大小与目标交接距离成正比,与指示精度和目标飞行方向有无先验信息成反比。     

Space weather forecast: Principles of the construction and boundaries of the implementation (experience of three cycles)

All significant short-term disturbances of the near-Earth space are caused exclusively by solar flare events and regions in the solar corona with the magnetic field open into the interplanetary space (coronal holes). Flare processes occur as a consequence of the interactions of new emerging magnetic fluxes within (flares) and outside (filament ejections) the active regions with already existing magnetic fields. The observation of emerging new magnetic fluxes and the estimate of their magnitude and the emerging rate allow one to forecast solar flares and filament ejections and estimate their degree of geoeffectiveness. The main agents that visualize the propagation of disturbance from solar flares and filaments in the solar corona and the interplanetary space are coronal mass ejections, the characteristics of which ideally allow one to estimate the possible disturbance of the geomagnetic field, the possible growth of high-energy charged particle fluxes in the near-Earth space. For successful forecast of geoeffective active phenomena on the Sun and their consequences in the near-Earth space, it is necessary to know the situation on the Sun for the last 3 days taking into account the development and characteristics of the current cycle and the epoch of solar activity.     

运载火箭发射场无人值守加注发射技术研究

针对我国火箭在发射场射前操作项目多、保障人员多的问题，分析了国内外火箭发射场无人值守加注发射的现状。结合火箭射前状态，从火箭系统、地面测发控系统和发射场系统等方面提出了无人值守加注发射总体方案，通过火箭状态远程监测及故障处理技术、连接器零秒脱落技术、箭地接口组合连接技术、连接器自动对接技术和火工品自动短路保护与解保技术等关键技术研究，可提高人员和产品的安全性，为后续我国火箭实现无人值守加注发射提供参考。     

基于在轨运行状态的卫星稳定性与可靠性研究

为解决卫星在轨运行故障率较高的问题,文章分析了卫星在轨运行的特点,定义了卫星在轨工作状态及其与系统稳定性变化的关系。研究表明:对在轨运行安全稳定状态进行控制,能使状态保持或向高级跃迁,可提升卫星稳态及可靠性。文章最后提出了提高卫星在轨运行稳定性与可靠性的在轨运行策略与技术方向。