国外大型复杂系统全寿命周期模型与系统工程过程应用综述

对国际标准ISO/IEC 15288、NASA、ESA、Do D的全寿命周期模型进行了介绍,分析了NASA、ESA、Do D在大型复杂系统全寿命周期中应用系统工程过程的方法、主要任务和输出,总结了不同机构全寿命周期模型和系统工程过程的特点,为我国航天系统全寿命周期理论方法的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

飞机维修理论的发展新趋势

对基于平均无故障／失效间隔时间（MTBF）和基于无维修工作期（MFOP）的飞机可靠性维修（RCM）理论进行了比较。传统的基于MTBF的维修理论由于其固有缺陷，已越来越不能满足安全性较高的航空业对进一步改善飞机可靠性、维修性和保障性（M＆R＆S）的要求。基于MFOP的可靠性维修理论是未来航空可靠性维修的发展方向，一方面是因为它能保证在飞机工作期间具有很高置信度水平的可用性，另一方面是因为它能有效降低飞机的后勤保障成本。     

欧洲航天局安全组织机构

ESA安全保障部门：技术与质量管理局（D／TEC） D／TEC设于ESTEC，是ESA计划和项目的安全保障部门。D／TEC局长相当于NASA总工程师。ESA监察长协助D／TEC局长的工作，负责ESA重大项目的评审，监察长有权对故障进行审查和组织非正常状况的评审。D／TEC下辖监察长（TEC-I）；系统、软件与技术部（TEC-S）；电气工程部（TEC-E）；机械工程部（TEC-M）；     

关于分包遥测

近年来,许多国家对利用近地球轨道航天器进行科学考察和地球资源考察日益重视。例如 NASA 和 ESA 对此类航天任务作了中近期规划(八十至九十年代),NASA 的型号(不包括深空探测)有空间实验室、陆地卫星-D。γ-射线观测等十几项,ESA 有 X-射线观测、空间望远镜、红外空间观测、海洋遥感、气象等近(?)项。一此幅员辽阔的发展中国家如中     

载人航天器虚拟维修环境的设计与实现

文章详细介绍了载人航天器虚拟维修流程和虚拟维修环境的构建方法及其在软件环境中的实现,并利用此方法对“天宫一号”在轨更换操作的全过程进行了仿真分析,得到了仿真的操作流程、可视／可达性和物品通过性的分析结果。结果表明,该虚拟维修环境可有效仿真设备的维修操作流程,满足载人航天器维修性设计验证需求。     

基于Bayes方法的武器系统维修性增长模型研究

维修性增长模型表示系统维修时间或维修工时及其影响因素之间的关系,可作为分析、评估、验证和预测武器系统维修性增长的理论基础。本文针对维修时间服从指数分布的武器系统作m个阶段的维修性试验,用Bayes小子样理论估计了系统的修复率μm,并举例说明了这一方法在验证武器系统维修性增长中的应用。     

空间应用SoC研究现状简介

分析当今空间应用SoC研究与应用状况,介绍国外NASA、ESA、JAXA等主要研究机构在SoC多核技术、IP复用与集成、抗辐射、新的微处理器架构等方面的研究成果,对空间应用SoC技术的热点研究方向进行了归纳总结.     

空间环境对空间系统维修性设计的影响

从空间环境对在轨维修工作的影响以及空间系统故障的主要诱因2个方面，分析了空间环境对空间系统维修性设计的影响。研究表明，空间环境对在轨维修性的影响首先与维修安全有关；空间环境的恶劣条件既是航天器故障的主要诱因，又是在轨维修各种困难和限制的根源。     

NASA继续在航天运输领域与ESA展开合作

据报道，2009年9月11日，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）局长查尔斯·博尔登与欧空局（ESA）局长多尔丹在华盛顿NASA总部签署了一份关于在太空运输领域展开合作的谅解备忘录。这意味着欧空局将长期参与NASA的载人太空飞行，     

民机襟缝翼可靠性数据库系统的建立及应用

基础数据的缺乏是制约我国民用飞机可靠性维修性工作的瓶颈，建立可靠性数据库，收集和积累可靠性维修性数据，是开展一切可靠性维修性工作的基础。本文介绍了襟缝翼可靠性数据的收集、整理以及数据库系统软件平台的搭建等内容，并对相关组件进行可靠性寿命评估，为民用飞机的维修、研制提供重要的信息。     

Informed maintenance for next generation reusable launch systems

Perhaps the most substantial single obstacle to progress of space exploration and utilization of space for human benefit is the safety & reliability and the inherent cost of launching to, and returning from, space. The primary influence in the high costs of current launch systems (the same is true for commercial and military aircraft and most other reusable systems) is the operations, maintenance and infrastructure portion of the program's total life cycle costs. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) maintenance and design have traditionally been two separate engineering disciplines with often conflicting objectives - maximizing ease of maintenance versus optimizing performance, size and cost. Testability analysis, an element of Informed Maintenance (IM), has been an ad hoc, manual effort, in which maintenance engineers attempt to identify an efficient method of troubleshooting for the given product, with little or no control over product design. Therefore, testability deficiencies in the design cannot be rectified. It is now widely recognized that IM must be engineered into the product at the design stage itself, so that an optimal compromise is achieved between system maintainability and performance.The elements of IM include testability analysis, diagnostics/prognostics, automated maintenance scheduling, automated logistics coordination, paperless documentation and data mining. IM derives its heritage from complimentary NASA science, space and aeronautic enterprises such as the on-board autonomous Remote Agent Architecture recently flown on NASA's Deep Space 1 Probe as well as commercial industries that employ quick turnaround operations. Commercial technologies and processes supporting NASA's IM initiatives include condition based maintenance technologies from Boeing's Commercial 777 Aircraft and Lockheed-Martin's F-22 Fighter, automotive computer diagnostics and autonomous controllers that enable 100,000 mile maintenance free operations, and locomotive monitoring system software.This paper will summarize NASA's long-term strategy, development, and implementation plans for Informed Maintenance for next generation RLVs. This will be done through a convergence into a single IM vision the work being performed throughout NASA, industry and academia. Additionally, a current status of IM development throughout NASA programs such as the Space Shuttle, X-33, X-34 and X-37 will be provided and will conclude with an overview of near-term work that is being initiated in FY00 to support NASA's 2^nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle Program.     

Software assisted authoring and viewing of ISS crew procedures

The European Space Agency (ESA) initiated a joint project with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and industry partners for improved authoring and execution of Operations Data File (ODF) procedures. The system consists of an authoring tool and a viewer. The authoring tool is currently used by NASA and ESA to write/convert ODF procedures. The viewer will be used onboard the International Space Station (ISS) starting from Flight Increment 11. The new system, thanks to its interaction capability, will help astronauts and operators in the execution of checklist and logic flow procedures that ensure precise performance of experiments and smooth operation of the various systems.     

A pilot survey of attitudes to space sciences and exploration among British school children

Over 200 school children in eight schools in the east of England were surveyed to determine their interest in space exploration and awareness of current space activities. Of those surveyed, 33% were interested in space to ‘discover a new planet’, and 24% to find life on another planet. When asked to list space exploration organisations 77% listed NASA. Six of those surveyed listed ESA (<0.5%). The data bring starkly to light, despite the Huygens landing on Titan and Mars Express, the lack of awareness of the existence of ESA among a new generation of European school children. These data suggest that further surveys are merited to determine the factors that influence interest in space sciences and related disciplines among school children, and the source of their information.     

X-38, CRV and CRV Evolution Program Overview and European Role

The X-38 Project forms part of the “X” prototype vehicle family developed by the United States. Its development was initiated by NASA to prepare the Crew Return Vehicle (CRV). The European participation in the X-38 Program has been significantly extended since the start of the X-38 cooperation in 1997 and is realized by ESA's “Applied Reentry Technology Program” and the German/DLR “Technologies for Future Space Transportation Systems” (TETRA) Project. European contributions to the X-38 Vehicle 201, (V-201) can be found in all technical key areas. The orbital flight and reentry with the X-38 V-201 will conclude the X-38 project in 2002.The CRV will be used from about mid-2005 as ’ambulance‘, ’lifeboat‘ or as alternate return vehicle for the crew of the International Space Station. Recognizing the very productive and mutually beneficial cooperation established on X-38, NASA and ESA have decided to continue this cooperation into the development of the operational CRV. The Phase C/D will be completed shortly after the Critical Design Review, scheduled for August 2002. The CRV production phase will start in October 2002 and will cover production of four CRV vehicles, ending in 2006.Based on the objective to identify a further evolution potential of the CRV towards a Crew Cargo Transfer Vehicle (CCTV), NASA has implemented upgrade studies in the CRV Phase C/D.     

A failure of international space cooperation: the International Earth Observing System

This paper examines the failure of the Earth Observation International Coordination Working Group to implement an International Earth Observation System. Tracing the history of both the Group and the mission concept, it explains the political and organizational failures that took place. It shows that these failures were linked to different approaches to international cooperation in Earth observation data policy. The main points of contention existed between Working Group members, NASA and ESA. NASA favored formal and binding legal arrangements, while ESA preferred to avoid institutionalized legal commitments. Success in coordinating and harmonizing data policy on a multilateral basis for Earth observation missions is more likely to be achieved by pursuing agreement on general principles and terms of reference than by seeking specific legal agreements.     

Space really matters: The annual BROHP conference

The conference began with The Charles Martin Lecture, given this year by George Abbey, formerly Director of the NASA Johnson Spaceflight Center. George spoke of the significant contribution of British scientists and engineers to the early days of NASA. He was followed by an ebullient tour d’horizon from the admirable Dr David Southwood, Head of Science at ESA. Lucie Green from Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), who is leading the outreach component of the International Heliophysical Year, then brought the first session to a close. The conference then split into three parallels.     

ESA和NASA空间碎片模型的比较

文章介绍了欧空局MASTER、美国NASA90和NASA96三种空间碎片模型的概念设计,并通过不同目标的轨道特征,对其定量预示进行比较。特别指出了:在直径大于1cm或者是在1mm以下的范围,不同模型之间存在一个量级以上的相当大的差异。     

原子氧环境效应的地面模拟技术

系统论述了原子氧和航天器表面常用聚合物材料反应的微观机理,并从宏观角度对这些材料的性能进行了评估。同时也总结了国外在原子氧防护技术研究方面所取得的最新成果。     

空间冷焊效应及其防护技术研究

介绍了空间冷焊效应的定义、机理、国外冷焊效应及防护技术研究的结果,对我国空间冷焊效应研究提出了一些设想。     

Enhanced operations efficiency by using the unified synoptic system

The unified synoptic system (USS) was developed by ESA for replacing the existing Columbus display solutions and to unify the display system used on-board and on-ground. USS provides enhanced flight operations efficiency and reduced effort for product preparation, qualification and maintenance for synoptic displays. Additional to its use for Columbus it is installed at JAXA and NASA to support requirements definition and review of NASA generated ISS displays. Due to its advanced capabilities, which go beyond existing known solutions, it has been made available to be reused for future spacecraft EGSEs and control centres (e.g. exploration missions, satellites) as well. Use of synoptic display is mostly guided by operational procedures which are in electronic format. However, till now the full operational benefit has not yet been realized. Procedure viewers and synoptic display systems are completely separate entities. Direct interaction of procedure viewers with synoptic display systems or underlying system control software is not supported at all. Therefore astronauts, flight controllers and operators still have to carry out a lot of mundane activities when executing operational procedures. The USS based procedural display viewer provides the user with a coherent, task oriented user interface for using synoptic displays and executing procedures in an efficient manner.