Performance enhancement using power beaming for electric propulsionEarth orbital transporters

Power requirements for an electric propulsion Earth orbital transport vehicle (EOTV), which can effectively deliver large payloads using much less propellant than chemical transfer methods, are addressed. The power beaming concept is described. Arcjets, magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters, and ion engines are covered. Power supply characteristics are discussed for nuclear, solar and power-beaming systems. Operational characteristics are given for each, as are the effects of the power supply alternative on the overall craft performance. Because of its modular nature, the power beaming can meet the power requirements of all three electric propulsion types. Commonality of approach allows different electric propulsion approaches to be powered by means of a single power supply approach. Power beaming exhibits better flexibility and performance than onboard nuclear or solar power systems     

蓄热式太阳能热光伏-热推进双模系统设计与性能分析

为有效解决在日蚀区太阳能热推进器推力失效、电力中断的问题,提出了蓄热式太阳能热光伏-热推进双模系统结构,并对系统各部件建立相关物理数学模型,分析了工质种类、工质流量等因素对推进性能的影响。结果表明,为保证推进器在日蚀区30min内持续提供推力和电力供应,砷化镓热光伏电池在无工质工况下能提供10W左右的低功率电力供应,在设计工况下能提供50W～110W的电力供应;液氢作为工质时,最大比冲将达到806s,随着工质流量的持续增加,比冲损失速率呈现先加快后减慢的变化趋势;液氨作为替代工质具有更快的加热速率,其比冲为240s～300s远低于氢工质比冲,其推力系数1.77要略高于氢工质推力系数1.7。通过本文研究,蓄热式太阳能双模推进系统具有较好的可行性,且推力及比冲适中,有望弥补低比冲化学推进和小推力电推进技术的不足。     

太阳风磁帆推进性能数值研究

利用考虑行星际磁场作用的磁流体动力学模型，建立了磁帆三维数值模拟方法，对计算方法的可靠性进行了验证，发现了线圈尾部的磁重联现象，研究了太阳风来流速度、等离子体离子数密度以及攻角对磁帆推进性能的影响。得出以下结论：不同速度、不同离子数密度的太阳风主要通过改变z方向电流的大小改变洛伦兹力，进而影响磁帆的推进性能：太阳风离子数密度恒定时，随着来流速度由30 km/s逐渐增大至75 km/s,z方向电流最大值由4 205 A/m²增至14 709 A/m²，磁帆所受推力由3.39 N增至13.40 N；太阳风来流速度恒定时，随着离子数密度由1.8×10¹⁹ m^-3增大至4.5×10¹⁹ m^-3,z方向电流最大值由6 039 A/m²增至10 585 A/m²，磁帆所受推力由6.62 N增至12.27 N。磁帆攻角变化，主要通过磁场构型的变化影响磁帆推进性能：攻角为0°和90°时的磁层半径分别为0.14 m和0.18 m，...     

动能拦截器姿轨控发动机开关机控制规律设计

研究了动能拦截器轨控发动机的变推力实现方案,重点设计了姿轨控发动机的开关机控制规律,并通过拦截过程仿真,对所设计的控制规律进行了验证。仿真结果表明,姿控系统可以达到很高的角度控制精度,轨控系统可以控制拦截器与目标直接相撞。这说明所设计的姿轨控发动机开关机控制规律是有效的。     

电推进在静止轨道空间碎片减缓中的应用

研究了电推进在静止轨道空间碎片减缓中应用的可行性和效果。通过分析电推进中离子推进的技术特点、发展和应用,阐明了用电推进将静止轨道卫星在寿命末期移高到“垃圾轨道”是可行的。提出了电推进采用沿飞行方向的常值推力,以多次双脉冲变轨方式工作的方案,并通过仿真计算,得出了该方案中推力大小、工作时间、特征速度、燃料消耗量等参数的确定方法和量化性指标,验证了电推进应用在空间碎片减缓中的作用和效果。探讨了电推进以脉冲方式工作的工程实现方案．     

一种小推力轨迹优化的改进方法

针对小推力轨迹优化这一难点和热点问题,提出了一种在直接法的基础上进一步提高优化结果的改进方法。分析了直接法在离散后存在求解维度较高的不足,借鉴了间接法推导出的最优解必要条件,提出了推力仅取最大值或零的取值改进方法。通过多次优化计算,根据产生速度增量需要的能量来确定推力和追击时间的取值范围,缩减了直接法的求解维度。最后进行了数值仿真,改进方法计算得到的优化指标高于直接法结果,表明该改进方法优于直接法。     

大涵道比涡扇发动机分开式排气系统设计参数影响研究

为了分析外涵可用压比、内外涵出口面积以及核心外罩长度四个参数对大涵道比涡扇发动机分开式排气系统气动性能的影响,以该排气系统为原型采用数值模拟的方法对其性能进行研究。结果表明：存在一个最佳外涵可用压比使推力系数最大,但此时外涵处于欠膨胀状态,其设计规律与单喷管设计不同;存在一个使得推力系数最大的最佳喷管出口面积,此时喷管处于微弱的过膨胀状态,这主要与核心外罩／尾锥上的压强分布有关;核心外罩长度对排气系统性能存在一定程度的影响。     

大功率离子推力器和流动控制单元验证现状 及其2000小时寿命试验

为了发展基于电推进的大功率空间运输系统,需要开发和验证功率达数十千瓦的电推进系统,深空任务电推进系统优化的比冲要求高达10⁵s。凯尔迪什研究中心（KeRC）正在开发这样的电推进部件。本文概述了 35kW离子推力器 IT-500及其流动单元FCU-500的验证现状。作为其验证的一部分,完成了IT-500 和 FCU-500的2000h寿命试验。其中,离子推力器大部分验证条件是：输入功率17.8kW,使用了40kg氙,2018h寿命试验。本文介绍了磁场和离子光学以及石墨格栅开发现状。     

Direct drive options for electric propulsion systems

Power processing units (PPUs) in an electric propulsion system provide many challenging integration issues. The PPU must provide power to the electric thruster while maintaining compatibility with all of the spacecraft power and data systems. Inefficiencies in the power processor produce heat, which must be radiated to the environment in order to ensure reliable operation. Although PPU efficiencies are generally greater than 0.9, heat loads are often substantial. This heat must be rejected by thermal control systems which generally have specific masses of 15-30 kg/kW. PPUs also represent a large fraction of the electric propulsion system dry mass. Simplification or elimination of power processing in a propulsion system would reduce the electric propulsion system specific mass and improve the overall reliability and performance. A direct drive system would eliminate all or some of the power supplies required to operate a thruster by directly connecting the various thruster loads to the solar array. The development of concentrator solar arrays has enabled power bus voltages in excess of 300 V which is high enough for direct drive applications for Hall thrusters such as the Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT). The option of solar array direct drive for SPTs is explored to provide a comparison between conventional and direct drive system mass     

分开排气涡扇发动机的热力循环分析

基于燃气发生器的概念分析了分开排气涡扇发动机的效率划分。在此基础上，通过理论推导证明了分开排气涡扇发动机的最佳外涵风扇增压比的存在判据，及其单位推力、效率和耗油率极值的等价性。给出的判据可以作为实际分排涡扇发动机设计中的最佳外涵风扇增压比的选择依据。针对两型大涵道比分开排气涡扇发动机热力循环分析的结果表明:当外内涵排气速度的比值与风扇、低压涡轮效率的乘积相等时，发动机的总效率和单位推力最大，耗油率最低，从而证明了本文给出的效率划分和最佳外涵风扇增压比判据是合理的。      

离子推进器和流量控制单元

使用电动电源线确保使用电力,它等于几十千瓦。 建议它应该高达10000秒。 Keldysh研究中心（KeRC）正在开发推进系统。 35千瓦离子推进器和FCU-500流量控制单元。 IT-500和FCU-500的2000小时寿命测试是 离子推进器大部分运行2018小时,使用40千克氙气。 本文还介绍了磁场和离子光学的改进以及石墨网格的发展状况。     

Energization of Plasma Species by Intermittent Kinetic Alfvén Waves

We propose a new phase-mixing sweep model of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration based on dissipative properties of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). The energy reservoir is provided by the intermittent ∼1 Hz MHD Alfvén waves excited at the coronal base by magnetic restructuring. These waves propagate upward along open magnetic field lines, phase-mix, and gradually develop short wavelengths across the magnetic field. Eventually, at 1.5–4 solar radii they are transformed into KAWs. We analyze several basic mechanisms for anisotropic energization of plasma species by KAWs and find them compatible with observations. In particular, UVCS (onboard SOHO) observations of intense cross-field ion energization at 1.5–4 solar radii can be naturally explained by non-adiabatic ion acceleration in the vicinity of demagnetizing KAW phases. The ion cyclotron motion is destroyed there by electric and magnetic fields of KAWs.     

波瓣式主喷管排气引射系统的高速冷态推力特性试验研究

对基准圆柱收敛喷管、五种波瓣主喷管、以及波瓣主喷管与带扩压段的混合管和不带扩压段的混合管所组成的不同排气引射系统进行了推力随喷管前压力(0.15～0.5MPa)变化的特性试验。试验结果表明:波瓣主喷管排气引射系统在高速排气条件下也具有较好的应用前景;但在设计上,必须考虑高速,尤其是超音排气的气动特点所带来的相关问题。      

一种基于引射效应的流体推力矢量新技术

流体推力矢量是一种利用流动控制技术实现推力转向的方法,针对现有二次流动控制推力矢量方案的不足,提出了采用引射方式的新型流体推力矢量技术,该技术在喷管套管内利用引射作用产生低压区使主流方向偏转,实现推力转向。并且可以通过限制流量的方法调节主喷流对单侧套管的抽吸程度,使得在喷管套管内产生不同的横向压力梯度,达到了矢量化控制推力转向的目的。运用这一概念设计了矩形矢量喷管,采用数值模拟方法验证了喷管的推力转向效果,探讨了该矢量喷管内喷流转向形成的流动机理,从推力损失、转向效率上对喷管的性能特点进行了分析。计算结果表明:该矢量喷管的最大推力转向角度达到24°,对应喷流附壁状态,在喷流附壁之前可以矢量控制的推力转向角为0°~13°,推力损失在1.5%~7.0%之间变化。最后根据该计算外形以1∶10比例加工了矢量喷管,运用高压气源进行了尾喷流偏转试验。试验表明该矢量喷管在设计状态能够实现射流矢量偏转,从原理上验证了该推力矢量方案的可行性。     

大功率空间核电推进技术研究进展

大功率空间核电推进系统是空间核电源技术和大功率电推进技术的高度融合,具有高能量密度、超高比冲、较大推力的优势,可适用于超大型航天器轨道转移任务、远距离无人深空探测任务、载人火星等大型深空探测任务,能够极大地拓展人类深空探测的能力。本文针对大功率空间核电推进技术,对其工作原理和系统组成进行了介绍,同时开展了关键技术梳理,重点归纳了国内外在技术领域的研究历程和最新进展。     

Upstream Ion Cyclotron Waves at Venus and Mars

The occurrence of waves generated by pick-up of planetary neutrals by the solar wind around unmagnetized planets is an important indicator for the composition and evolution of planetary atmospheres. For Venus and Mars, long-term observations of the upstream magnetic field are now available and proton cyclotron waves have been reported by several spacecraft. Observations of these left-hand polarized waves at the local proton cyclotron frequency in the spacecraft frame are reviewed for their specific properties, generation mechanisms and consequences for the planetary exosphere. Comparison of the reported observations leads to a similar general wave occurrence at both planets, at comparable locations with respect to the planet. However, the waves at Mars are observed more frequently and for long durations of several hours; the cyclotron wave properties are more pronounced, with larger amplitudes, stronger left-hand polarization and higher coherence than at Venus. The geometrical configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field with respect to the solar wind velocity and the relative density of upstream pick-up protons to the background plasma are important parameters for wave generation. At Venus, where the relative exospheric pick-up ion density is low, wave generation was found to mainly take place under stable and quasi-parallel conditions of the magnetic field and the solar wind velocity. This is in agreement with theory, which predicts fast wave growth from the ion/ion beam instability under quasi-parallel conditions already for low relative pick-up ion density. At Mars, where the relative exospheric pick-up ion density is higher, upstream wave generation may also take place under stable conditions when the solar wind velocity and magnetic field are quasi-perpendicular. At both planets, the altitudes where upstream proton cyclotron waves were observed (8 Venus and 11 Mars radii) are comparable in terms of the bow shock nose distance of the planet, i.e. in terms of the size of the solar wind-planetary atmosphere interaction region. In summary, the upstream proton cyclotron wave observations demonstrate the strong similarity in the interaction of the outer exosphere of these unmagnetized planets with the solar wind upstream of the planetary bow shock.     

Thermionic/AMTEC cascade converter concept for high-efficiencyspace power

This paper presents trade studies that address the use of the thermionic/AMTEC cell-a cascaded, high efficiency, static power conversion concept that appears well-suited to space power applications. Both the thermionic and AMTEC power conversion approaches have been shown to be promising candidates for space power. Thermionics offers system compactness via modest efficiency at high heat rejection temperatures, and AMTEC offers high efficiency at modest heat rejection temperature. From a thermal viewpoint, the two are ideally suited for cascaded power conversion: thermionic heat rejection and AMTEC heat source temperatures are essentially the same. In addition to realizing conversion efficiencies potentially as high as 35-40% such a cascade offers the following perceived benefits: Survivability-capable of operation in the Van Allen belts; Simplicity-static conversion, no moving parts; Long lifetime-no inherent life-limiting mechanisms identified; Technology readiness-Large thermionic database; AMTEC efficiencies of 18% currently being demonstrated, with more growth potential available; and Technology growth-applicable to both solar thermal and reactor-based nuclear space power systems. Mechanical approaches and thermal/electric matching criteria for integrating thermionics and AMTEC into a single conversion device are described. Focusing primarily on solar thermal space power applications, parametric trends are presented to show the performance and cost potential that should be achievable with present-day technology in cascaded thermionic/AMTEC systems     

A Future Solar Orbital Transfer Vehicle Concept

The limiting performance of any orbital transfer vehicle (OTV) is fixed by its mass characteristics and the energy content of its propellant. The direct heating of hydrogen to high temperatures can produce practical specific impulses of 790 s which is to be compared with the liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen limit of about 480 s in practical systems. A solar orbital transfer vehicle (SOTV) has been designed which utilizes a 100 m diameter concentrator system to provide the approximate 10 MW of thermal power needed to provide a nominal thrust level of 2780 N. The SOTV offers a compromise between typical chemical OTVs and electric propulsion OTVs. The SOTV can deliver 16 000 kg to geosynchronous orbit and 5000-10 000 kg to the inner planets. A four-week period for the assembly and payload integration for the SOTV has been found necessary. Several techniques for controlling the thrust level and thermal soak of the heat exchanger have been examined. Two of these, an expandable pupil stop reflector and concentrator surface deformation, are highly competitive. Considerable mission injection opportunity flexibility is possible with more than a 10 h launch window centered about each of local dusk and dawn.     

漏斗形混合器对涡扇发动机推力和红外辐射特征的影响

计算了漏斗形混合器排气系统的流场、推力系数和红外辐射特征,并与环形混合器进行对比.流场特征采用Fluent商业软件计算,红外辐射特征采用反向蒙特卡罗法计算,分析了漏斗形混合器对排气系统推力系数及红外辐射特征的影响.结果表明:①采用漏斗形混合器有助于外涵低温空气注入内涵高温燃气流,排气系统横截面上温度场呈现菊花瓣形分布.②采用漏斗形混合器后,排气系统推力系数下降0.2%.③采用漏斗形混合器后,排气系统尾喷流的红外辐射在喷管后端都减小,在90°探测角最大减小44.6%,但在大的探测角时排气系统壁面的红外辐射会略微增加.      

一种电推力器用小推力测量系统

为了精确测量小功率电推力器的小推力，从理论上提出了一种小推力测量的方法，即利用电磁反馈补偿方法使推力测量天平工作在随遇平衡状态（或接近于随遇平衡状态），消除气路和电路连接的影响。电磁力反馈补偿推力器产生的和。通过对电弧加热等离子体推力器（Arcjet）的热实验，测量装置测量了不同工况下的推力值。实验证明此测量方法可准确测得电推力器工作的小推力。